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Ростовский Государственный Медицинский Университет

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Книга_5491_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

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Analysis:

Physical Methods:

1. Melting Point Determination

 Purpose: To verify purity and identity.

 Method: Use a melting point apparatus to measure the temperature at

which bezitramide transitions from solid to liquid.

2. Solubility Testing

 Purpose: To understand solubility in various solvents.

 Method: Determine the amount of bezitramide that dissolves in solvents

like water, ethanol, and methanol at room temperature.

3. Optical Rotation

 Purpose: To determine optical activity.

 Method: Use a polarimeter to measure the angle of rotation of polarized

light passing through a solution of bezitramide.

4. Crystallography

 Purpose: To determine the crystal structure.

 Method: Utilize X-ray crystallography to analyze the three-dimensional

arrangement of atoms in bezitramide crystals.

5. Particle Size Analysis

 Purpose: To determine the size distribution of particles in powdered form.

 Method: Use techniques such as laser diffraction or dynamic light

scattering.

Chemical Methods:

1. Spectroscopy

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy :

 Purpose: To determine the molecular structure and purity.

 Method: Analyze the magnetic properties of hydrogen (¹H NMR) or carbon

(¹³C NMR) nuclei in the bezitramide molecule.

IR (Infrared) Spectroscopy:

 Purpose: To identify functional groups.

 Method: Measure the absorption of infrared radiation by the bezitramide

sample, producing a spectrum that indicates specific bonds.

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UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-Visible) Spectroscopy:

 Purpose: To analyze electronic transitions in the molecule.

 Method: Measure the absorption of UV or visible light by a solution of

bezitramide.

2. Chromatography

HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography)

 Purpose: To separate, identify, and quantify components.

 Method: Pass a solution of bezitramide through a column packed with a

solid adsorbent and analyze the time it takes for different components to

elute.

GC (Gas Chromatography)

 Purpose: To analyze volatile components.

 Method: Vaporize the bezitramide sample and pass it through a column,

with separation based on volatility and interaction with the column

material.

3. Mass Spectrometry (MS)

 Purpose: To determine molecular weight and structure.

 Method: Ionize bezitramide molecules and measure the mass-to-charge

ratio of the ions, providing information on molecular fragments.

4. Elemental Analysis

 Purpose: To determine the percentage composition of carbon, hydrogen,

nitrogen, and oxygen.

 Method: Burn the sample in an elemental analyzer and measure the

resulting gases to calculate the elemental composition.

5. Titration

 Purpose: To determine purity and concentration.

 Method: React a known quantity of bezitramide with a titrant of known

concentration, observing the endpoint to calculate the amount of

substance.

6. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

 Purpose: To quickly assess purity and identify components.

 Method: Spot a small amount of bezitramide on a TLC plate, develop the

plate in a solvent system, and analyze the pattern of separated spots.

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CANNABIS

Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed among other names, is a

psychoactive drug from the cannabis plant.

Scientific name: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, Cannabis ruderalis

Molecular structure:

Physical properties:

 Appearance: Can vary widely depending on the form (e.g., dried flowers,

resin, oil).

 Color: Green, brown, or varying shades depending on the specific variety.

 Odor: Often described as herbal, skunky, or earthy.

 Taste: Can vary depending on the method of consumption, but often

described as earthy or spicy.

 Melting point (M.P): THC melts at approximately 157°C (315°F).

 Boiling point (B.P): THC boils at approximately 200°C (392°F).

 Solubility: THC is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in lipids and

alcohol.

 Molar Mass: THC: 314.46 g/mol, CBD: 314.464 g/mol

Chemical Properties:

 Chemical formula: THC: C21H30O2, CBD: C21H30O2

 Chemical classification: Cannabinoid

 Functional groups: Contains aromatic rings, alkyl side chains, and carbonyl

groups.

Source and synthesis: Cannabis is obtained from the Cannabis plant, which is

cultivated and harvested for its flowers, which contain the highest concentration of

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THC and other cannabinoids. It can be consumed in various forms such as dried

flowers, concentrates, edibles, or oils. Cannabis can be cultivated both indoors and

outdoors, and its production varies depending on legal regulations in different

regions.

