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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3156_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Laboratory tests/evaluation (continued )
hip pain, 272
hirsutism, 318
hoarseness, 96
hypercalcemia, 386t
hyperkalemia, 390t
hypertension, 137
hyperthyroidism, 332
hypokalemia, 394t
hypothyroidism, 322
insomnia, 24
jaundice, 208
joint pain, monoarticular, 281
knee pain, 274
lower back pain, 278
lymphadenopathy
generalized, 336
localized, 338
maculopapular rash, 300
mediastinal mass, 404
menorrhagia, 252, 253t
nausea and vomiting, 26
neck pain, 284
neutropenia, 351
night sweats, 28
nipple discharge, 255
nocturia, 227
nosebleed, 98
nystagmus, 77
oliguria and anuria, 230, 231t
osteopenia, 406
palpitations, 141
papilledema, 79
pap smear abnormality, 257
paresthesia and dysesthesia, 59
pelvic pain, 247
pericardial friction rub, 143
petechiae and purpura, 339
pharyngitis, 101
pleural effusion, 156
pleuritic pain, 159
pneumothorax, 162
polycythemia, 353
polydipsia, 325
polymyalgia, 289
postmenopausal bleeding, 260
priapism, 232
proteinuria, 354
pruritus, 306
rashes, 308
red eye, 84
rhinitis, 104
scotoma, 88
scrotal mass, 235
scrotal pain, 237
seizures, 61
shortness of breath, 166
shoulder pain, 292
splenomegaly, 342
steatorrhea, 214
stomatitis, 106
stridor, 169
stroke, 63
syncope, 31
tachycardia, 146
thrombocytopenia, 356
thyroid enlargement/goiter, 327
thyroid nodules, 329
tinnitus, 109
urethral discharge, 240
urinary incontinence, 225
urticaria, 309
vaginal discharge, 263
vertigo, 112
vesicular and bullous eruptions, 312
visual loss, 74
Vitamin D deficiency, 334
weight loss, unintentional, 33
wheezing, 172
Laparoscopy
dysmenorrheal, 249
dyspareunia, 250
menorrhagia, 253
urethral discharge, 241
Laryngeal malignancy, hoarseness, 96
Laryngoscopy, 96, 97, 192
Late diastolic murmur, 129, 129f
atrial myxoma, 131
complete heart block, 131
left-to-right shunt, 131
mitral stenosis, 131
S
4
/atrial gallop, 131
tricuspid stenosis, 131
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, 80
Left anterior descending artery stenosis, 131
Left ventricular dysfunction, 374
Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
(LVEDP), 128
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 138
Left-to-right shunt, 131
Leukoplakia, stomatitis, 105, 106
Lewy body dementia, 53, 54
Libido, 221
Lifestyle issues
breast cancer, 398
constipation, 180
C-reactive protein levels, 349
diabetes mellitus, 315
fatigue, 14
hypertension, 135
428
Index
osteopenia/osteoporosis, 406
pelvic pain, 246
Vitamin D deficiency, 333
Light-headedness
anemia, 344
dizziness, 7
dysmenorrhea, 248
palpitations, 140
tachycardia, 145
vertigo, 110
Limb ataxia, 46
Liver disease. See also Hepatitis; Hepatomegaly
anemia, 346
Liver function tests (LFTs)
chest pain, 115
menorrhagia, 253
nocturia, 227
pruritus, 306
Log roll test, hip pain, 270
Long QT syndrome, 121
Lumbar puncture
papilledema, 80
scotoma, 88
seizures, 61
Lymphadenopathy
generalized, 335–337
diagnosis, 336
history of, 335
physical examination for, 336
testing, 336
localized, 337–338
biopsy, 338
causes of, 337
diagnosis of, 338
history of, 337
physical examination for, 338
testing, 338
Lymphomas, 403
M
Maculopapular rash, with fever, 307, 308.
