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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5557_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
ix
I would like to acknowledge Wolters Kluwer Health
for their support of this project, specifically John
Larkin for his patience, encouragement, and contin-
ual support. I would also like to thank the faculty in
the Department of Diagnostic Imaging at Quinnipiac
University who contributed to this review textbook
despite all their commitments: Tania Blyth, Alicia
Giaimo, Bernadette Mele, and Natalie Pelletier. I would
also like to thank Bernard Grindel from Quinnipiac
University for his assistance with the Introduction
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
chapter and Robert Lombardo for his assistance with
digital imaging.
A very special recognition goes out to my family
for their support in all my professional projects, their
tireless ears listening to me, and their encouragement
to keep moving forward no matter the circumstances.
Without each of you I would not be where I am today;
thank you to my wonderful husband Pasquale, my
children Julianne and Jake, and my parents Louis and
Audrey Mascola—this book truly took a village to create!
xi
TRICIA LEGGETT
Zane State College
Zanesville, OH
LEANNA NEUBRANDER
Adventist University of Health Sciences
Orlando, FL
GLEB SCOSYREV
Concorde Career College
Memphis, TN
CAROLYN CIANCIOSA
Empire State College
Cheektowaga, NY
KENDALL DELACERDA
Northwestern State University
Alexandria, LA
MARLENE JOHNSON
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
REVIEWERS
xiii
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
CHAPTER
1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER
2 Radiation Protection 11
CHAPTER 3 Equipment Operation and Quality Control 32
CHAPTER 4 Image Acquisition and Evaluation 43
CHAPTER 5 Imaging Procedures 66
CHAPTER
6 Patient Care and Education 156
Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions 181
Appendix B: Comprehensive Exam 186
Appendix C: Answers to Comprehensive Exam 221
Appendix D: ARRT Content Specifications for the Examination in Radiography 241
Glossary 255
Index 263
CONTENTS
11
This review book is divided into six chapters includ-
ing this introduction. Chapters 2 to 6 focus exclu-
sively on the content areas outlined by the ARRT.
The content specifications used to develop this re-
view book are based on the
Radiography Didactic and
Clinical Competency Requirements and the Content
Specifications for the Examination in Radiography effec-
tive for January 2012 by the ARRT.
1
Chapters 2 to 6 are
divided with the same heading titles as those listed on
the content specifications provided by the ARRT. The
ARRT provides all applicants a summary of the com-
ponents of each content area and is extremely useful
when preparing a study guide for the comprehensive
examination.
Radiography Examination Specifics
The ARRT examination in radiography is a 220- question
multiple-choice examination. Of the 220 questions,
20 are pilot questions that are not scored; however,
these pilot questions are not identified to the exam-
inee. Students taking the ARRT radiography examina-
tion are given 3.5 hours to complete the 220 questions.
Examinees are provided a 20-minute tutorial prior to be-
ginning the exam and a 10-minute survey at the conclu-
sion of the exam, resulting in a total administration time
of 4 hours. The test is administered by computer; the
ARRT provides comprehensive information on its web-
site regarding the computer-based test process. It is
strongly suggested you review the information avail-
able on the ARRT website regarding the examination
well in advance of your test date. The best preparation
for such an examination is not only to study material
but also to be familiar with the test process, so go to
www.ARRT.org and search; you will be amazed by the
support you will find!
The 200 questions of the examination (not counting
the 20 pilot questions) are divided between five con-
tent areas. The division is not equal, meaning not each
content area has an equal number of questions asked.
Table 1-1 below provides a breakdown of the number of
questions for each content area and the percentage of
the test these questions equal.
It is important for the student not to base studying
strategies on the number of questions per content area.
