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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5491_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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Chemical Methods:
1. Chromatography:
Gas Chromatography (GC) : Separates cocaine from other substances in a
sample. Often coupled with MS (GC-MS) for identification and
quantification.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) : Separates and
quantifies cocaine and its metabolites in biological samples.
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) : Simple and quick method to screen
for cocaine by comparing the movement of cocaine on a TLC plate to
known standards.
2. Colorimetric Tests:
Scott Test: Uses cobalt thiocyanate reagent, which turns blue in the
presence of cocaine.
Marquis Test: Produces a color change (typically orange-red) when
reacting with cocaine.
3. Immunoassays:
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Detects cocaine or its
metabolites in biological samples using antibodies specific to cocaine.
4. Chemical Spot Tests:
Simon’s Test: Differentiates between cocaine and other alkaloids by
producing a blue color with cocaine.
Modified Ehrlich's Test: Detects the presence of secondary amines in
cocaine through a color change.
5. Electrochemical Methods:
Voltammetry: Measures the current response of cocaine at an electrode
surface under an applied potential. Provides information on the
concentration and electrochemical behavior of cocaine.
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CETORPHINE
IUPAC Name: 4,5α-epoxy-7α-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6-methoxy -17-methyl-
6,14-endo-ethenomorphinan-3-yl acetate
Molecular structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: White, crystalline powder
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Bitter Test
Melting point: Around 154-156°C
Boiling point: Not applicable (decomposes)
Solubility:
Moderately soluble in water and soluble in alcohol.
Molar mass: Approximately 431.6 g/mol
Chemical properties:
Chemical formula: C21H25NO4
Chemical classification: Acetorphine is classified as an opioid analgesic.
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Functional groups: Contains various functional groups including hydroxyl (-OH),
pH: The pH of acetorphine solutions may vary depending on the solvent used and
the concentration of the solution.
Production and Source: Acetorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from
thebaine, an alkaloid found in opium poppy.
It is produced through chemical synthesis in laboratory settings.
Route of administration:
Acetorphine can be administered via various routes including intravenous,
intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral routes.
Pharmacological action:It acts as a potent analgesic and narcotic, binding to
opioid receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia, sedation, and
euphoria.
Analysis:
1. Physical Method:
Melting Point Determination:
Equipment: A melting point apparatus is crucial. It typically consists of a heating
block, a capillary tube, and a magnifying glass or a microscope with a built-in
camera.
Interpretation:
Compare the measured melting point with the known reference value for
Acetylmethadol (typically around 119-122 °C).
A close match can suggest the presence of Acetylmethadol, but
interferences from other compounds with similar melting points are
possible.
Solubility Analysis:
Interpretation:
The solubility profile can offer clues about the sample's identity. However,
other compounds might exhibit similar solubility patterns.
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Microscopy:
Equipment: A polarizing light microscope is preferred for detailed analysis of
crystal morphology.
Interpretation:
Crystal morphology can be a valuable piece of information, but it requires
comparison with reference data of known Acetylmethadol crystals for a
more conclusive identification.
Conclusion:
While physical methods provide a preliminary assessment of
Acetylmethadol, they are not definitive for identification or quantification. For
conclusive analysis, instrumental techniques like chromatography (HPLC, GC)
coupled with spectroscopy (IR, MS) are necessary. These techniques offer superior
separation, sensitivity, and specificity for a more comprehensive analysis.
2. Chemical Methods
Precipitation Reactions:
1. Choice of Precipitating Agent: Acetorphine's basicity arises from its tertiary
amine group. Several acidic reagents can target this group to form insoluble salts.
Here are some options besides picric acid:
Phosphotungstic Acid: This reagent forms a voluminous white precipitate
with Acetorphine, making it effective for separation from a mixture.
Mayer's Reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide): This reagent precipitates
Acetorphine as a yellow-colored solid.
Color Test Reagents:
1. Specificity Considerations: Marquis reagent is a generic test reagent and can
react with other opioids and organic compounds. Here are some additional color
test reagents for Acetorphine, but be aware that they might also have limitations in
specificity:
Froehde's Reagent: This reagent produces a green or greenish-blue color
with Acetorphine.
Mandelin's Reagent: This reagent yields a deep red or purple color with
Acetorphine.
2. Color Test Procedure: Dissolve a small amount of the sample suspected to
contain Acetorphine in a drop of concentrated sulfuric acid on a white porcelain
spot plate.
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Carefully add a drop of the color test reagent along the edge of the sulfuric
acid solution.
Observe the color change at the interface of the two liquids.
Interpret the color change cautiously, considering potential interferences
from other compounds.
Conclusion:
Chemical methods offer a basic approach for preliminary Acetorphine
analysis. However, for definitive identification and quantification, instrumental
techniques like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with
detection methods like Mass Spectrometry (MS) are preferred. These techniques
provide superior separation, sensitivity, and specificity for conclusive analysis
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DESOMORPHINE
IUPAC Name:
(4R,4aR,7aS,12bS)3methyl2,4,4a,5,6,7,7a,13octahydro1H4,12methanobenzofuro[3
,2e]isoquinolin9ol
Scientific name: Desomorphine
Chemical Structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: Dextromoramide is typically found as a white to offwhite
crystalline powder.
