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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5491_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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ALLYLPRODINE
IUPAC Name: (1-methyl-4-phenyl-3-prop-2-enylpiperidin-4-yl) propanoate
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder
Color: White to off-white
Odor : No distinct odor
Melting Point (M.P): Approximately 115-117°C
Solubility:
Water: Slightly soluble
Alcohol: Soluble in ethanol and other organic solvents
Molar Mass: 285.39 g/mol
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Classification: Synthetic opioid analgesic
Functional Groups: Allyl group (-CH2-CH=CH2), phenyl group, tertiary
amine, ester group (-COO-)
pH: As a solid, it does not have a pH. Solutions' pH depends on the solvent
used and its concentration.
Synthesis and Source:
Allyprodine is a synthetic opioid, meaning it is manufactured in a
laboratory setting rather than derived from natural sources. Its synthesis involves
chemical reactions starting from simpler organic compounds, typically involving
steps such as alkylation, esterification, and purification processes.
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Route of Administration:
Typically administered orally or parenterally (injected). Its
pharmacokinetic properties are suited for rapid onset and short duration of action,
making it useful in specific medical settings where short-term pain relief is
required.
Pharmacological Action:
As an opioid, allyprodine acts on the central nervous system by binding to
opioid receptors, leading to analgesic (pain-relieving) and sedative effects. It can
also cause euphoria, which makes it a potential substance for abuse. Its use is
regulated due to its potent effects and risk of dependence and addiction.
Analysis:
Physical Method:
1. Visual Inspection: This involves carefully observing the substance's color,
texture (crystaline, powdery, etc.), and physical form (tablet, capsule, etc.) in a
well-lit environment.
Safety Note: Wear gloves and avoid direct contact with the substance.
2. Solubility Testing: Small amounts of the unknown substance are dissolved in
various solvents (water, alcohol, acetone, etc.) to see if it dissolves readily. The
pattern of solubility can offer clues about the material's chemical properties.
Safety Note: Only perform this test in a fume hood with proper ventilation
due to potential harmful vapors from some solvents.
3. Melting Point Determination: Specialized equipment is used to measure the
temperature at which a solid substance melts into a liquid. Each material has a
characteristic melting point, which can be used for identification.
Safety Note: This method requires specialized equipment and training to
handle the heat source and potential hazardous fumes.
4. Density Measurement: This involves precisely measuring the mass and volume
of a known amount of the substance to calculate its density. The density value can
be compared to reference values of known substances to aid in identification.
Safety Note: Depending on the substance, proper handling procedures
may be necessary to avoid hazards like dust inhalation.
Chemical Methods:
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Chemical Derivatization: Derivatization involves chemically modifying allyprodine
to form derivatives that are more easily detectable by spectroscopic or
chromatographic techniques. This can enhance sensitivity and selectivity in
analytical methods.
Functional Group Specific Reactions:
Identification Reactions:
Colorimetric Tests: Specific chemical reagents react with functional
groups in allyprodine to produce a color change, aiding in preliminary
identification.
TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography): Allyprodine can be separated on a TLC
plate and visualized using specific staining reagents.
Quantification Reactions
Titration: If allyprodine has an acidic or basic functional group, titration
methods can be employed for quantification.
Spectrophotometric Methods: After derivatization, the derivative’s
absorbance at a specific wavelength can be measured to quantify
allyprodine.
Chromatographic Analysis
HPLC and GC after Derivatization: Chemical derivatization can enhance
the detectability of allyprodine in HPLC or GC. For example, silylation or
acylation can increase volatility for GC analysis or alter the UV absorbance
characteristics for HPLC analysis.
Reactivity-Based Analysis
Functional groups in allyprodine, such as amines or esters, can undergo
specific chemical reactions (e.g., hydrolysis, oxidation). Monitoring the
products of these reactions can provide qualitative and quantitative
information about allyprodine.
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ALPHA ACETYLMETHADOL
IUPAC Name: [(3R,6R)-6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-yl] acetate
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Solid or powder
Color: Typically white to off-white
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Bitter
Melting Point (M.P): Approximately 154-158°C
Boiling Point (B.P): Not applicable as it decomposes before boiling
Solubility:
Water: Slightly soluble
Alcohol: Soluble
Molar Mass: Around 351.48 g/mol
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: C23H29NO2
Chemical Classification: Opioid
Functional Groups: Contains an acetyl group (-COCH3) and a methyl group
(-CH3)
pH: Typically neutral
Manufacturing/Source: Alpha acetylmethadol can be synthesized from
methadone through a series of chemical reactions. It's primarily obtained through
laboratory synthesis rather than being naturally occurring.
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Route of Administration: Typically administered orally, but can also be taken
intravenously or intramuscularly.
Pharmacological Action: Acts as a long-acting opioid agonist, similar to
methadone, used in the treatment of opioid dependence. It binds to and activates
opioid receptors in the brain, producing analgesic and euphoric effects.
