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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5557_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
264
INDEX
Genetic or germ cells, 11
Genetically significant dose (GSD), 22
Ghosting, 56
Gonadal shielding, 22
Grayscale rendition (lookup table), 55
Grayscale Standard Display Function
(GSDF), DICOM, 58
Grid conversion factor, 44
Grid ratio, 44, 44t
Grids, 44, 46
Gross exposure errors, 62
Hand
extension lateral/partial flexion
lateral, 139
fan lateral, extended lateral, and
lateral, 139
posteroanterior, 137
posteroanterior oblique, 138
Head, 107–110
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA), 156
Health Level Seven International (HL7),
DICOM, 60
Hemopoietic system, 17
High-stakes testing, 3, 8
Histogram, 55
Hormesis, radiosensitivity and, 14
Hospital Information System (HIS), 59
Humerus
anteroposterior, 147
anteroposterior neutral trauma, 148
lateral, 147
lateral trauma midhumerus to distal
humerus, 148
scapula Y trauma proximal, 148
transthoracic lateral proximal, 148
Ileocecal spots small bowel series, 79
Image acquisition and evaluation, content
in exam, 1–2, 2t, 43–65
Image evaluation, criteria for, 60–62
Image processing, 52–60
Image receptor (IR), 41
angling of, 48
Image signal exposure, 51–52
Imaging equipment, 35–40
quality control, 40–41
Imaging procedures, 66–155. See also
specific body part or site
content in exam, 1–2, 2t
Induction motor, 36
Infection control, 161–165
Infection cycle, 163–164
additional or transmission-based
precautions, 165
disposal of contaminated materials, 165
modes of transmission, 164
standard precautions, 164–165
Informed consent, 156
Interpersonal communication, 158–161
Intravenous urography, 86–87
Inverse square law, 35
Iodinated contrast, 175–176
Electrons, 32–33
source, 35–36
Embryonic and fetal risks, 21
Endoplasmic reticulum, 11
Enteroclysis small bowel series, 79
Equipment, 32–42
imaging, 35–40
Equipment Operation and Quality Control,
content in exam, 1–2, 2t, 32–43
Erasure problems, 57
Examination documentation, 157
Exposure charts, 49
Exposure indicator determination, 61–62
Facial bones, 111–112
lateral, 111
parietoacanthial (Waters), 111
posteroanterior Caldwell, 112
posteroanterior (modified Waters), 111
False imprisonment, 158
Felony, 158
Femur, 132–133
anteroposterior, 133
lateral, 134–135
mediolateral proximal: Sanderson
method, 135
proximal, 133
Film processors
components, 53–54
maintenance/malfunction, 54
Film screen processing, 53–54
Film storage, 53
Film-screen speed, 45, 47
Filtration, 25, 45, 46
Finger
lateral, 136
posteroanterior, 135–136
posteroanterior oblique, 136
Fixer, 54
Fluoroscopic units, components of, 38
Fluoroscopy, NCRP guidelines, 29–30
Focal spot size, 47
Fog, 61
Fomites, 163
Foot
anteroposterior, 119
anteroposterior oblique (lateral
rotation), 120
anteroposterior oblique (medial
rotation), 119
anteroposterior weight-bearing, 122
lateral (lateromedial), 121
lateral (mediolateral), 121
lateral weight-bearing, 122
sesamoid bones, 122
Forearm, 143
Fractionation, dose of radiation, 14
Fraud, 158
Fuji Computed Radiography S Value, 62
Fungi, 163
Gastrointestinal studies, 73–82
Gastrointestinal system, 18
Genetic impact, 21–22
Kilovoltage peak (kVp), 24, 43–44, 46
fixed, technique charts, 49
Knee, 127–131
anteroposterior, 127–128
anteroposterior lateral oblique, 129
anteroposterior medial oblique, 128
anteroposterior weight-bearing, 129–130
axial projections, 130
lateral, 129
posteroanterior weight-bearing, 130
Lateral swimmer’s projection
(cervicothoracic lateral) position, 93
Leakage radiation, 28
Legal considerations, 53
Legal doctrines, 158
Libel or slander, 158
Linear energy transfer (LET), 13–14
Lipid molecule, 12–13
Long bone measurement
(orthoroentgenography), 153
L5–S1 spot projection, 97–98
Lumbar spine, 96–99
anteroposterior projection, 96
lateral projection, 97
