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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3156_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Seizures (continued )
physical examination for, 61
testing, 61
Semantic memory, 56
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), 92
causes of, 93
Sexual intercourse, painful. See Dyspareunia
Sexually transmitted disease, urethral
discharge, 238
Sheehan’s syndrome, 242, 321
Shoulder pain, 290–292
causes of, 290
diagnosis of, 292
history of, 290
physical examination for, 293
testing, 291t, 292
Sick sinus syndrome, 121
Sigmoidoscopy, rectal bleeding, 211
Single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT)
osteoporosis, 407
tremors, 65
Sinus bradycardia, 122
Sinus node block, 122
Sinus tachycardia, 146
Sjögren’s syndrome
acute pericarditis (AP), 142
halitosis, 91, 92
hoarseness, 96
red eye, 84
Skin
alopecia, 294–296
in anorexia, 6
cyanosis, 151–153
erythema multiforme, 297–298
maculopapular rash, 299–301
petechiae and purpura, 339–340
pigmentation disorders, 301–304
pruritus, 305–306
rash with fever, 306–308
urticaria, 309–310
vesicular and bullous eruptions, 310–312
Sleep apnea. See also Obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA)
cyanosis, 152
fatigue, 20
hypothyroidism, 323
night sweats, 28
nocturia, 226
polycythemia, 353
Sleep disorders
in arthralgia, 266
in demetia, 54
in depression, 40
fatigue, 14
hypersomnia, 21–23
insomnia, 24–25
in tinnitus, 108, 109
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO), 215
Smoking
cough, 148, 149
cyanosis, 152
and dysmenorrhea, 248
and erectile dysfunction, 220, 221
and halitosis, 91
and hematuria, 218
and hemoptysis, 154
and hoarseness, 95, 96
and nipple discharge, 254
and pneumothorax, 160
and polycythemia, 353
stridor, 168
and vaginal discharge, 262, 263
and weight loss, unintentional, 33
and wheezing, 171
Social history
amenorrhea, 243
anorexia, 6
depression, 40
dyspareunia, 249
heart murmurs, 133
hypertension, 136
lower back pain, 277
lymphadenopathy, generalized, 335
menorrhagia, 251
pleural effusion, 156
principles of, 3
shoulder pain, 290
splenomegaly, 341
stomatitis, 106
weight loss, unintentional, 33
wheezing, 171
Somnolence, 22t
Sore throat. See Pharyngitis
Spasmodic dysphonia, hoarseness, 96
Spasmus nutans, 76
Spermatocele, 234, 236
Sphincter pupillae, 81
Spirometry, 149, 172
Splenomegaly, 341–343
causes of, 341
differential diagnosis of, 342, 343t
epidemiology of, 341
history of, 341
hyperplastic, 341
hypersplenism, 342
massive, 341
physical examination for, 341
testing, 342
Spontaneous pneumothorax, 160
438
Index
Sputum, hemoptysis, 154
ST bursitis, shoulder pain, 292
Steatocrit, 214
Steatorrhea, 213–215
causes of, 213
celiac disease, 213, 215
differential diagnosis of, 215
epidemiology of, 213
history of, 213
luminal phase, 213
mucosal phase, 213
physical examination for, 214
postabsorptive process, 213
testing, 214
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), 310
erythema multiforme, 296, 297t
stomatitis, 105, 106
vesiculobullous eruptions, 310
Stomatitis, 105–106
causes of, 105
differential diagnosis of, 106
epidemiology of, 105
history of, 105
medical history, 105
physical examination for, 106
social factors, 106
testing, 106
Stridor, 167–169
acute, 169
biphasic, 167
causes of, 168t
chronic, 169
diagnosis of, 169
history of, 167
physical examination for, 168
testing, 169
Stroke, 63–64
causes of, 63
differential diagnosis of, 64
epidemiology of, 63
history of, 63
physical examination for, 63
risk factors for, 63
testing, 63
Subacromial bursitis, shoulder pain, 292
Subacute cough, 148, 150
Subconjunctival hemorrhage, 83, 86
Substance abuse, 43
Suicide risk, 43–45
assessment of, 44
causes of, 43
diagnosis of, 45
epidemiology of, 43
factors of, in adolescents, 43
history of, 44
level of risk, 44
Patient Health Questionnaire-9, 44
risk factors for, 43
suicidal ideation, 44
Superior oblique myokymia, 78
Supraclavicular lymph nodes (SCLN), 338
Sweat chloride test, 172
Syncope, 29–31
causes of, 29, 30f
diagnosis of, 31
