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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5491_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS). These methods allow for the
separation, identification, and quantification of MPPP and its metabolites in
various samples, such as biological fluids or seized substances. Additionally, NMR
spectroscopy can be used for structural elucidation and confirmation of MPPP.
However, due to its illicit nature, detailed analytical methods may not be widely
available in the public domain.
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NICOMORPHINE
IUPAC name: 3,6-dinicotinoyloxymorphinan-7-one.
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties: Nicomorphine, also known as dimorphine or nicomorphol, is
an opioid analgesic drug. Its physical properties include being a white to off-white
crystalline powder or solid, with a molecular formula of C22H25NO5. It is
sparingly soluble in water and ethanol. Nicomorphine is typically administered via
injection or intranasally.Nicomorphine typically has a slight odor but is generally
odorless when pure. Regarding taste, it is usually bitter. The melting point (M.P.) of
nicomorphine ranges from approximately 155 to 165°C (311 to 329°F), while its
boiling point (B.P.) is around 368°C (694°F).
Chemical properties: Chemically, nicomorphine is an opioid derivative and is
structurally related to morphine. Its chemical properties include being a tertiary
amine with an ester functional group. It undergoes hydrolysis in acidic or basic
conditions to yield morphine and nicotinic acid. Nicomorphine acts as a prodrug,
meaning it is metabolized into morphine in the body, resulting in its opioid effects.
PH: The pH of nicomorphine would depend on its formulation and any additives
present. However, typically, in its pure form, nicomorphine is considered to be
relatively neutral, with a pH close to 7.
Route of administration: Nicomorphine is primarily administered via injection,
either intravenously or intramuscularly. It is also occasionally administered
intranasally, although this route is less common.
Pharmacological Action: The pharmacological action of nicomorphine is
primarily attributed to its conversion into morphine in the body. As an opioid
analgesic, nicomorphine acts on the central nervous system by binding to opioid
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receptors, particularly mu-opioid receptors. This binding leads to a variety of
effects, including pain relief, sedation, euphoria, and respiratory depression.
Additionally, nicomorphine can cause physical dependence and tolerance with
chronic use, similar to other opioid drugs.
Method of analysis
Physical Method: Physical methods of analysis for nicomorphine may include:
Melting Point Determination: Nicomorphine has a defined melting point
range, and its purity can be assessed by comparing the observed melting
point to the literature value.
Solubility Studies: Nicomorphine's solubility in various solvents can be
determined, aiding in its identification and characterization.
Crystallography: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the
crystal structure of nicomorphine, providing valuable information about
its molecular arrangement.
Spectroscopic Techniques: Techniques such as infrared spectroscopy (IR),
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and UV-visible spectroscopy can
provide information about the chemical bonds and functional groups
present in nicomorphine.
Thermal Analysis: Techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used to study the thermal
behavior of nicomorphine, including its decomposition temperature and
stability.
Particle Size Analysis: Methods such as laser diffraction or microscopy can
be employed to determine the particle size distribution of nicomorphine,
which can impact its dissolution rate and bioavailability.
Chemical method: Analyzing nicomorphine, a semi-synthetic opioid, typically
involves techniques like chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration. Gas
chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can
separate its components for identification and quantification. Mass spectrometry
(MS) can be coupled with chromatography to provide additional structural
information. Additionally, titration methods may be employed for determining
specific properties or concentrations. These methods help ensure the drug's purity,
potency, and compliance with regulatory standards.
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NORLEVORPHANOL
IUPAC name: (–)-17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-
(morpholin-4-yl)morphinan.
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties: Norlevorphanol is an opioid analgesic drug that has both
analgesic (pain-relieving) and antitussive (cough-suppressant) properties. Here
are some of its physical properties:
Appearance: Norlevorphanol typically appears as a white to off-white
crystalline powder.
Solubility: It is sparingly soluble in water but more soluble in organic
solvents like ethanol.
Melting Point: The melting point of norlevorphanol is approximately 165-
170°C.
Molecular Weight: Its molecular weight is around 265.4 g/mol.
Stability: Norlevorphanol should be stored in a cool, dry place away from
light and moisture to maintain its stability.
Taste: Opioid drugs like norlevorphanol often have bitter tastes. However,
specific taste characteristics of norlevorphanol may not be widely
documented.
Chemical Properties: Norlevorphanol is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic drug
that acts as a potent agonist at the mu-opioid receptor. Its chemical properties
include being a derivative of levorphanol, with modifications that enhance its
pharmacological effects. It has a high affinity for opioid receptors, leading to potent
analgesic effects. Additionally, like other opioids, it can cause respiratory
depression, sedation, euphoria, and dependence with prolonged use.