See also Rash
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
arthralgia, 266
ataxia, 47
bone cyst, 401
breast cancer, 399
breast mass, 245
calf pain, 269
chest pain, 119
coma, 48
congestive heart failure, 128
corneal foreign body and corneal
abrasion, 69
delirium, 52
diastolic heart murmur, 132
diplopia, 71
dizziness, 8
dysmenorrhea, 249
headache, 20
hearing loss, 94
hematuria, 219
hip pain, 272
hoarseness, 96
joint pain, monoarticular, 281
knee pain, 275
lower back pain, 279
mediastinal mass, 404
menorrhagia, 253
nausea and vomiting, 26
neck pain, 284
nystagmus, 77, 78
osteoporosis, 407
papilledema, 80
pelvic pain, 247
polydipsia, 325
postmenopausal bleeding, 261
priapism, 233
pulmonary nodule, solitary, 409
pupillary inequality, 81
red eye, 84
scotoma, 88
scrotal pain, 237
seizures, 61
shoulder pain, 292
splenomegaly, 342
stridor, 169
stroke, 63
thyroid enlargement/goiter, 327
thyroid nodule, 329
tinnitus, 109
tremor, 65
vertigo, 112
Major depressive disorder, 41
Malignant hypertension, 80
Mammography
abnormal, 397–399
breast cancer, 399
breast mass, 244
diagnostic, 399
Guaiac testing, 255
gynecomastia, 317
lymphadenopathy, localized, 338
screening, 399
nipple discharge, 255
Manic-depressive disorder. See Bipolar
disorder
Manometry, dysphagia, 192
Marfan syndrome, 405
Index
429
Mediastinal mass, 402–404
causes of, 402
diagnosis of, 404
history of, 403
physical examination for, 403
testing, 404
Mediastinal widening, 403
Mediastinum, 402
anterior, 402, 403
middle, 402, 403
posterior, 402, 403
Medical history
amenorrhea, 243
anorexia, 6
anxiety, 36
dysphagia, 191
edema, 9
gynecomastia, 317
hematuria, 218
lymphadenopathy, generalized, 335
oliguria and anuria, 230
pelvic pain, 246
pleural effusion, 156
pleuritic pain, 158
postmenopausal bleeding, 260
Medication effects
anorexia, 5
anxiety, 36
bradycardia, 122
constipation, 180
creatinine elevation, 377
delirium, 51
dysphagia, 191, 192t
edema, 9
eosinophilia, 347
epigastric discomfort, 194, 196t
erectile dysfunction, 221
gynecomastia, 317
halitosis, 91
hirsutism, 318
hoarseness, 96
hypersomnia, 21, 22t
hypertension, 136
insomnia, 24, 25t
jaundice, 209t
menorrhagia, 251
nipple discharge, 254
nocturia, 226, 227
nosebleed, 98
nystagmus, 77
osteopenia, 406
petechiae and purpura, 339
stomatitis, 106
tachycardia, 147
thrombocytopenia, 356
tinnitus, 108, 109
tremor, 65
urinary incontinence (UI), 223, 224
vertigo, 111
Vit D deficiency, 333
weight loss, unintentional, 33
Memory impairment, 55–58
differential diagnosis of, 58
epidemiology of, 56
guidelines, American Geriatric Society, 57f
history of, 56
mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 56
physical examination for, 56
testing, 56
Ménière’s disease
hearing loss, 93, 94
nystagmus, 76
tinnitus, 108
vertigo, 111, 112
Meningitis, headache, 19, 20
Menisci, knee pain, 273
Menkes steely hair syndrome, 405
Menorrhagia, 250–253
abnormal bleeding, 251
causes of, 250
diagnosis of, 251t, 253
epidemiology of, 250
history of, 251
medication history, 251
physical examination for, 252
presence of molimenal symptoms, 251
testing, 252
Menstruation. See Female reproductive system
Mental health problems
anxiety, 35–37
bipolar disorder, 37–39
depression, 40–42
suicide risk, 43–45
Mid-diastolic murmur
atrial myxoma, 131
mitral stenosis (MS), 131
tricuspid stenosis, 131
Migraine
headache, 19
retinal, 73
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 56
