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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5491_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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PROPERIDINE
Scientific Name: 1-(3-methyl-1,2-diphenylbutyl)piperidine
Molecular structure
Physical Properties
Appearance: The appearance of Piperidylthiambutene (Properidine) is
typically described as a white crystalline powder.
Colour: Properidine, is commonly reported to have a white or off-white
color.
MP: Approximately 159-160 degrees Celsius.
Solubility: Piperidylthiambutene (Properidine) is reported to be soluble in
alcohol but only slightly soluble in water.
Molar Mass: Approximately 299.46 grams per mole.
Chemical Properties
Chemical formula: C19H25N
Chemical classification: Piperidylthiambutene (Properidine) belongs to
the chemical class of opioids. Specifically, it is a synthetic opioid analgesic.
Functional Groups: Piperidylthiambutene (Properidine) contains several
functional groups, including a piperidine ring and a phenethylamine
moiety. These groups contribute to its pharmacological properties as an
opioid analgesic.
How it is made?
The synthesis of Piperidylthiambutene (Properidine) involves multiple
chemical steps. The exact synthetic route can vary, but it generally includes
reactions starting from precursor compounds to form the desired final product.
Due to the sensitive nature of information related to the synthesis of controlled
substances, specific details about the synthetic process are not widely disclosed.
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The synthesis of Properidine should only be performed by qualified professionals
in a controlled environment and in compliance with applicable laws and
regulations.
Route of administration: The typical route of administration for
Piperidylthiambutene (Properidine) is oral. However, it's essential to note that the
use of Properidine or any opioid substance should be strictly under the guidance
and prescription of a qualified healthcare professional due to the potential for side
effects, dependence, and misuse associated with opioid medications.
Pharmacological action: Piperidylthiambutene (Properidine) exerts its
pharmacological action as an opioid analgesic. It acts on opioid receptors in the
central nervous system, primarily the mu-opioid receptors, producing analgesic
effects by modulating pain perception. Like other opioids, Properidine has
potential side effects and risks, and its use should be carefully managed under
medical supervision.
Analysis
Physical method: Physical methods for analyzing Piperidylthiambutene
(Properidine) may include techniques like spectroscopy (UV, IR, NMR),
chromatography (HPLC, GC), and X-ray crystallography. These methods can
provide information about the compound's structure, purity, and physical
properties. The choice of method depends on the specific analytical goals and the
properties of Properidine being investigated.
Chemical method: Chemical methods for analyzing Piperidylthiambutene
(Properidine) may involve techniques such as titration, spectrophotometry, or
various chromatographic methods. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) is commonly used for the quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical
compounds.
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PROPIRAM
IUPAC Name: (RS)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(propylamino)propan-1-one.
Molecular Structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Typically a white to off-white crystalline powder.
Color: White to off-white.
Odor: Usually odorless.
Taste: Not typically described.
Melting Point: Varies but usually within the range of 100-110°C.
Boiling Point: Not readily available.
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol.
Molar Mass: Approximately 237.34 g/mol.
Chemical Properties:
Chemical Formula: C14H19NO
Chemical Classification: Synthetic opioid analgesic.
Functional Group: Ketone functional group.
Synthesis/Source: Propiram is typically synthesized in a laboratory setting
through organic chemistry methods. It's not naturally occurring and is produced
for medicinal purposes.
Route of Administration: It is commonly administered orally in the form of
tablets or capsules.
Pharmacological Action: Propiram acts as an analgesic by binding to opioid
receptors in the central nervous system, particularly the μ-opioid receptor. This
results in a reduction of pain perception and modulation of pain response.
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Analysis:
Physical method
Melting Point Determination:
Principle: Determines the temperature at which propiram changes from a
solid to a liquid phase.
Method: Propiram sample is heated gradually, and the temperature range
over which melting occurs is recorded.
Application: Helps verify the purity and identity of propiram by comparing
experimental melting points with known values.
Thermal Analysis:
Techniques: Includes Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
Principle: DSC measures heat flow associated with phase transitions
(melting, crystallization), while TGA measures weight change with
temperature (decomposition).
Application: Provides information on thermal behavior, purity, and
stability of propiram.
Particle Size Analysis:
Techniques: Such as Laser Diffraction, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), or
Microscopy.
Principle: Measures the size distribution of propiram particles.
Application: Important for pharmaceutical formulations and ensuring
consistent quality and performance.
Surface Area Analysis:
Techniques: Often involves BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area
analysis.
Principle: Measures the specific surface area of propiram particles.
Application: Helps understand drug formulation properties and
absorption characteristics.
Density Measurement:
Method: Utilizes techniques like gas pycnometry or liquid displacement
methods.
Application: Assists in calculating dosages and understanding formulation
properties.
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Chemical method
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):
HPLC is a primary method for the quantitative analysis of propiram in
pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples.
It separates propiram from other components in a mixture based on its
interaction with a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
Detection can be achieved using UV-Vis spectroscopy or mass
spectrometry (MS), providing accurate quantification and identification.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS):
GC-MS is another powerful method for analyzing propiram, especially in
forensic and toxicological applications.
GC separates propiram from other compounds based on their volatility,
and MS detects and identifies the separated compounds by their mass-to-
charge ratio.
This method offers high sensitivity and specificity for the identification
and quantification of propiram.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy:
NMR spectroscopy is essential for the structural elucidation and
qualitative analysis of propiram.
It provides information about the connectivity of atoms, molecular
dynamics, and can confirm the presence of specific functional groups
characteristic of propiram.
Infrared Spectroscopy (IR):
IR spectroscopy can be used for qualitative analysis of propiram by
identifying functional groups present in the molecule.
