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Traditional medicines are developed by the efforts of many years. As per
the recorded history, a Sumerian clay slab, referring to different plants and
their preparation recipes is considered as the available earliest evidence for
traditional medicine, which dates back 4000 years.
1
During the developing
stage, the etiological factors behind diseases were unknown and therefore
the systems followed trial and error methods. They completely relied on the
efficacy of the systems rather than any other evidence.
As per the definition from the WHO, traditional medicine is a term, en-
compassing diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs
incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral-based medicines, spiritual
therapies, manual techniques, and exercises applied singularly or in com-
bination to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose, or prevent
illness.
2
In an extension, these traditional medicines are termed comple-
mentary or alternative medicines: if they are used along with a western
medicinal treatment, they are termed complementary, while the use of plant-
derived medicines instead of Western medicine is known as alternative
medicine.
Traditional medicine systems are now studied in a more scientific way,
and the treatment protocols are subjected to experiments in order to obtain
evidence. The knowledge and practices of traditional medicine in many
countries are followed by many people, even today. It is true that many
modern medicines have taken their model from natural components. Be-
sides, natural therapeutics have been used as the models for pharmaco-
logically active compounds with higher activity and less toxicity than the
synthetic counterparts.
3
For example, the potential drugs morphine from
opium plants (Papaver somniferum), paclitaxel from Taxus brevifolia, Camp-
tothecin from Camptotheca acuminata, Quinine from Cinchona officinalis,
Vincristine from Catharanthus roseu s, and Homoharringtonine from Ce-
phalotaxus harringtonii etc. are inevitable parts of the modern medicine
culture, wh ich were primarily derived from plants used for traditional
medicines.
4
An important anti-hypertensive agent named Reserpine, proven
to reduce the mortality rate is actually derived from an Ayurvedic herb
‘Rauwolfia serpentine’ which is used to treat snakebites. The potential anti-
malarial molecule Arteminisine is one of the most successful therapeutic
products derived from herbs. It is the widely used conventional antimalarial
drug of today, which took its path from the long history of usage of its parent
plant, Artemisia annua (Quinhaosu) for treating fevers in Traditional Chin ese
Medicine (TCM). Fabricant and Farnsworth have reviewed the possibilities
and different approaches of considering higher plants as leads for drug
development. In their study, they identified that among a group of 122
compounds originally derived from plants and used widely as drugs, almost
80% have an ethno-medical use related to the current therapeutic assign-
ments.
5
Some of the plants, which serve as the key players in traditional
medicine systems, are given in Table 15.1.
Natural products seek attention as healthcare products and while con-
sidering the parameters such as safety profiles, side effects, toxicity levels,
392 Chapter 15
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Table 15.1 Some important herbs used in traditional medicine systems and their properties.
Plant Common name Parts used To treat ailments
Used in the
medicinal
system Major active moieties Ref.
Artemisia herba-
alba
Wormwood, desert
Wormwood, Shih,
Armoise blanche
Oil, leaves, barks,
roots, aerial
parts,
Arterial hypertension, diabetes,
bronchitis, diarrhea,
hypertension, stomach
disorders, neuralgias
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Monoterpenes 6 and 7
Acacia senegal
(Senegalia
senegal)
Gum acacia, Gum
arabic tree, Sudan
gum, Hashab gum
Gum, bark Bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery,
leprosy, typhoid fever, bleeding,
upper respiratory tract
infections, bacterial and fungal
infections of the skin and
mouth, cough, catarrh,
gonorrhea
Ayurveda,
traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Phenolic compounds,
flavonoids, tannins
8 and 9
Acorus calamus Cinnamon sedge,
Flag root, Gladdon,
Myrtle flag, Myrtle
grass, Myrtle sedge,
Sweet cane, Sweet
myrtle, Sweet root,
Sweet rush
Rhizome, stem,
leaf, root, bark
Kidney and liver ailments,
obesity, diabetes, heart disease,
osteoarthritis, digestive
disorders, stomach pain,
bloating, fever, nausea,
vomiting, fatigue, exhaustion,
mouth ulcers, cuts, wounds,
smallpox, cough, cold,
toothache, snake bite,
indigestion, epilepsy, hysteria,
depression, hemorrhoids
Ayurveda,
traditional
Chinese
medicine
Flavonoids, alkaloids,
phenolic
compounds,
tannins, steroids,
saponins,
terpenoids,
glycosides
10 and 11
Aloe ferox Bitter aloe, Kaapse
aalwyn, Umhlaba,
Lekhala, Ikhala,
Bergaalwyn,
Bitteraalwyn
Leaf sap, leaf
exudate, Stem,
roots leaf
Laxative, conjunctivitis, eczema,
arthritis, stress, hypertension,
diabetes, sinusitis, ophthalmia,
wounds, herpes, shingles, sore
throat, venereal sores, sores,
burns, ulcers, redwater, sheep
scab
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Chromones,
anthraquinones,
anthrones, phenolic
compounds,
anthrone-C-
glycosides
12–18
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Table 15.1 (Continued)
Plant Common name Parts used To treat ailments
Used in the
medicinal
system Major active moieties Ref.