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
dementia, 54
memory impairment, 56
Miosis, 81, 82
differential diagnosis of, 82
pathologic, 82
Mitral regurgitation, heart murmur, systolic,
133
Mitral stenosis (MS), 131
430
Index
Mixed hearing loss (MHL), 92
Mnemonics
palpitations, 140
urinary incontinence, 224
Monocular visual loss, 73
Mood disorder, 42
Morning breath, 90
Multifocal atrial tachycardia, 146
Multiple sclerosis, hoarseness, 96
Musculoskeletal causes, calf pain, 267
Musculoskeletal system
arthralgia, 265–267
calf pain, 267–269
hip pain, 270–272
joint pain, monoarticular, 279–282
knee pain, 272–275
low back pain, 276–279
neck pain, 283–286
polymyalgia, 287–289
shoulder pain, 290–292
Myasthenia gravis, 71, 96
Mydriasis, 81
differential diagnosis of, 82
pathologic, 82
Myocardial infarction
anticoagulation, 116
bradycardia, 121
chest pain, 114, 115
congestive heart failure, 125
Myoclonus, tinnitus, 108
Myxedema, 9, 322, 332
Myxedema coma, 323
N
Narrow complex tachycardia, 146
Nausea and vomiting, 26–27
causes of, 26, 27t
clinical manifestations of, 27
differential diagnosis of, 26, 27t
epidemiology of, 26
history of, 26
medications causing, 26, 27t
physical examination for, 26
testing, 26
Neck pain, 283–286
causes of, 283, 285t
differential diagnosis of, 285t
epidemiology of, 283
history of, 283
physical examination for, 284, 284t
testing, 284
Nerve conduction study
neck pain, 284
paresthesia and dysesthesia, 59
shortness of breath, 166
Nervous system problems
anorexia, 6
ataxia, 46–47
coma, 48–50
delirium, 50–52
dementia, 53–55
memory impairment, 55–58
paresthesia and dysesthesia, 58–60
seizures, 60–62
stroke, 63–64
tremors, 64–65
Neuromuscular disease
cyanosis, 152
dysphagia, 189, 193
Neutropenia, 350–352
causes of, 350
cyclic, 351
differential diagnosis of, 351t
epidemiology of, 350
hereditary, 351
history of, 350
physical examination for, 351
severe congenital, 351
testing, 351
Night sweats, 28–29
causes of, 28, 29t
clinical manifestations of, 28
differential diagnosis of, 28
epidemiology of, 28
history of, 28
physical examination for, 28
psychological factors, 28
sleep apnea, 28
testing, 28
Nipple discharge, 254–256
causes of, 254
differential diagnosis of, 256
epidemiology of, 255
history of, 255
physical examination for, 255
pseudodischarge, 256
testing, 255
Nocturia, 226–227
causes of, 226
diagnosis of, 227
diurnal polyuria, 226
epidemiology of, 226
history of, 227
lower urinary tract causes, 227
mixed nocturia, 227
nocturnal polyuria, 226
physical examination for, 227
reduced bladder capacity, 226
testing, 227
Index
431
Nocturnal polyuria, 226
Nocturnal polyuria syndrome, 226
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic
neuropathy (NAION), 73
Non-arteritic ischemic neuropathy, 74
Nose problems. See Head, eyes, ears, nose, and
throat
Nosebleed, 97–99
causes of, 97
differential diagnosis of, 99
epidemiology of, 98
history of, 98
physical examination for, 98
testing, 98
Nuclear medicine
gastrointestinal bleeding, 200
steatorrhea, 215
Nuclear scanning
scrotal pain, 237
splenomegaly, 342
thyroid enlargement/goiter, 327
Nystagmus, 75–78
acquired, 75
causes of, 75
congenital/infantile, 75
convergence–retraction, 76
differential diagnosis of, 77
dissociated, 77
downbeating, 76
gaze-evoked, 76
history of, 77
jerk, 75
pathophysiology, 75
pendular, 75
periodic alternating, 76
physical examination for, 77
seesaw, 76
testing, 77
torsional, 76
types of, 75
upbeating, 76