Color: White to offwhite.
Odor: Typically odorless.
Taste: Bitter taste.
Melting point (M.P): 189°C
Boiling point (B.P): Not readily available.
Solubility: Dextromoramide is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in
alcohol.
Molar Mass: Approximately 295.4 g/mol.
Chemical Properties:
Chemical formula: C17H21NO2
Chemical classification: Dextromoramide is a synthetic opioid analgesic.
Functional groups: Contains an amine group, aromatic rings, and other
functional groups typical of opioid alkaloids.
Source and synthesis: Dextromoramide is synthesized through chemical
reactions in a laboratory setting. Its production typically involves the modification
of precursor compounds to produce the desired structure. Dextromoramide is not
commonly prescribed or available for medical use and may be obtained illicitly.
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Route of Administration: Dextromoramide can be administered orally or via
injection.
Pharmacological Action: It acts as a potent opioid agonist, binding to opioid
receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia, sedation, and
euphoria.
Analysis:
Physical Methods:
Spectroscopy:
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Identifies functional groups in desomorphine
by measuring the absorption of IR radiation. Desomorphine has
characteristic absorption bands.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Provides detailed
information on the molecular structure by observing the behavior of
nuclei in a magnetic field.
Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy: Measures absorption of UV light, useful for
detecting specific molecular structures in desomorphine.
Mass Spectrometry (MS):
Identifies desomorphine by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its ions.
Provides molecular weight and fragmentation pattern unique to
desomorphine.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD):
Analyzes the crystalline structure. Desomorphine exhibits a distinct
crystalline pattern that can be identified if in a solid, crystalline form.
Microscopy:
Polarized Light Microscopy: Identifies crystalline structure and optical
properties. Desomorphine crystals exhibit unique birefringence patterns.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of
desomorphine’s surface morphology.
Chemical Methods:
Chromatography:
Gas Chromatography (GC): Separates desomorphine from other
substances in a sample. Often coupled with MS (GC-MS) for identification
and quantification.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Separates and
quantifies desomorphine and its metabolites in biological samples.
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): Simple and quick method to screen for
desomorphine by comparing the movement of desomorphine on a TLC
plate to known standards.
Colorimetric Tests:
Marquis Test: Produces a color change (typically purple) when reacting
with desomorphine.
Frohde’s Reagent: Produces a characteristic color change when reacting
with desomorphine, used for presumptive identification.
Immunoassays:
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Detects desomorphine or
its metabolites in biological samples using antibodies specific to
desomorphine.
Chemical Spot Tests:
Mecke Test: Produces a color change (typically green to blue) when
reacting with desomorphine.
Simon’s Test: Used to differentiate desomorphine from other similar
substances by producing a specific color reaction.
Electrochemical Methods:
Voltammetry: Measures the current response of desomorphine at an
electrode surface under an applied potential. Provides information on the
concentration and electrochemical behavior of desomorphine.
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DEXTROMORAMIDE
IUPAC name: (3S)3methyl4morpholin4yl2,2diphenyl1pyrrolidin1ylbutan1one
Scientific name: Dextromoramide
Chemical Structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: Dextromoramide is typically found as a white to offwhite
crystalline powder.
Color: White to offwhite.
Odor: Typically odorless.
Taste: Bitter taste.
Solubility: Dextromoramide is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in
alcohol.
Molar Mass: 392.543 g·mol−1
Chemical Properties:
Chemical formula: C17H21NO2
Chemical classification: Dextromoramide is a synthetic opioid analgesic.
Functional groups: Contains an amine group, aromatic rings, and other
functional groups typical of opioid alkaloids.
Source and synthesis: Dextromoramide is synthesized through chemical
reactions in a laboratory setting. Its production typically involves the modification
of precursor compounds to produce the desired structure. Dextromoramide is not
commonly prescribed or available for medical use and may be obtained illicitly.
Route of Administration: Dextromoramide can be administered orally or via
injection.
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Pharmacological Action: It acts as a potent opioid agonist, binding to opioid
receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia, sedation, and
euphoria.
Analysis:
Physical Methods
1. Spectroscopy;
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy; Identifies functional groups in
dextromoramide by measuring absorption of IR radiation.
Dextromoramide has specific absorption bands characteristic of its
chemical structure.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Provides detailed
information on the molecular structure by observing the behavior of
nuclei in a magnetic field.
Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy: Measures absorption of UV light, useful for
detecting conjugated systems in dextromoramide.
2. Mass Spectrometry (MS):
Identifies dextromoramide by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its
ions. Provides molecular weight and fragmentation pattern unique to
dextromoramide.
3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD):
Analyzes crystalline structure. Dextromoramide exhibits a distinct
crystalline pattern that can be identified.
4. Microscopy:
Polarized Light Microscopy: Identifies crystalline structure and optical
properties. Dextromoramide crystals exhibit unique birefringence
patterns.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of
dextromoramide’s surface morphology.
Chemical Methods
1. Chromatography:
Gas Chromatography (GC): Separates dextromoramide from other
substances in a sample. Often coupled with MS (GC-MS) for identification
and quantification.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Separates and
quantifies dextromoramide and its metabolites in biological samples.
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