It provides information about molecular vibrations and can confirm the
presence of specific bonds characteristic of propiram.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy:
UV-Vis spectroscopy can be employed for qualitative and quantitative
analysis of propiram by measuring its absorbance at specific wavelengths.
This method is useful for determining the concentration of propiram in
solution and can complement other analytical techniques.
Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC):
TLC can be used for the qualitative analysis and separation of propiram
from other substances in a mixture.
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It involves separating the components of a based on their affinity to a
stationary phase on a thin layer, followed by visualization under UV light
or by chemical staining.
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RACEMORAMIDE
Scientific Name:
1-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)methylamino]-3-methyl-2,2-diphenyl-1-propanol
Molecular structure:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Racemoramide typically appears as a white or off-white
crystalline powder.
Colour: Indicating that it is colorless or nearly white in appearance.
Mp: The melting point (MP) of Racemoramide is approximately 169-171
degrees Celsius.
Solubility: Racemoramide is sparingly soluble in water, but it is more
soluble in alcohol.
Molar Mass: The molar mass of Racemoramide is approximately 353.45
grams per mole.
Chemical Properties
Chemical formula: The chemical formula for Racemoramide is
C22H29NO3.
Chemical classification: Racemoramide is classified as an opioid analgesic,
belonging to the broader class of narcotics or opioids.
Functional groups: Racemoramide contains several functional groups,
including an ether group (R-O-R'), an amine group (NH2), and an alcohol
group (OH).
How it made?
The synthesis of Racemoramide involves several chemical steps. One
common method includes the reaction of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine with
benzaldehyde to form an intermediate, which is then subjected to further reactions
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to yield Racemoramide. The specific details of the synthesis process may vary
based on the chosen synthetic route. It's important to note that the synthesis of
pharmaceutical compounds like Racemoramide should be conducted by qualified
professionals in a controlled environment due to safety and regulatory
considerations.
Route of administration: Racemoramide is typically administered by
intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. It's crucial to emphasize that the use of
Racemoramide should only be done under the guidance of healthcare
professionals due to its opioid nature and potential for side effects.
Pharmacological action: Racemoramide exerts its pharmacological action as an
opioid analgesic. It acts on opioid receptors in the central nervous system,
particularly the mu-opioid receptors, producing analgesic (pain-relieving) effects.
This class of drugs is known for its ability to modulate pain perception, but it also
carries the risk of side effects and dependence, requiring careful medical
supervision during use.
Analysis
Physical method: Physical methods for analyzing Racemoramide may include
techniques like spectroscopy (UV, IR, NMR), chromatography (HPLC, GC), and X-
ray crystallography. These methods can provide information about the
compound's structure, purity, and physical properties. The choice of method
depends on the specific analytical goals and the properties of Racemoramide being
investigated.
Chemical method: Chemical methods for analyzing Racemoramide may involve
techniques such as titration, spectrophotometry, or various chromatographic
methods. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is commonly used for
quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. These methods aim to
determine the concentration of Racemoramide in a given sample, ensuring its
quality and adherence to specifications. Specific protocols and instruments used
can vary depending on the requirements of the analysis.
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RACEMORPHAN
IUPAC Name: (±)-17-Methylmorphinan-3-ol
Molecular structure:
Physical properties:
Appearance: White, crystalline powder
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Bitter
Melting point: 200-203 °C (decomposition)
Boiling point: Not applicable (decomposes)
Molar mass: 257.37 g/mol
Solubility:
Water: Slightly soluble (0.25 g/L at 25°C)
Alcohol: Soluble in ethanol and methanol
Chemical properties:
Chemical formula: C₁₇H₂₃NO
Chemical classification: Opioid, morphinan derivative
Functional groups: Hydroxyl (-OH), amine (-NH-), aromatic rings
pH: Not applicable (weak base)
Source and synthesis:
Natural: Not found naturally
Synthetic: Obtained through chemical synthesis from morphine
Route of administration: Oral, parenteral (injection)
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Pharmacological action: Like morphine, racemorphan is an effective opioid
analgesic with a faster onset and shorter duration of action. It relieves pain by
targeting opioid receptor in the central nervous system.
Racemorphan is a stereoisomer with two different effects:
Dextromethorphan:- Despite its antitussive properties, Dextromethorphan
is not particularly analgesic.
Levorphanol:- While Levorphanol has a stronger analgesic than
Racemorphan, it also presents fewer side effects.
Analysis:
Physical method
Melting point: The melting point of a substance is the temperature at
which it changes from a solid to a liquid. Racemorphan has a specific
melting point, and measuring the melting point of a sample can help to
confirm its identity.
Polarimetry: Polarimetry is a technique that measures the rotation of
plane-polarized light by a substance. Racemorphan is a chiral molecule,
meaning that it can exist in two different forms that are mirror images of
each other. These two forms, called enantiomers, rotate plane-polarized
light in opposite directions. By measuring the rotation of light by a sample
of racemorphan, it is possible to determine the enantiomeric ratio of the
sample.
X-ray crystallography: X-ray crystallography is a technique that can be
used to determine the three-dimensional structure of a molecule. This
technique can be used to confirm the identity of a racemorphan drug by
comparing the structure of the unknown substance to the known
structure of racemorphan.
Chemical method
Derivatization and Chromatography: Derivatization involves chemically
modifying racemorphan to form derivatives that have different physical or
chemical properties. For instance, derivatization with a chiral reagent can
create diastereomers that can be separated by chromatographic
techniques like HPLC or GC. The separation of diastereomers allows for
quantification of each enantiomer in the racemorphan mixture.
Enzymatic Resolution: Enzymatic methods utilize enzymes that selectively
interact with one enantiomer of racemorphan, converting it into a product
that can be quantified. This method exploits the stereoselectivity of
enzymes to separate and analyze dextrorphan and levorphanol.
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