vertigo, 112
vestibular, 76
O
Obesity
ascites, 177
brain natriuretic peptide, 375
breast cancer, 398
congestive heart failure, 127
cyanosis, 152
diabetes mellitus, 314, 315
epigastric discomfort, 194
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 349
gynecomastia, 317
hepatitis, 201
hypertension, 136, 138
menorrhagia, 252
nocturia, 227
postmenopausal bleeding, 260
shortness of breath, 163
Vit D deficiency, 333
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 35, 37
Obstipation, 181
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
bradycardia, 121
diabetes mellitus (type 2), 315
heart failure, 128
hypersomnia, 21
hypertension, 139
insomnia, 24
nocturia, 226
polycythemia, 353
Occupational history
cyanosis, 152
diarrhea, 185
fever, 16
hearing loss, 93
maculopapular rash, 299
night sweats, 28
polycythemia, 353
polymyalgia, 289
Raynaud’s disease, 144
tinnitus, 109
Ocular ataxia, 46
Ocular bobbing, 78
Oculogyric crisis, 77
Oliguria and anuria, 228–231
causes of, 228, 229t
diagnosis of, 231
history of, 230
hypovolemia, 229t
physical examination for, 230
testing, 230, 231t
Open excisional biopsy, breast mass, 244
Opsoclonus, 76
Optic nerve, infiltration of, 80
Optic nerve problems
nystagmus, 77
papilledema, 79, 80
scotoma, 86, 88
Optic neuritis, 73, 80
Optic tract lesions, 75
Orbital cellulitis, 83, 84, 85
Orchitis, 234, 236
Oropharynx, 91
Osgood-Schlatter disease, 273
Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, 98, 219
Osteoarthritis
432
Index
arthralgia, 266
joint pain, monoarticular, 279, 282
shoulder pain, 292
Osteoclasts, 405
Osteocytes, 405
Osteopenia, 405–408
causes of, 405
diagnosis of, 408
epidemiology of, 406
history of, 406
physical examination for, 406
testing, 406
Vitamin D deficiency, 334
Osteoporosis, 405
bone mineral density, 407
causes of, 405, 406
diagnosis of, 408
epidemiology of, 406
primary, 405
type I (postmenopausal), 405
type II (age-associated), 405
risk factors for, 406
secondary, 405
single photon emission computed
tomography, 407
Vitamin D deficiency, 334
Otoscopy, 8, 112
P
Paget’s disease, nipple discharge, 256
Pain
abdominal, 173–176
causes of, 173t
differential diagnosis of, 175
gynecologic history of women, 174
history of, 174
physical examination for, 175
testing, 175
types of, 176t
bone cyst, 401
breast mass, 244
calf, 267–269
chest. See Chest pain
corneal foreign body and corneal abrasion,
68, 69
edema, 9
hip, 270–272
joint, monoarticular, 279–282
knee, 272–275
lower back, 276–279
lymphadenopathy, generalized, 336
lymphadenopathy, localized, 338
neck, 283–286
osteopenia, 405
paresthesia and dysesthesia, 59
pelvic, 246–247
pericardial friction rub, 142
pleuritic. See Pleuritic pain
polymyalgia, 287–289
scrotal, 235–238
scrotal mass, 234
sexual intercourse. See Dyspareunia
shoulder, 290–292
urinary incontinence, 224
vesicular and bullous eruptions, 311
Palpitations, 139–141
causes of, 140, 140t
continuous-loop event recorder, 141
diagnosis of, 141
epidemiology of, 140
history of, 140
Holter monitor, 141
mnemonic, 140
physical examination for, 141
testing, 141
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, causes of,
214t
Panic disorder, 35, 36
Pap smear abnormality, 256–259
atypical glandular cells, 258
atypical squamous cells of undetermined
significance (ASCUS), 258
Bethesda System, 258
colposcopy, 258
diagnosis of, 258
epidemiology of, 257
high-grade squamous epithelial lesion, 258
history of, 257