Aloe vera Kattar vazha, Leaf, gel Wounds, vertigo, colds, asthma,
stomach ulcer, constipation,
varicella zoster, herpes simplex
type i and ii, influenza, pseudo
rabies, aids, cardiovascular
problems, inflammation,
genital herpes, psoriasis, burns,
skin irritations, headaches,
immune-system deficiencies,
coughs, arthritis,
Ayurveda Amino acids,
enzymes, vitamins,
minerals, saponins,
anthraquinones,
lignin, and salicylic
acid
19 and 20
Alpinia galanga Greater galangal,
Malaya Vacha
Rhizomes, tubers,
seeds, roots
Inflammation, HIV, diabetes,
ulcer, rheumatic pains, chest
pain, burning of liver, kidney
disease, disinfectants
Ayurveda Flavonoids 21
Alpinia officinarum
Hance
Lesser Galangal Rhizomes, leaves,
aerial parts, roots
Cold, pain, inflammation,
stomach ache, cancer,
microbial infection, Alzheimer’s
Traditional
Chinese
Medicine
Flavonoids,
diarylheptanoids,
flavonols
22 and 23
Artemisia annua Sweet wormwood Leaves, aerial parts Malaria, cancer, tuberculosis,
lice, wounds, scabies, dysentery,
acute convulsions,
hemorrhoids, pain and swelling
around tooth, pus in ear,
rhinopolyp, eyesight problems,
hemostasis, analgesic activities
Traditional
Chinese
medicine
Sesquiterpenoids,
flavonoids,
coumarins,
triterpenoids,
phenolics
24
Aspalathus linearis Rooibos Leaves, HIV infections, glucose
homeostasis, type 2 diabetes,
age-related accumulation of
lipid peroxidases in the brain
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Flavonoids 25
Asparagus
racemosus
Satavar, Shatavari,
Shatamull
Roots Gastric ulcers, indigestion,
reproductive and hormonal
issues in women, lactation, colds
Ayurveda,
Australian
aboriginal
Saponins, mucilage,
alkaloids, isoflavone
26 and 27
394 Chapter 15
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Azadirachta indica Indian lilac, Neem,
Aryaveppu, Veppu,
Dogoyaro
Leaves, fruits,
flowers, and stem
bark
Cancer, wounds, diabetes,
inflammation, liver problems,
neuro-diseases, microbial
infections, gingivitis, dental
caries, nephrotoxicity, psoriasis
Ayurveda,
Siddha,
Unani,
Homeopathy
Azadirachtin,
flavonoids
28
Bacopa monnieri Brahmi, Water hyssop Leaf, whole plant Cardiac diseases, cancer, hepatic
disorders, anxiety, epilepsy
neurodegenerative diseases,
neurological and
neuropsychiatric diseases
Ayurveda,
Siddha
Saponins, alkaloids 29 and 30
Boophone disticha Gifbol, Bushman
poison bulb,
Leshoma
Dried outer scales,
bulbs
Boils, septic wounds, post
circumcision wounds,
headaches, eye conditions,
weakness, headaches, chest
pains, cancer, abdominal
complaints, psychotic
problems, gynecological
conditions
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Alkaloids, phenolic
compounds,
flavonoids,
acetovanillone
3, 31 and
32
Catharanthus
roseus
Madagascar
periwinkle,
isisushlungu
Leaves Diabetes, cancer Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Alkaloids 3 and 33
Cedrus deodara Deodar cedar,
Himalayan cedar,
Deodar
All parts including
inner wood
Fever, inflammation, pain, ulcer,
apoptosis, spasmodic,
hyperglycemia, infections,
insomnia, disorder of mind,
disease of skin and blood,
rheumatism, piles, palsy,
epilepsy, prolapsus recti,
pulmonary and urinary
disorder, insomnia, bruises,
injuries to joint, boils,
tuberculous glands, leprosy
Ayurveda Taxifolin 34
Centaurea
solstitialis
Yellow starthistle Flowers Peptic ulcers Turkish folk
medicine
Sesquiterpene
lactones
35
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Table 15.1 (Continued)
Plant Common name Parts used To treat ailments
Used in the
medicinal
system Major active moieties Ref.