Analysis:
Physical Method:
Melting Point Determination
Purpose: Determines the purity of Alpha Acetylmethadol.
Method:
- Sample is placed in a capillary tube.
- Tube is heated gradually.
- Temperature at which the sample transitions from solid to liquid is
noted.
- Pure substances have a sharp melting point, while impurities usually
broaden the melting range.
Microscopy
Purpose: Examines the crystal structure and morphology.
Method:
- Light microscopy or Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) can be
used.
- Sample is observed under the microscope to identify crystal shape,
size, and any visible impurities.
Spectroscopy
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy:
Purpose: Identifies functional groups in the compound.
Method:
- Sample is exposed to infrared light.
- The absorbance spectrum is recorded.
- Peaks correspond to different bond vibrations, providing a molecular
fingerprint.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy:
Purpose: Provides detailed information about the molecular structure.
Method:
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- Sample is placed in a magnetic field and exposed to radiofrequency
radiation.
- Nuclei in the sample absorb energy at characteristic frequencies.
- The resulting spectrum provides insights into the chemical
environment of hydrogen or carbon atoms in the molecule.
Chromatography
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):
Purpose: Separates and quantifies components in the sample.
Method:
- Sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent and injected into the HPLC
system.
- It passes through a column packed with a stationary phase.
- Different components travel at different speeds, separating based on
their interactions with the stationary phase.
- Detectors (e.g., UV, fluorescence) measure the components as they
elute from the column.
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Purpose: Determines the molecular weight and structure of the
compound.
Method:
- Sample is ionized (e.g., by electron impact).
- Ions are separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).
- A detector records the abundance of each ion, producing a mass
spectrum.
- The spectrum helps to identify the molecular weight and possible
structure.
Chemical Assays
Purpose: Assess the purity and concentration of Alpha Acetylmethadol.
Method:
Titration:
- A known reagent reacts with the analyte in a known stoichiometric
ratio.
- End-point detection (e.g., color change, pH change) determines the
amount of analyte.
Colorimetric Assays:
- The compound reacts with a reagent to produce a color change.
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- The intensity of the color is measured using a spectrophotometer,
correlating to the concentration of the compound.2. Chemical
Method: Chemical analysis involves techniques like chromatography
(e.g., HPLC), mass spectrometry, and various chemical assays to
determine its composition and purity.
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ALPHAMEPRODINE
IUPAC Name: (3S,4R)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidin-4-yl propionate.
Molecular structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Colour: White
Odour: Odorless
Taste: Bitter
Melting Point (M.P): Around 186-187°C
Solubility:
- Water: Limited solubility
- Alcohol: Soluble
- Molar Mass: Approximately X g/mol
Chemical Properties:
Chemical formula: C20H27NO
Chemical classification: Opioid analgesic
Functional groups: Contains amine and aromatic groups
pH: Not readily available
How it is made/Obtained: Alphameprodine is synthesized through a series of
chemical reactions involving precursor chemicals in a laboratory setting.
Route of Administration - Route of Administration: Can be administered orally
or through injection.
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Pharmacological Action: Alphameprodine acts primarily as an opioid analgesic,
binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to produce pain relief
and, potentially, euphoria.
Analysis:
Physical Method:
Chromatography
Purpose: Separates and quantifies components based on their interactions
with a stationary phase.
Method:
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is commonly used.
- Alphameprodine sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent and
injected into the HPLC system.
- It passes through a column packed with a stationary phase,
separating components based on their affinities.
- Detection methods like UV-Vis spectroscopy or mass spectrometry
can quantify the separated components.
Spectroscopy
Purpose: Provides information about molecular structure and chemical bonds.
Method:
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy:
Identifies functional groups present in alphameprodine.
Sample is exposed to infrared radiation, and absorbance at specific
wavelengths is recorded.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy:
Provides insights into the molecular structure, connectivity, and
stereochemistry.
Alphameprodine sample is placed in a strong magnetic field and subjected
to radiofrequency radiation.
The resulting spectrum reveals information about hydrogen and carbon
atoms' environments within the molecule.
Chemical Methods
Chemical Assays
Purpose: Determines the chemical composition and purity of alphameprodine.
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Method:
Titration:
Utilizes a known reagent to react with specific functional groups in
alphameprodine.
End-point detection (e.g., pH indicator, color change) indicates the
completion of the reaction, allowing for quantification.
Colorimetric Assays:
Involves chemical reactions that produce color changes proportional to
the concentration of alphameprodine.
The intensity of the color is measured spectrophotometrically to
determine the compound's concentration.
Spectrometric Techniques
Purpose: Identifies compounds and assesses their purity.
Method:
Mass Spectrometry (MS):
Determines the molecular weight and fragmentation pattern of
alphameprodine.
Sample is ionized, fragmented, and the resulting ions are analyzed based
on their mass-to-charge ratios.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS):
Separates components of a mixture using gas chromatography and
identifies them using mass spectrometry.
Useful for analyzing complex mixtures and identifying impurities in
alphameprodine samples.
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