human papilloma virus, 256, 257t
low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,
258
physical examination for, 257
testing, 257
Papilledema, 78–80
causes of, 78
differential diagnosis of, 80
epidemiology of, 78
history of, 79
testing, 79
Paracentesis, ascites, 177, 178t
Paracentral scotoma, 86
Paragangliomas, 108
Parasitic disease, eosinophilia, 346, 347
Parasitic infestation, hematuria, 218
Parathyroid hormone, Vit D deficiency, 334
Paresthesia and dysesthesia, 58–60
causes of, 58, 60t
differential diagnosis of, 59
epidemiology of, 58
Index
433
Paresthesia and dysesthesia (continued )
history of, 59
physical examination for, 59
testing, 59
Parkinson’s disease
dementia, 53, 54
dysphagia, 193
hoarseness, 95, 96
memory impairment, 56
tremor, 65
urinary incontinence, 224
weight loss, unintentional, 32
Parks 3-step test, diplopia, 71
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
(SVT), 146
Patellofemoral syndrome, 272, 273
Patent ductus arteriosus, 129f, 132
Peau d’orange, 244, 332
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 246
dyspareunia, 249
menorrhagia, 250
pain, 246
urethral discharge, 241
Pelvic pain, 246–247
causes of, 246, 247t
diagnosis of, 247
history of, 246
physical examination for, 246
testing, 247
Pelvis, postmenopausal bleeding, 260
Pemberton’s sign, 327
Percussion
ascites, 177
cardiomegaly, 124
lower back pain, 278
splenomegaly, 342
wheezing, 171
Percutaneous needle aspiration. See Fine needle
aspiration (FNA)
Pericardial friction rub, 142–143
causes of, 142
differential diagnosis of, 143
history of, 142
physical examination for, 143
testing, 143
Periodontal disease, halitosis, 91
Periorbital cellulitis, 83, 84, 85
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), 269
Peripheral scotoma, 86
causes of, 87t
Petechiae and purpura, 339–340
differential diagnosis of, 340
history of, 339
physical examination for, 339
testing, 339
Petechial rash, 307
Pharyngitis, 99–102
causes of, 99
differential diagnosis of, 101
epidemiology of, 100
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
(GABHS), 99
history of, 100
physical examination for, 100
testing, 101
Pheochromocytoma, 138
Pick’s disease, dementia, 54
Pigmentation disorders, 301–304
causes of, 301
differential diagnosis of, 304
epidemiology of, 301
history of, 301
hyperpigmented disorders, 301, 302t
hypopigmented disorders, 302t, 304
physical examination for, 301
testing, 304
Pituitary tumor, 242, 321
Pityriasis, 301, 303, 304
Pleural effusion, 155–157
diagnosis of, 157
dyspnea, 156
history of, 156
physical examination for, 156
testing, 156
Pleuritic pain, 158–159
causes of, 158
differential diagnosis of, 159, 159t
epidemiology of, 158
history of, 158
physical examination for, 158
testing, 159
Pneumothorax, 160–162
classification of, 160
differential diagnosis of, 162
history of, 161
physical examination for, 161
spontaneous, 160
tension, 162
testing, 161
traumatic, 161
Polycythemia, 352–353
absolute, 352
chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, 353
diagnosis of 353
erythropoietin, 353
history of, 353
physical examination for, 353
primary, 352
relative, 352
434
Index
secondary, 353
testing, 353
Polydipsia, 324–325
causes of, 324
differential diagnosis of, 325
epidemiology of, 324
history of, 324
physical examination for, 325
primary, 324
testing, 325
Polymyalgia, 287–289
causes, 287t
diagnosis of, 289
differential diagnosis of, 287t
history of, 287