L5–S1 anteroposterior, 98
L5–S1 spot projection, 97–98
obliques, 98
right and left bending, 98
Lysosomes, 11
Main-chain scission, 15
Malpractice, 158
Mandible, 113–117
anteroposterior axial: modified
Towne, 115
anteroposterior axial Towne, 113
axiolateral obliques, 114
axiolateral Schüller method, 114–115
posteroanterior axial, 113
posteroanterior modified Waters, 113
posteroanterior (no angle), 113
submentovertical (full basal), 114
temporomandibular joints axiolateral:
Law’s method, 114
Manual exposure control, 36–37
Matrix size, 51, 51t
Medical asepsis, 161
Medical disorders, 171–173
Medical emergencies, 169–173
Medical equipment, assisting patients
with, 167–168
Medication reconciliation (current meds),
173
Metabolic rate, radiosensitivity and, 14
Metaphase, 11–12
Metosis, 12
Milliamperes (mA)
technique charts, 49
and time, 43
Milliamperes per second (mA/s), 24
Misdemeanor, 158
Mitochondria, 11
Mitosis, 11–12
265
INDEX
Modified axiolateral, Clements-Nakayama
method, 105–106
Molecular and cellular radiobiology, 15–16
Motion (unsharpness), 47
Multiple examinations, scheduling and
sequencing, 174
Multiple-choice question, pointers, 8–10
Myelography, 153
Nasal bones, 115–116
lateral projection, 115
parietoacanthial projection, 115
posteroanterior Caldwell 30 degrees,
115–116
National Council on Radiation Protection
and Measurements (NCRP), 20
ALARA, 27
fluoroscopy and portable units, 29–30
minimum filtration, 25
recommendations for monitoring, 30
Negligence, 158
Nephrotomography, 87–88
Networking, 60
Noise, 61
Noise suppression, 56
Nonverbal communication, 159
Nosocomial infections, 163
Nucleic acid molecule, 13
Nucleolus, 11
Nucleus, 11
Object-to-image distance (OID), 44, 46,
47, 48
Orbits, 117
Organ and tissue response, 18–21
Orthoroentgenography (long bone
management), 153
Oxygen effect, radiosensitivity and, 14
Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER),
radiosensitivity and, 14
Pair production, 23
Paranasal sinuses, 116–117
lateral projection, 117
parietoacanthial projections (Water
projection), 116
parietoorbital oblique projection: optic
foramina (Rhese method), 117
posteroanterior Caldwell: 15-degree
projection, 116
Patella
mediolateral, 132
posteroanterior, 131–132
tangentials, 132
Pathogens, 162
Patient as source, 28
Patient care and education, 156–180
content in exam, 1–2, 2t
Patient communication, 27
Patient education, 161
Patient history, 173–174
Patient size or pathology, 45–46, 46t,
47, 48
Patient transfer and movement, 165–167
Patient’s rights, 156–157
Pediatric dose reduction, 27
Pelvis and hip, 102–106
Pharmacology, 173–175
complications/reactions, 174
types and properties, 175
Phase pulse and frequency, 37–38
Photodisintegration, 23
Photoelectric absorption, 23
Photographic image identification, 52
Photons, interactions with matter, 22–23
Physical assistance and transfer, 165–169
Physical injury or trauma, 170–171
Physical signs and symptoms, 169
Picture Archiving and Communication
System (PACS), 59
Point lesions, 15
Portable units, NCRP guidelines, 29–30
Posteroanterior Dens (Judd) projection, 94
Premedications, 173
Primary radiation, 34–35
Primary x-ray beam, 28
Prions, 163
Problem-based learning, 7–8
Prophase, 11
Protein molecule, 12–13
Protozoans (parasites), 163
Protraction, dose of radiation, 14
Pyelogram, 88–89
Quality assurance, 52–60
Quantum mottle, 51–52
Radiation
acute versus chronic effects, 20
attenuation by various tissues, 23–24
biological aspects of, 11–13, 13f
carcinogenesis, 20–21
cell survival and recovery, 16
digital imaging, 27
dose, 14
dose-response relationships, 15
embryonic and fetal risks, 21
exposure and monitoring, 29–30
exposure reduction, 25–28
genetic impact, 21–22
as low as reasonably achievable
(ALARA) concept, 27–28
minimizing patient exposure, 24–29
molecular and cellular radiobiology,
15–16
organ and tissue response, 18–21
patient communication, 27