differential diagnosis of, 31
epidemiology of, 29
falls, 13t
history of, 30
physical examination for, 31
testing, 31
Synovial fluid aspiration, arthralgia, 266
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 144
arthralgia, 266
stomatitis, 105, 106
T
Tachycardia, 145–147
history of, 146
physical examination for, 146
symptoms of, 145
testing, 146
Tanner stage, 316
Task-specific tremor, 65
Temporal arteritis
shoulder pain, 292
visual loss, 74
Tension pneumothorax, 161
Teratoid lesions, 402
Testes
gynecomastia, 317
scrotal pain, 235, 236
Testosterone, and erectile dysfunction, 221
Third nerve palsy, pupillary inequality, 81
Third-degree AV block. See Complete heart
block
Thoracentesis
pleural effusion, 156
pneumothorax, 161
Thoracic outlet syndrome, shoulder pain, 292
Thoracotomy, 409, 410
Throat problems. See Head, eyes, ears, nose,
and throat
Thrombocytopenia, 355–356
causes of, 355
differential diagnosis of, 356
drug-induced, 356
history of, 356
physical examination for, 356
testing, 356
Index
439
Thymoma, 402
Thyroid gland
enlargement/goiter, 326–328
causes of, 326
differential diagnosis of, 327
endemic, 326
epidemiology of, 326
history of, 326
multinodular, 326
physical examination for, 327
pregnancy-induced, 326
risk factor for, 326
simple, 326
smoking, 326
sporadic, 326
testing, 327
hyperthyroidism. See Thyrotoxicosis/
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism, 320–323
nodules, 328–330
causes of, 328
colloid nodule, 328
differential diagnosis of, 330
epidemiology of, 328
history of, 328
physical examination for, 329
risk of cancer, 329f
testing, 329
Thyroid hormones, hypothyroidism, 320–323
Thyroid lesions, 402, 403
Thyroid lobectomy, 329
Thyroiditis, 331, 332
Thyrotoxicosis/hyperthyroidism, 330–332
causes of, 331t
differential diagnosis of, 332
epidemiology of, 331
history of, 331
physical examination for, 332
testing, 332
toxic nodular goiter, 332
Tilt table testing, 31
Tinnitus, 107–109
causes of, 107
differential diagnosis of, 109
epidemiology of, 108
hearing loss, 93
history of, 108
objective (somatosounds), 107
physical examination for, 109
subjective, 108
testing, 109
Tobacco. See Smoking
Torsade de Pointes (TdP), 147
Toxic adenoma, 331
Toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema
multiforme, 296, 297t
Toxic multinodular goiter, 331
Toxic nodular goiter, hyperthyroidism, 332
Toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella,
cytomegalovirus infection, and herpes
simplex syndrome (TORCH), 340
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 62, 63
Transvaginal ultrasound
dysmenorrhea, 249
menorrhagia, 253
postmenopausal bleeding, 261
Trauma
hoarseness, 95
knee pain, 273
neck pain, 283
nosebleed, 97–99
pneumothorax, 161
scrotal mass, 234
scrotal pain, 235, 236
shoulder pain, 290, 292
stridor, 169
visual loss, 74
Traumatic pneumothorax, 161
Traveler’s diarrhea, 186
Tremor, 64–65
action, 64
differential diagnosis of, 65
intention, 64
kinetic, 64
posture-specific, 65
postural, 64
resting, 64
task-specific, 65
testing, 65
Tricuspid stenosis, 129f, 131
Triple test, breast mass, 244
Tumors, brain, headache, 20
Turner’s syndrome
amenorrhea, 242, 243
diastolic heart murmur, 130
osteopenia, 405
Tympanic membrane (TM), 92
Tzanck smear, 312
U
Ulcerations, 86
Ulcerative colitis, 105
Ulcers, hoarseness, 95
Ultrasonography
abdominal pain, 175
abnormal mammogram, 399
in anorexia, 12
breast cancer, 399
breast mass, 244
hepatitis, 203
hepatomegaly, 207
440
Index
hip pain, 272
jaundice, 209
mediastinal mass, 404
nipple discharge, 255
oliguria, 231
osteopenia, 407
pleural effusions, 156
priapism, 233
pulmonary nodule, solitary, 410
scrotal mass, 235
scrotal pain, 237
splenomegaly, 342
stridor, 169
thyroid enlargement, 327
thyroid nodules, 323, 328, 329, 330, 332
Undifferentiated problems
anorexia, 5–7
dizziness, 7–9
edema, 9–10
falls, 11–13
fatigue, 14–16
fever, 16–18
headache, 19–20
hypersomnia, 21–23
insomnia, 24–25
nausea and vomiting, 26–27
night sweats, 28–29
syncope, 29–31
weight loss, unintentional, 32–33
Upbeat, nystagmus, 76