physical examination for, 289
testing, 289
Polymyalgia rheumatica
arthralgia, 266
polymyalgia, 287
shoulder pain, 292
Polyps
nasal, 103, 104
vocal, 95, 96
Polysomnography, 24
Polyuria
diabetes mellitus, 314, 315
diurnal, 226
nocturnal, 226
polydipsia, 324, 325
urinary incontinence, 224
Positive scotoma, 86
Positron emission tomography (PET)
pulmonary nodule, solitary,
409, 410
splenomegaly, 342
tremor, 65
Postmenopausal bleeding, 259–262
acyclic bleeding, 260
diagnosis of, 261
differential diagnosis of, 261
endometrial biopsy, 261
epidemiology of, 259
history of, 259
physical examination for, 260
Postoperative fever, 18
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 35, 36
Postural tremors, 64, 65
Potassium. See Hyperkalemia; Hypokalemia
Pregnancy
diabetes mellitus, 314, 315
menorrhagia, 251, 252, 253
rectal bleeding, 210, 211
Prehypertension, 135
Presbyphonia, hoarseness, 96
Presyncope
dizziness, 8
vertigo, 110
Priapism, 232–233
arterial, 232
causes of, 232
in children, 232
differential diagnosis of, 233
epidemiology of, 232
history of, 232
physical examination for, 232
sickle cell anemia, 233
sickle cell disease, 232
testing, 232
types of, 232
veno-occlusive, 232
Primary care provider (PCP), 95, 221, 294
Primary Raynaud’s disease (PRD), 144
Principles of diagnosis, 1–3
Procedural memory, 56
Progesterone challenge test, amenorrhea, 243
Progressive supranuclear palsy, 54
Proteinuria, 354–355
glomerular, 354
history of, 354
orthostatic, 355
overflow, 354
persistent, 354
physical examination for, 354
testing, 354
transient, 354, 355
tubular, 354
Pruritus, 305–306
causes of, 305, 305t
differential diagnosis of, 306
epidemiology of, 305
history of, 305
physical examination for, 306
skin scraping, 306
testing, 306
vesicular and bullous eruptions, 311
Pseudogout, 280
Pseudogynecomastia, 317
Pseudopapilledema, 79, 80
Psychiatric factors
anorexia, 5
delirium, 52
halitosis, 91
tinnitus, 109
Psychotherapy, bipolar disorder, 37
Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, 128
Pulmonary function tests
cough, 150
cyanosis, 152
shortness of breath, 166
Index
435
Pulmonary nodule, solitary, 409–411
causes of, 409
diagnosis of, 410
history of, 409
physical examination for, 409
testing, 409
Pulmonary regurgitation (PR), 129f, 130
Pulse oximetry
cyanosis, 152
shortness of breath, 166
Pupillary constrictor muscle, 81
Pupillary dilator muscle, 81
Pupils
inequality, 81–82
causes of, 81
differential diagnosis of, 82
epidemiology of, 81
history of, 81
physical examination for, 81
testing, 81
scotoma, 88
Purified protein derivative skin test, 28, 172, 404
R
Radiculopathy, 283, 292
Radiography
arthralgia, 266
calf pain, 269
cardiomegaly, 123
cyanosis, 152
joint pain, monoarticular, 281
knee pain, 275
neck pain, 284
pericardial friction rub, 143
pleural effusion, 156
pneumothorax, 161
pulmonary nodule, solitary, 409
pupillary inequality, 81
shoulder pain, 292
stridor, 169
Radiologic tests, cough, 149
Radionucleotide scan, 342
Radionuclide ventriculography, congestive
heart failure, 128
Range of motion
hip pain, 270
joint pain, monoarticular, 280
knee pain, 273
neck pain, 284
shoulder pain, 291, 292
Rapid streptococcal antigen detection test
(RSADT), 101
Rash
diffuse erythematous, 307
erythema multiforme, 296–298
with fever, 307–308
diagnosis of, 308
history of, 308
physical examination for, 308
testing, 308
maculopapular, 299–301, 307
allergic eruptions, 300
bacterial infection, 300