pediatric dose reduction, 27
somatic effect, 16
sources of exposure, 28–29
Radiation physics, 32–35
Radiation protection, 11–31, 13f
basic methods, 28–29
content in exam, 1–2, 2t, 11–31
Radiographic Didactic and Clinical
Competency Requirements, 1
Radiographic image identification, 52–53
Radiographic quality, 43–49
Radiographic unit, components of, 35
Radiology department, workflow in, 60
Radiology information system (RIS),
modality work list, 59–60
Radiosensitivity factors, 14–15
Reading and study tips, 6–8
Reasonable care or caution, 158
Receptor size, 51, 51t
Recorded detail/spatial resolution, 47–48
Recovery, radiosensitivity and, 14
Rectification system, 37
Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE), 14
Relative speed index, 45, 45t
Relative tissue radiosensitivities, 13–24
Remnant (exit) radiation, 34–35
Required tasks, 5
Res ipsa loquitur, 158
Respondent superior, 158
Restraints versus immobilization, 158
Retrograde pyelography, 87–88
Ribosomes, 11
Ribs, imaging, 69–70
Rote memorization (classic), 7
Routine patient monitoring, 168
Rule of personal liability, 158
SACRED SEVEN, 157
Sacroiliac joint, 101
obliques, 101
Sacrum and coccyx, 100–101
Sampling frequency, 51
Scaphoid, posteroanterior, 142
Scatter radiation, 28
Scheduled tasks, 5
Scoliosis series, 95
Scratches, 57
Secondary radiation, 28
Sesamoid bones (Holly method), 122
Sesamoid bones (Lewis method), 122
Shielding, 24
Shoulder, 149–154
acromioclavicular joints, 153
anteroposterior axial, 152
anteroposterior neutral, 149
anteroposterior scapula, 151
clavicle anteroposterior/posteroanterior,
152
external, 149
inferosuperior axial, nontrauma, 149–150
internal, 149
lateral scapula anterior/posterior
oblique, 152
posterior oblique, Grashey, 150
posteroanterior axial, 152–153
scapula Y, 151
tangential nontrauma, 150
transthoracic lateral trauma, 151
Signal-to-noise ratio, 52
Skimming, 6–7
Skull
anteroposterior axial (Towne), 107
anteroposterior axial trauma, 110
posteroanterior 25 degrees to 30
degrees (Haas), 109
266
INDEX
posteroanterior Cardwell, 107
posteroanterior (no angle), 107
submentovertical (full basal), 109
trauma anteroposterior (no angle), 110
trauma cross-table lateral, 109
Small bowel series (SBS), 76
Soft tissue neck, imaging procedures, 72
Soft tissue/foreign body, 153
Somatic cells, 11
Somatic effect, 16
Source-to-image distance (SID), 44, 47, 48
Spatial resolution, 50–51, 58
Spine and pelvis, 88–99
SQ3R method of textbook reading, 6–7
Stecher, posteroanterior, 142
Sternum, imaging, 70–71
Study tips, 6–8
Submental vertex (SMV/Basilar)
projection, 117
Surgical asepsis, 161
Swallowing dysfunction study (modified
Barium swallow), 77
Target interactions, 33
Target materials, 36
Technique charts, 49
special considerations, 50
Telophase, 11–12
Test preparation, 10
Test taking, 10
Textbook reading, 6
SQ3R method, 6–7
Thoracic spine, 94–96
lateral, 95
Thorax, imaging procedures, 66–71
Thumb
anteroposterior, 136–137
lateral, 137
oblique, 137
Tibia and fibula
anteroposterior, 126
lateral, 126–127
oblique, 127
Toes
anteroposterior, 117–118
anteroposterior oblique (lateral rotation),
118
anteroposterior oblique (medial rotation),
118
lateral, 118
Tomography, 39
Tort, 158
Two-column notes (Cornell method), 8
Units of measurement, 30
Upper gastrointestinal studies (UGI), 76
Ureterogram, 88
Uretic compression, 87
Urological studies, 85–88
VARK site, learning styles assessment, 6
Vectors, 163
Vehicles, 163
Venipuncture, 177–178
Verbal/written communication, 158
Vicarious liability, 158
Viruses, 162–163
Vital signs, 168–169
Water molecule, 12
Window leveling, 59
Workflow, radiology department, 60
Wrist
anteroposterior oblique, 141
lateral, 141
posteroanterior, 139–140
posteroanterior oblique, 140
X-ray beam, 34–35
X-ray generator, 37
X-ray production, 32
X-ray transformers, 37
X-ray tube, 35
angling of, 48
Skull (Continued)