The student needs to approach the examination and
each content area with equal attention and effort. Often,
students will focus a greater amount of attention on
the higher-percentage content areas such as Radiation
Protection or Imaging Procedures and extremely lim-
ited time on the areas of Equipment Operation and
Quality Control or Patient Care and Education; this is
a mistake that can result in a nonpassing grade on the
examination. Remember, the percentages and numbers
of questions listed in Table 1-1 are not based on the
importance of the content but rather the amount of spe-
cific information in each content area. All content is im-
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Congratulations on completing a radiography program and starting the preparation process
for the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) comprehensive certification
examination in radiography. This review textbook is designed to work in cooperation with
your formal education program to prepare you for the examination. This review textbook
is not meant to function as a primary textbook but as an accompaniment to the material
learned during your radiography education. As you prepare for the examination, use this
review textbook, textbooks used during your formal program, and all notes taken during
course work to develop a well-rounded study program. Remember, no one book can com-
pletely prepare you for the exam; this review textbook is meant to provide you with just that:
a review of key terms, concepts, and ideas to support your study efforts.
2
CHAPTER 1
|
INTRODUCTION
fee. In addition, applicants must attach a photo that is
no older than 6 months to the application form. All pho-
tos must be of high quality. Photos may be black and
white or in color but must not include any hats, visors,
sunglasses, or other attire that alters a person’s appear-
ance. The ARRT has final determination if a photo is ac-
ceptable. A passport-quality photo is required and must
be taped to the application.
An application for the radiography examination
can be submitted not earlier than 3 months before the
graduation date stated on the form. Once an applica-
tion is received and processed, the applicant will re-
ceive a Candidate Status Report (CSR). This may take
4 weeks or longer depending on date of receipt of the
application or other extenuating circumstances (Ethics
Review required). Scheduling of your examination date
is outlined on the CSR. You will have 90 days from the
Wednesday after the application is processed to book
a test date. The ARRT provides an example in the appli-
cation handbook to clearly define this window. In addi-
tion, the handbook outlines procedures for cancelling
an examination date, failing to book an examination
date within the required 90-day window, Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA) accommodation requests,
name and address changes, and requests to change the
examination window.
All ARRT certification examinations are adminis-
tered by an outside company. The ARRT handbook
provides detailed information on scheduling an exami-
nation appointment. You are encouraged to read the
information carefully regarding scheduling an appoint-
ment and be prepared to provide all necessary infor-
mation to the test center when scheduling. Your failure
to provide accurate information may result in the test
center refusing to let you take the examination.
portant and thus each question, regardless of content
area, is weighed the same. So remember: You are study-
ing for a comprehensive examination and each area is
equally important.
The ARRT content specifications are listed on the
ARRT website and also in the front of the application
packet. The content specifications include guidelines
on the material that will be tested. These guidelines are
just that—a guide—and should be used as such; they
are not meant to be the primary source of informa-
tion for curriculum development nor do they provide
you with specific information that will be presented
on the examination. The content specifications, how-
ever, are beneficial when mapping your study strategy.
The following is the URL for the content specifications
on the ARRT website: www.arrt.org/pdfs/Disciplines/
Content-Specification/RAD-Content-Specification.pdf. In
addition, the content specifications are included in the
application packet that every student receives.
Application Process
Each student who would like to be considered for the
ARRT certification examination in radiography must
complete an application process. The application pro-
cess is the responsibility of the student to complete and
is not submitted by the program. The ARRT outlines in
the application handbook the specific requirements for
the application. It is important that the student read the
directions extremely carefully; the applicant needs to
use his or her legal name (i.e., if legal name is William,
it must be submitted as such, not as Bill) and the name
on the application must match the photo identification
(ID) presented at the time of the examination. Any vari-
ation from this procedure will result in ineligibility to
take the examination and forfeiting of the application
2
TABLE 1-1
ARRT Examination in Radiography: Content Breakdown
Content Area
Number of
Questions
Percentage of the
Examination
Radiation Protection 45 22.5%
Equipment Operation and
Quality Control
22 11%
Image Acquisition and Evaluation 45 22.5%
Imaging Procedures 58 29%
Patient Care and Education 30 15%
SOURCE: American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (2010).Radiography didactic and clinical
competency requirements and the content specifications for the examination in radiography.
http://www.arrt.org/pdfs/Disciplines/Content-Specification/RAD-content-specification.pdf.
Accessed May 14, 2013.