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Route of administration: Norlevorphanol is typically administered orally in
tablet form. However, it can also be administered parenterally (e.g., via injection)
in certain medical settings. The specific route of administration depends on the
formulation and the medical context in which it is used.
Pharmacological Action: The pharmacological actions of norlevorphanol
primarily stem from its activity as a potent opioid receptor agonist. It acts
primarily at the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system, producing
analgesia by inhibiting the transmission of pain signals. Additionally,
norlevorphanol can induce other typical opioid effects such as sedation,
respiratory depression, euphoria, and physical dependence. Its pharmacological
profile makes it useful in the management of moderate to severe pain.
Analysis Method:
Physical Method: One common physical method for the analysis of
Norlevorphanol and other drugs is chromatography, specifically high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC separates compounds based on their
interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase. By optimizing the
conditions, such as the composition of the mobile phase and the column used,
Norlevorphanol can be separated from other components in a mixture and
quantified accurately. Detection methods such as UV-Vis spectroscopy or mass
spectrometry can be coupled with HPLC for sensitive detection of Norlevorphanol.
Chemical Method: One chemical method commonly used for the analysis of
Norlevorphanol and other drugs is spectrophotometry. In this method,
Norlevorphanol can be quantified by measuring the absorbance of its specific
wavelength in a suitable solvent. This requires the preparation of a standard curve
using known concentrations of Norlevorphanol to correlate absorbance with
concentration. Spectrophotometry is relatively simple, cost-effective, and widely
applicable, making it a popular choice for pharmaceutical analysis. Additionally,
techniques such as titration or colorimetry can be employed for specific chemical
analysis of Norlevorphanol if applicable chemical reactions are available.
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NORMETHADONE
IUPAC name: N-methyl-3-(piperidin-2-ylidene)-1-phenylpropan-1-amine.
Molecular structure:
Physical Properties: Normethadone is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug with
properties similar to methadone. Here are some of its physical properties:
Appearance: Normethadone typically appears as a white to off-white
crystalline powder or as a solid material.
Solubility: It is soluble in water and ethanol.
Melting Point: The exact melting point can vary depending on the specific
form and purity of the compound, but it typically ranges from 162-166°C.
Boiling Point: Normethadone's boiling point can vary depending on
factors such as pressure, but it typically ranges from around 340-360°C.
Odor: It may have a faint odor, but it is not typically described as having a
strong or distinct smell.
Stability: Normethadone should be stored in a cool, dry place and kept
away from direct sunlight. It is stable under normal conditions but may
degrade upon exposure to heat, light, or moisture.
Density: The density of normethadone varies depending on its form, but it
is typically denser than water.
Chemical Properties: Normethadone is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug. Its
chemical properties include being a derivative of methadone, with a chemical
structure similar to methadone but with a nitrogen atom in the 3-position of the
phenyl moiety. It acts as a mu-opioid receptor agonist, similar to methadone,
producing analgesic effects. Additionally, normethadone has a longer duration of
action compared to methadone, making it potentially useful in the treatment of
opioid dependence.
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The chemical formula of Normethadone is C21H27NO.
Classification: Normethadone is classified as an opioid analgesic,
specifically a synthetic opioid. It belongs to the subclass of methadone
derivatives.
Functional Group: The functional groups present in Normethadone
include an amine group (-NH-) and an aromatic ring, which is a phenyl
group.
Ph: The pH of Normethadone, as a solid drug compound, is not typically
applicable because pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of an
aqueous solution. However, if Normethadone were dissolved in water or
another solvent, it may affect the pH of that solution depending on its
solubility and any ionization properties it may have. Generally,
pharmaceutical compounds like Normethadone are formulated to be
stable within a certain pH range when dissolved in solution for
administration.
Route of administration: Normethadone is typically administered orally in tablet
form. It may also be administered intravenously in certain medical settings, such as
for the treatment of opioid dependence. However, the specific route of
administration should be determined by a healthcare professional based on
individual patient needs and medical conditions.
Formation: The synthesis of Normethadone involves chemical reactions starting
from precursor compounds. The specific process is typically proprietary to the
pharmaceutical companies that manufacture it and may involve several steps of
organic synthesis, purification, and formulation. However, as Normethadone is a
derivative of methadone, its synthesis may involve modifications to the methadone
molecule to introduce the nitrogen atom in the 3-position of the phenyl moiety,
resulting in the desired chemical structure and properties. The synthesis is
conducted under controlled laboratory conditions by chemists trained in organic
synthesis techniques.
