- •Вопрос 24 The oe vowel
- •Development of monophthongs
- •Development of diphthongs
- •Вопрос 25 The oe consonant
- •3. On a lenght all consonants shared:
- •Вопрос 10 The reform of oe orthography in me
- •Вопрос 7 me dialects. Earliest records.
- •Earliest records
- •Вопрос 14 oe syntax
- •Вопрос 26 Noun in oe
- •Вопрос 27 Adjectives in oe
- •Вопрос 29 oe Pronouns
- •Вопрос 28 oe verb
- •Вопрос 30 oe Strong verbs
- •Вопрос 31 oe Weak verbs
- •Вопрос 32 oe anomalous verbs
- •Вопрос 33 Changes of vowel in me
- •Вопрос 43 The great vowel Shift
- •I:-------u:, ė:-----ò:, ę:---ǒ:, a:.
- •Вопрос 42 The evolution of analytical forms.
- •Вопрос 44 The evolution of syntax.
- •Вопрос 45 The evolution of Gerund
- •Вопрос 47 и 48 The evol. Of Participle&Infinitive
- •Вопрос 38 The evolution of Strong verbs
- •Вопрос 40 The evolution of weak verb.
- •Вопрос 41 The evolution of anomalous verbs
- •Вопрос 46 The evolution of word-formation.
- •Вопрос 36 The evolution of nouns. The rise of the articles
- •Вопрос 5 Old e. Dialects. Oe written record.
- •Вопрос 8 London dialect.
- •Вопрос 11 oe word-stock.
- •Вопрос 9 The making of the national lang.
- •Вопрос 12 Written in oe
- •Вопрос 13 morphological classification of the verb in oe
- •Вопрос 15, 11 Foreign elements in the oe vocabulary
- •Вопрос 18 Introduction of printing.
- •Вопрос 19 Regional varieties of e Two varieties of English in Great Britain distinguished from Standard
- •Вопрос 20 Geographical Expansion of the English
- •Вопрос 21 Written Records in Late Middle English.
- •Вопрос 23 Historical Foundations of Modern English Spelling
Development of monophthongs
The PG short [a] and the long [a:], which had arisen in West and North Germanic, underwent similar alterations in Early OE: they were fronted, and in the process of fronting, they split into several sounds. The principal regular direction of the change – [a] > [æ] and [a:] > [æ:] – is often referred to as the fronting or palatalisation of [a, a:]. The other directions can be interpreted as positional deviations or restrictions to this trend: short [a] could change to [o] or [ā] and long [a:] became [o:] before a nasal; the preservation of the short [a] was caused by a back vowel in the next syllable.
Development of diphthongs
The PG diphthongs – [ei, ai, iu, eu, au] – underwent regular independent changes in Early OE; they took place in all phonetic conditions irrespective of environment. The diphthongs with the i-glide were monophthongised into [i:] and [a:], respectively; the diphthongs in –u were reflected as long diphthongs [io:], [eo:] and [ea:].
Вопрос 25 The oe consonant
The consonants were subdivided:
1. On a way/mode of an articulation: constrictives -смычные and fricatives-щелевые and Sonants
2By place of an articulation: labial-губной, guttural (velar) заднеяз-е, dental consonants.
3. On a lenght all consonants shared:
short (simple) t and long (geminate -геминаты) tt- удвоенные.
Consctictives– shared as voiced –звонкие(b,d,g) и voiceless (p,t,k). Смычные: простые: /t/ - /d/; /p/- /b/; /k/ - /g/; /k’/- /g’/ геминаты: /t:/ - /d:/; /p:/ - /b:/; /k:/ - /g:/; /k’:/ - /g’:/
Fricatives voiced (v, th, z) fīf /f/– ofer /v/ , sæt, hus /s/ – risan /z/, þeof, wearþ /Ø/ - weorþan /ð/. voiceless [f, Ө, x, s] and voiced [v, ð, γ, z]. Заднеязычные щелевые –h / H – X’/ - habban, nitht. /w/ /j/ /r/ /l/ /m/ / nhave paired geminate. Исторически геминаты употреблялись только интервокально.
Changes
The PG voiced [ð] (due to Verner’s Law) was always hardened to [d] in OE and other WG languages, e.g. Icel, gōðr and OE зōd. The two other fricatives, [v] and [γ] were hardened to [b] and [g] initially and after nasals, otherwise they remained fricatives. PG [z] underwent a phonetic modification through the stage of [з] into [r] and thus became a sonorant, which ultimately merged with the older IE [r]. This process is termed rhotacism. После фонологизации озвончения по закону Вернера некоторые из озвончившихся фонем изменились качественно. Звонкий дентальный слился со звонким смычным,— отсюда возникла засвидетельствованная в древнеанглийском форма fæder. Индоевропейская фонема /s/ при озвончении по закону Вернера превратилась в */z/, фонему, очень недолго просуществовавшую и перешедшую затем в /r/. Этот переход /s/ через */z/ в /г/ называется ротацизмом. Лабиовелярный /hw/ по закону Вернера изменяется в /w/, но иногда в англских диалектах встречается /з/: sawon, sæзon 'увидели'. Закон этот был открыт датским ученым Карлом Вернером. Графически эту позицию можно изобразить так: — щелевой-`- или: -`-согл.— щелевой. Озвончение НЕ происходило в позиции: -`- щелевой—.
Gemination (lengthening of conson) before j The process along with i-mutation, after a short sylible.
Assimilation – k,g +dental into h,t. (pyncan-puhte). P,b+dent. Into f,t. (liban-lifte). Dental+dent into ss,st. (vittan-visse). F,m into mm (wifman(n) –wiman(n). m is dropped before h,f,s,p(т.е.th) –fimf-fif. K,g dropped before dental. Macian-made.
Palatalization – k,g’,sk,into sounds closed to affricares dz..ch,sh. Sk into sh. Front vowel was a result of mutation. (cuni-cyn-kin.)родственник, (cuni-cin-chin)подбородок.