causes of, 299
differential diagnosis of, 300
epidemiology of, 299
with fever, 307, 308
history of, 299
Kawasaki’s disease, 301
physical examination for, 299
rocky mountain spotted fever, 301
testing, 300
viral exanthems, 300
petechial, 307
urticaria, 308
vesiculobullous, 307
Raynaud’s disease, 144–145
causes of, 144
differential diagnosis of, 145
epidemiology of, 144
hand–arm vibration syndrome, 144
history of, 144
physical examination for, 144
RC tendonitis, shoulder pain, 292
Rectal bleeding. See Bleeding, rectal
Re-emergent tremor, 64
Rectum, postmenopausal bleeding, 260
Red eye, 83–86
causes of, 83
conjunctivitis, 83
differential diagnosis of, 85
epidemiology of, 83
history of, 83
physical examination for, 84
testing, 84
Reiter’s syndrome, 105, 106
Renal and urologic problems
dysuria, 216–217
erectile dysfunction, 220–222
hematuria, 217–220
nocturia, 226–227
oliguria and anuria, 227–231
priapism, 232–233
scrotal mass, 233–235
scrotal pain, 235–238
urethral discharge, 238–241
urinary incontinence, 223–225
Reproductive history
hirsutism, 318
menorrhagia, 251
436
Index
nipple discharge, 255
Respiratory system
cough, 148–150
cyanosis, 151–153
hemoptysis, 153–155
pleural effusion, 155–157
pleuritic pain, 158–159
pneumothorax, 160–162
shortness of breath, 163–166
stridor, 167–169
wheezing, 170–172
Respiratory tract, halitosis, 91
Resting tremors, 64
Restless leg syndrome, 24, 268, 269
Retinal artery occlusion, 74
Retinal detachment, 75
Rheumatoid arthritis
arthralgia, 266
joint pain, monoarticular, 280, 281
neck pain, 284
Riley-Day syndrome, 405
Rhinitis, 102–104
causes of, 102
differential diagnosis of, 104
epidemiology of, 103
history of, 103
physical examination for, 103
testing, 104
Rinne test, 93
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF),
301, 308
Rotor’s syndrome, 209
Rytand’s murmur, 131
S
S
3
gallop/ventricular gallop, 131
S
4
/atrial gallop, 131
Saline infusion sonohysterography,
postmenopausal bleeding, 261
Saline-infused sonography, menorrhagia, 253
Schirmer’s test, 92
Schizophrenia
anorexia, 5
suicide risk, 43
Scintillating scotoma, 86
Scleritis, 83, 85
Scotoma, 86–89
absolute, 86
causes of, 87, 87t
central, 86
color, 86
differential diagnosis of, 89
epidemiology of, 87
history of, 87
negative, 86
paracentral, 86
peripheral, 86
physical examination for, 88
positive, 86
relative, 86
scintillating, 86
testing, 88
Screening
breast cancer, 397–399
corneal foreign body and corneal abrasion, 69
congestive heart failure, 128
depression, 41
erectile dysfunction, 221
hearing loss, 94
fatigue, 15
menorrhagia, 253
nystagmus, 77
pap smear abnormality, 258
weight loss, unintentional, 33
Scrotal mass, 234–235
age factor, 234
diagnosis of, 235
gastrointestinal symptoms, 234
history of, 234
infection, 234
pain, 234
physical examination for, 234
testicular torsion, 234
testing, 235
trauma, 234
Scrotal pain, 235–238
causes of, 235
cremasteric reflex, 237
differential diagnosis of, 238
epidemiology of, 236
history of, 236
physical examination for, 237
testing, 237
Scrotal trauma, 236
Seasonal affective disorder, 42
Second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, 122
Secondary Raynaud’s disease (SRD), 144
Seizures, 60–62
causes of, 60
chronology, 61
differential diagnosis of, 62
epidemiology of, 61
family history, 61
generalized, 62
absence (Petit mal), 62
tonic–clonic (Grand mal), 62
history of, 61
partial (focal), 62
complex, 62
simple, 62
Index
437