Pharmacological Action: The pharmacological action of Normethadone primarily
involves its activity as a mu-opioid receptor agonist. As such, it acts similarly to
other opioids by binding to and activating mu-opioid receptors in the central
nervous system. This action results in analgesia, or pain relief, as well as other
effects typical of opioid drugs, such as sedation, respiratory depression, and
euphoria. Additionally, Normethadone may also exhibit some antagonist activity at
other opioid receptors, such as kappa and delta receptors, though its primary
mechanism of action is through mu-opioid receptor agonism.
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Method of Analysis
Physical Method: One physical method for analyzing Normethadone and other
drugs is infrared (IR) spectroscopy. IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of
infrared radiation by a molecule, providing information about its functional groups
and overall molecular structure. This technique can be used to identify and
quantify Normethadone in a sample by comparing its IR spectrum to a reference
spectrum. Additionally, techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) can be
employed to analyze the crystalline structure of solid forms of Normethadone,
providing valuable information about its physical properties.
Chemical Method: One chemical method commonly used for the analysis of
Normethadone and other drugs is chromatography, specifically high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC). In HPLC, the drug sample is dissolved in a solvent
and passed through a column packed with a stationary phase. As the sample flows
through the column, compounds separate based on their interactions with the
stationary phase and mobile phase. A detector at the end of the column detects the
separated compounds, allowing for the quantification and identification of
Normethadone based on its retention time and peak area.
Another chemical method is mass spectrometry (MS), which can be
coupled with chromatography techniques like HPLC (LC-MS) or gas
chromatography (GC-MS). MS provides information about the mass and structure
of molecules, allowing for the identification and quantification of Normethadone
based on its unique mass spectrum.
Additionally, methods such as titration or colorimetric assays may be used
for the quantitative analysis of Normethadone in pharmaceutical formulations or
biological samples, although these methods may require specific reagents and
conditions for accurate results.
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NORMORPHINE
Scientific name: (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol.
Molecular structure:
Physical Properties
Appearance: white to off-white crystalline powder
Colour: white or colorless solids
Odour: odorless or have a faint
Taste: bitter taste
M.p: 200-250°C
B.p: 485.8°C (at 760 mmHg)
Solubility (water& alcohol): Normorphine is likely to be sparingly soluble
in water but more soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, chloroform,
or ether.
Molar mass: 289.35 grams per mole (g/mol).
Chemical Properties
Chemical formula: C17H19NO3
Chemical classification: Normorphine belongs to the class of compounds
known as alkaloids. Specifically, it is categorized as an opioid alkaloid due
to its structural similarity and pharmacological properties shared with
other opioids. Opioid alkaloids are a diverse group of natural and
synthetic compounds that exert their effects primarily through interaction
with opioid receptors in the central nervous system. These compounds are
derived from various plant sources, including the opium poppy (Papaver
somniferum), and are known for their analgesic and sedative properties.
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Functional group:
Two hydroxyl groups (-OH): These contribute to its slightly basic nature
and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
One alkene double bond (C=C): This unsaturation can make it susceptible
to certain chemical reactions like oxidation.
One tertiary amine (N): This nitrogen atom can readily accept protons,
further strengthening its basic character.
PH:
HOW IT IS MADE ?/FROM WHETHER IT IS OBTAINED?
Extraction from Opium Latex: Normorphine, along with other alkaloids, is
extracted from the latex of the opium poppy plant. Opium latex is collected by
scoring the immature seed pods of the poppy plant and allowing the latex to ooze
out and dry on the surface of the pods.
Purification: The crude opium latex containing normorphine is subjected
to various purification processes to isolate and extract the alkaloids. These
processes may include solvent extraction, filtration, and chromatographic
separation techniques.
Isolation: Normorphine is isolated from the mixture of alkaloids using
methods such as acid-base extraction, which exploits differences in
solubility and pH-dependent properties of the alkaloids.
Further Processing: Once isolated, normorphine may undergo additional
purification steps to increase its purity and remove impurities. This may
involve recrystallization, chromatography, or other refining techniques.
Formulation: Depending on the intended use, normorphine may be
formulated into pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, capsules, or
injectable solutions for medical use. These formulations may contain
normorphine in its pure form or as a salt (e.g., normorphine
hydrochloride) for improved stability and solubility.
Route of Administration:
Oral: Normorphine can be administered orally in the form of tablets,
capsules, or solutions. Oral administration is convenient and often
preferred for chronic pain management or long-term opioid therapy.
Subcutaneous: Normorphine can be administered subcutaneously (under
the skin) using a syringe and needle. Subcutaneous injection provides
relatively rapid absorption and onset of action, making it suitable for acute
pain relief.
Intramuscular: Normorphine can be administered intramuscularly (into a
muscle) using a syringe and needle. Intramuscular injection allows for
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