3
CHAPTER 1
|
INTRODUCTION
same measure. In that way, it’s the fairest means avail-
able to safeguard the integrity of the diagnostic imaging
profession. Certification (i.e., passing the exam) serves
as a public acknowledgment of your achievements and
paves the way for a rewarding professional future.
Apart from the obvious advantages of certifica-
tion, passing the certification exam brings other posi-
tive outcomes. First, this is an opportunity to review
all the material you’ve learned in the past 2 years and
put it together into a coherent body of knowledge. All
the work you did for individual evaluations (midterms,
quizzes, lab practicals, and final exams) can finally be
assembled into one unit. The outcome of the exam
should be a feeling of mastery over all that you’ve been
learning and an assurance that you understand the “big
picture” that professors and clinical practitioners talk
about. Second, and less obviously, the certification
exam allows you to revisit topics that eluded you the
first time you encountered them. In many instances,
students reviewing material that they “failed” to learn
earlier find that subsequent experiences give them the
perspective to understand the previously daunting top-
ics. Investigating these topics will also give you the op-
portunity for a third outcome: review of your favorite
topics. Some students tend to focus exclusively on trou-
blesome material to the exclusion of topics that seemed
to come easy or were intrinsically interesting. This is
a mistake—in a comprehensive review of this nature,
you should be prepared both to revisit past trouble
spots and to remind yourself of past successes. In other
words, the goal of reviewing for a comprehensive exam
like the ARRT radiography certification examination is
to build on your overall sense of the field, to create the
big picture understanding that’s required for licensure,
and to do so by building on past strengths and filling in
gaps in your knowledge.
Some Thoughts on the Struggle between
Life and Test
If you’re like most people, you’re a little bit obsessed
with taking and passing your certification exam, and
with good reason. But ask yourself this: Is being a certi-
fied radiologic technologist the be-all and end-all of your
life? Or is there more to you than just a professional cer-
tification? Hopefully your answers are “no” and “yes,”
respectively. A little bit of anxiety and self-doubt are
probably good since they help motivate and focus a test-
taker, but too much can be debilitating. Given that anxi-
ety (targeted on a specific object) is related to stress (a
general measure of tension in one’s life), it makes sense
to find balance in the preparation for the exam so that
Day of the Examination
On the day of the examination, you are required to
bring two forms of ID to the test center. The ARRT de-
fines these two forms of ID as primary and secondary.
Primary ID includes the following: government-issued
driver’s license, state ID card, or passport. The second-
ary ID may be one from the primary list or any of the
following: government-issued ID (e.g., Social Security
card), employee ID or work badge, school ID, ATM card,
or credit card. Any ID provided MUST have your com-
plete name and signature.
Besides the ID above, do not bring any paper, notes,
pens, pencils, books, or calculators. The test center will
provide you with an erasable board and pen. The com-
puter has a built-in basic and scientific calculator for use
during the examination. Upon request, the test center
will provide a handheld basic calculator. If at any time
during the examination you require assistance, raise
your hand and wait for a test center employee to come
to you. Do not leave your computer to seek assistance.
Examination Results
At the conclusion of the computer-based examination,
you will see a preliminary score. This is NOT your final
score but a preliminary result of the answers provided.
The preliminary score is also not a notification of ARRT
certification in the modality. Once the examinee’s score
and documentation are reviewed, a final score report
will be mailed to the examinee’s address on file with
the ARRT. You may also check the ARRT website to
verify your credentials. Passing of the ARRT certifica-
tion examination in radiography requires a scaled score
of 75 or higher. A scaled score takes into consideration
the difficulty of specific tests in comparison to other
incidences of test administration. The ARRT provides a
thorough explanation of scoring on its website.
EXAMINATION PREPARATION
The Pleasures of High-Stakes Testing
You probably never intended for your education to be
condensed into one 3.5-hour-long experience, but that’s
the state of affairs in health care education today. You
will take the radiography certification exam to verify
the knowledge and abilities it took years to build. X
hours to ratify Y credits of classes, Z hours of lab work,
and countless hours and days of reading, studying, and
learning. It hardly seems fair. But there is good reason
for the multiple-choice certification exam—it’s the only
feasible way that everyone can be evaluated using the
3