Route of Administration: Cannabis can be consumed in various ways, including

smoking, vaporizing, ingestion (edibles), and topical application.

Pharmacological Action: The primary pharmacological actions of cannabis are

mediated through its interaction with the endocannabinoid system, resulting in

effects such as pain relief, relaxation, altered perception, and appetite stimulation.

Analysis:

Physical Methods:

1. Microscopy:

 Purpose: Identifies plant material and checks for contaminants.

 Process: Uses light or electron microscopes to examine trichomes, leaf

structures, and other botanical features.

2. Spectroscopy:

 Types: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR), Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis).

 Purpose: Identifies chemical composition by analyzing light

absorption/reflection at different wavelengths.

3. Chromatography:

 Types: Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid

Chromatography (HPLC).

 Purpose: Separates cannabinoids and other compounds based on their

movement through a medium under the influence of a solvent.

4. Mass Spectrometry (MS) :

 Purpose: Measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and

quantify molecules.

 Use: Often combined with chromatography (GC-MS or LC-MS) for detailed

analysis.

5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy:

 Purpose: Determines the structure of organic compounds by observing

magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.

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 Use: Provides detailed information about the molecular structure and

composition.

Chemical Methods:

1. Gas Chromatography (GC):

 Purpose: Separates and analyzes volatile compounds.

 Process: Compounds are vaporized and passed through a column,

separating based on boiling point and interaction with the column

material.

2. Liquid Chromatography (LC):

 Purpose: Separates and analyzes non-volatile and thermally unstable

compounds.

 Process: Compounds are dissolved in a liquid and passed through a

column, separating based on interaction with the column material.

3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA):

 Purpose: Detects specific cannabinoids using antibodies.

 Process: Antibodies bind to cannabinoids, producing a detectable signal.

4. Titration:

 Purpose: Quantifies acids or bases in cannabis extracts.

 Process: Involves the addition of a titrant to a solution until a reaction

endpoint is reached, indicating the concentration of the target compound.

5. Solvent Extraction:

 Purpose: Isolates cannabinoids and other compounds from plant material.

 Process: Uses solvents like ethanol, CO2, or butane to dissolve target

compounds, which are then separated from the plant matrix.

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CLONITAZENE

IUPAC Name:

2[2[(4chlorophenyl)methyl]5nitrobenzimidazol1yl]N,Ndiethylethanamine

Scientific name: Clonitazene

Chemical Structure:

Physical properties:

 Appearance: Typically in the form of a powder or crystalline solid.

 Color: Can vary but often reported as white or offwhite.

 Odor: Typically odorless.

 Taste: Not commonly reported, but likely bitter.

 Solubility: Solubility in water and alcohol may vary depending on the

specific form and purity of the compound.

 Molar Mass:386.9 g/mol

Chemical Properties:

 Molecular Formula: C20H23ClN4O2

 Chemical classification: Synthetic opioid analgesic.

 Functional groups: Likely contains aromatic rings and amine groups.

Source and synthesis: Clonitazene is a synthetic compound and is typically

produced in a laboratory setting through chemical synthesis. It's not commonly

prescribed for medical use and may be obtained through illicit means.

Route of Administration: Clonitazene can be administered orally, intranasally, or

via injection.

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Pharmacological Action: As an opioid analgesic, it acts by binding to opioid

receptors in the central nervous system, producing analgesia and other effects

similar to other opioids.

Analysis:

Physical Methods:

1. Microscopy:

 Purpose: Visual identification and examination of sample morphology.

 Process: Uses light or electron microscopes to observe physical

characteristics of the compound.

2. Spectroscopy:

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR):

 Purpose: Identifies functional groups by measuring absorption of infrared

light.

 Use : Provides a fingerprint of the compound based on molecular

vibrations.

UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) :

 Purpose: Determines the concentration and presence of clonitazene by

measuring absorption of UV and visible light.

 Use: Analyzes the electronic transitions in the molecule.