Urethral discharge (UD), 238–241
complications, 241
diagnosis of, 240
history of, 239
physical examination for, 240
testing, 240
Urethritis
arthralgia, 266
dysuria, 216
urethral discharge, 240, 241
Urinalysis
abdominal pain, 175
nocturia, 227
oliguria and anuria, 230
petechiae and purpura, 339
polydipsia, 325
postmenopausal bleeding, 260
scrotal pain, 237
urinary incontinence, 225
weight loss, unintentional, 33
Urinary incontinence (UI), 223–225
acute, 223
causes of, 223
chronic, 224
diabetes insipidus, 224
diagnosis of, 225
DRIP mnemonic, 224
epidemiology of, 223
history of, 224
medications for, 224
physical examination for, 225
testing, 225
types of, 223
urinalysis, 225
urine volume, postvoiding of, 225
voiding history, 224
voiding journal, 225
Urinary indices, 230, 231t
Urinary tract infection (UTI), 216
Urticaria, 309–310
acute, 309
causes of, 309
chronic, 309
differential diagnosis of, 310
epidemiology of, 309
history of, 309
immunologic, 309
nonimmunologic, 309
physical examination for, 309
rash, 308
testing, 309
Uveitis, 83, 85
V
Varicocele, 236
Vascular and lymphatic systems
lymphadenopathy, generalized,
335–337
lymphadenopathy, localized,
337–338
petechiae and purpura, 339–340
splenomegaly, 341–343
Vascular dementias, 54
Venous hums, 107, 109
Venous thromboembolism, Wells Criteria,
382, 383t
Ventilation–perfusion, 119, 162, 166
Ventricular fibrillation (VF), 147
Ventricular tachycardia (VT), 146
Vertigo, 110–113
causes of, 110
DH test, 112
differential diagnosis of, 112
dizziness, 7
epidemiology of, 111
head thrust, 112
history of, 111
neurologic examination, 112
otoscopy, 112
physical examination for, 112
testing, 112
Index
441
Vesicular and bullous eruptions, 310–312
causes of, 310
differential diagnosis of, 312
history of, 311
physical examination for, 311
testing, 312
Vesiculobullous rashes, 307, 308
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATs)
advantage of, 410
pulmonary nodule, solitary, 410
Videoradiography, dysphagia, 192
Viral hepatitis, 199, 200, 201, 203t
Vision
blurred, 66–67
causes of, 66, 67t
differential diagnosis of, 67
epidemiology of, 66
history of, 66
physical examination for, 66
pupillary examination, 67
loss of, 72–75
bilateral, 73
binocular, partial, 74
binocular, total, 72
causes of, 72
differential diagnosis of, 74
history of, 72
monocular, 73
physical examination for, 74
red eye, 83
testing, 67
Visual acuity
blurred vision, 66
nystagmus, 77
scotoma, 87, 88
Vitamin D deficiency, 333–334
causes of, 333
clinical manifestations, 333
diagnosis of, 334
dietary sources for, 333
Dowager’s hump, 334
epidemiology of, 333
history of, 333
parathyroid hormone, 333, 334
physical examination for, 333
risk factors for, 333
Vitiligo, 301, 304
Vocal cord lesions, hoarseness, 96
Vocal cord paralysis, hoarseness, 96, 169
Voice strain, 96
Voice use, 95, 96
von Willebrand’s disease
nosebleed, 98
petechiae and purpura, 339, 340
W
Water deprivation test, 325
Weber test, 93
Weight change
depression, 41
menorrhagia, 251
Weight loss, unintentional, 32–33
causes of, 32
chronic medical conditions, 32
diagnosis of, 33
GI disorders, 32
history of, 33
infection, 32
malignant conditions, 32
neurologic/neuromuscular disorders, 32
pathophysiology, 32
physical examination for, 33
psychiatric causes, 33
social and age-related causes, 33
testing, 33
tinnitus, 109
Wheezing, 170–172
asthma, 170
causes of, 171t
chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, 171
differential diagnosis of, 172
history of, 171
physical examination for, 171
purified protein derivative skin
test, 172
shortness of breath, 165
vs. stridor, 172
testing, 172
Wide complex tachycardia, 146
Torsade de Pointes, 147
ventricular fibrillation, 147
ventricular tachycardia, 146
Wilms tumor
hematuria, 219
nystagmus, 78
Wilson’s disease
hepatitis, 200, 201
jaundice, 208, 209
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 146
Working memory, 56
X
Xerostomia, 90, 91
X-ray biphasic esophagram, dysphagia, 192
Z
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 215
442
Index