3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy:

 Purpose: Elucidates the structure of clonitazene by observing magnetic

properties of atomic nuclei.

 Use: Provides detailed information about the chemical environment of

hydrogen and carbon atoms.

4. X-Ray Crystallography:

 Purpose: Determines the crystal structure of clonitazene.

 Use: Provides a three-dimensional structure of the molecule by analyzing

the diffraction pattern of X-rays passing through a crystalline sample.

Chemical Methods:

1. Gas Chromatography (GC):

 Purpose: Separates and analyzes volatile components of clonitazene.

 Process: Vaporizes the sample and passes it through a column, separating

based on boiling point and interaction with the column.

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2. Liquid Chromatography (LC):

 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):

 Purpose: Separates and quantifies clonitazene in complex mixtures.

 Process: Dissolves the sample in a liquid and passes it through a column

under high pressure, separating components based on their interaction

with the column material.

3. Mass Spectrometry (MS):

 Purpose: Identifies and quantifies clonitazene by measuring the mass-to-

charge ratio of ions.

 Use: Often combined with chromatography (GC-MS or LC-MS) for detailed

analysis.

4. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC):

 Purpose: Quick, preliminary separation and identification of clonitazene.

 Process: Applies a small amount of sample to a plate coated with a thin

layer of adsorbent material, and separates components based on their

movement through the layer with a solvent.

5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR):

 Purpose: Identifies clonitazene by measuring how it absorbs infrared light.

 Use: Provides a molecular fingerprint and identifies functional groups

within the compound.

6. Colorimetric Tests:

 Purpose: Provides a quick indication of clonitazene presence.

 Process: Reacts clonitazene with specific reagents that produce a color

change, indicative of its presence.

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COCAINE

IUPAC name:[1R(exo,exo)]3(benzoyloxy)8methyl8azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane2carbo

xylic acid methyl ester

Scientific name: Cocaine

Chemical Structure:

Physical properties:

 Appearance: Cocaine typically appears as a white, crystalline powder.

 Color: White.

 Odor: Generally odorless; however, some describe it as having a slight

floral or chemical scent.

 Taste: Initially numbing, followed by a bitter taste.

 Melting point (M.P): Cocaine hydrochloride melts at around 195°C

(383°F).

 Boiling point (B.P): 187 °C (369 °F)

 Solubility in water: 1.8g/L (22 °C)

 Molar mass: 303.358 g·mol−1 (for cocaine hydrochloride).

Chemical Properties:

 Chemical formula: C17H21NO4

 Chemical classification: Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid.

 Functional groups: Contains an ester functional group and an aromatic

ring.

 pH: Cocaine hydrochloride typically has a pH around 5.5 to 6.5.

Source and synthesis: Cocaine is derived from the leaves of the coca plant,

primarily grown in South America. The leaves are processed to extract cocaine

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hydrochloride, which is then further refined into powder form. The production and

distribution of cocaine involve various chemical processes and are often associated

with illegal drug trafficking.

Route of Administration: Cocaine can be administered through various routes,

including snorting, smoking, or injection.

Pharmacological Action: It acts as a potent central nervous system stimulant by

blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and

norepinephrine, resulting in euphoria, increased alertness, and heightened energy.

Analysis:

Physical Methods:

1. Spectroscopy:

 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Identifies functional groups by measuring

absorption of IR radiation. Cocaine has characteristic absorption bands.

 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Provides detailed

information on the molecular structure by observing the behavior of

nuclei in a magnetic field.

 Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy: Measures absorption of UV light, useful for

detecting conjugated systems in cocaine.

2. Mass Spectrometry (MS):

 Identifies cocaine by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of its ions.

 Provides molecular weight and fragmentation pattern unique to cocaine.

3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD):

 Analyzes crystalline structure.

 Cocaine hydrochloride exhibits a distinct crystalline pattern that can be

identified.

4. Microscopy:

 Polarized Light Microscopy: Identifies crystalline structure and optical

properties. Cocaine crystals exhibit unique birefringence patterns.

 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Provides detailed images of

cocaine's surface morphology.

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