Centella asiatica Gotu Kola, Kodavan,
Indian pennywort,
Asiatic pennywort
Leaves, roots,
whole plant
Wound healing, burns, ulcers,
leprosy, tuberculosis, lupus,
skin diseases, eye diseases,
fever, inflammation, asthma,
hypertension, rheumatism,
syphilis, epilepsy, diarrhea,
mental illness
Ayurveda,
Chinese
traditional
medicine,
Siddha,
Kampo,
African
traditional
medicine
Pentacyclic
triterpenoids
36
Cinnamomum
camphora
Camphor tree Wood, leaves Heart conditions, colds, fevers,
respiratory complaints,
pneumonia, inflammatory
conditions, infections, diarrhea,
hysteria, topical irritations,
fibrositis, neuralgia, skin
diseases, joint and muscle
pains
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Phenolic compounds,
terpenes, camphor,
linalool, safrole,
cineole
37
Clerodenum
serratum
Clerodendrum,
Bharangi,
cheruthekku
Roots, leaves Pain, inflammation, rheumatism,
respiratory disorders, fever and
malarial fever, cancer, allergy,
liver disorders
Ayurveda Saponins, flavonoids,
phenolics
38
Clitoria ternatea L. Butterfly pea, conch
flower, Aparajit,
Kakkattan,
shankapushpi
Roots, seeds,
flowers, leaves
Body aches, animal stings,
infections, urinogenital
disorders, indigestion,
constipation, fever, arthritis, eye
ailments, ascetics, sore throat,
skin diseases, chlorosis, liver
and intestinal problems,
hemicrania, rheumatism,
swollen joints, ear-diseases
Ayurveda,
Cuban
traditional
medicine
system
Triterpenoids,
flavonol glycosides,
anthocyanins and
steroids
39
396 Chapter 15
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Convolvulus
pluricaulis
Sankhapuspi,
Bilikanthisoppu,
Aparajit,
kakkurattai,
Sanghupushpam
Leaf, flower, whole
plant, roots
Convulsions, depression, anxiety,
thyroid, ulcer, hepatic disorders
Ayurveda,
Traditional
Chinese
medicine,
Alkaloids, flavonoids 40
Cyclopia genistoides Honeybush Leafy shoots,
flowers
Weak digestion, urinary system,
chronic catarrh, heartburn,
nausea, pulmonary tuberculosis
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Xanthones,
flavanones
15 and 41
Datura stramonium Thornapple,
jimsonweed,
ummam
Seeds, flowers,
leaves
Boils, gout, abscesses,
rheumatism, asthma, wounds,
motion sickness, parkinsonism,
ulcers, inflammation, sciatica,
toothache, fever
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Tropane alkaloids 42
Ephedra altissima High-climbing joint
fir
Stem, whole plant Asthma, respiratory issues Folk medicine
of Iran
Alkaloids 43
Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair tree,
Ayurvedic ginseng,
Leaf, seeds, Tinnitus, Alzheimer’s,
cardiovascular, diabetic
nephropathy, cancer, neuro
problems, lung and kidney
disorders, bronchitis, stomach
pain, asthma, cognitive
dysfunction, tuberculosis,
cognitive dysfunction
Ayurveda,
traditional
Chinese
medicine
Flavonoids, flavonols,
terpenoids, terpene
trilactones, lignans,
pro-anthocyanidins
44 and 45
Harpagophytum
procumbens
devil’s claw,
sengaparile, grapple
plant
Secondary tubers Arthritis, rheumatism, digestive
complaints,
fevers, anorexia, skin
complaints, allergies, analgesia,
antiarrhythmic, blood diseases,
antidiabetic, antiphlogistic,
back pain, antipyretic, appetite
stimulant, arteriosclerosis,
bitter tonic, boils (topical),
childbirth difficulties,
choleretic, diuretic,
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa,
traditional
healthcare
system of
Europe
Glycosides,
harpagoside
46
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Table 15.1 (Continued)
Plant Common name Parts used To treat ailments
Used in the
medicinal
system Major active moieties Ref.
climacteric (change of life)
problems, dysmenorrhea,
dyspepsia, edema, fever,
headache, fibromyalgia,
fibrositis,
gastrointestinal disorders,
heartburn, indigestion, liver
and gall bladder tonic, malaria,
migraines, myalgia, neuralgia,
nicotine poisoning, sedative,
tendonitis, urinary tract
infections
Hedychium
spicatum
Spiked ginger lily, Van
haldi,
Kapoorkachari,
Shati
Rhizome, fruit,
roots
Inflammation, pain, asthma, foul
breath, vomiting, diarrhea,
bronchitis, hiccough, fever,
blood diseases, snake bite,
cancer
Ayurveda,
Traditional
Chinese
medicine,
Unani,
Tibetan
Medicine
system
Flavonoids, terpenes 47
Hypericum
perforatum
St John’s wort, tipton
weed, klamath weed,
goat weed, enola
weed
Flowers, leaves,
seeds
Diarrhea, gout, rheumatism,
wounds, anxiety, depression,
burns, cancer, inflammation-
related disorders
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Flavonoids,
naphthodianthrone
48
Inula recemosa Puskara, Oriss root,
Padmapatra
Roots, rhizome Precordial chest pain, cough,
stress, bronchoconstriction,
eosinophilia, dyspnea
Ayurveda Lactones 49
Ledebouria
ovatifolia (Bak.)
Jessop
Icubudwana,
ntangana, flat leaved
African hyacinth
Bulbs Gastro-enteritis, influenza,
backache, diarrhea, skin
irritations, wounds, lumbago,
heart conditions
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Bufadienolides 50
398 Chapter 15
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Momordica
charantia Linn.
Bitter melon, balsam
pear , paavakka,
Leaf, fruit, root,
seeds, whole
plant
Diabetes, cancer, hypertension,
obesity, microbial infections,
joint pain, burns, boils, rashes,
chronic fever, gastric ulcers,
inflammation, menorrhea,
syphilis, rheumatism, measles,
chicken pox, scabies, malaria,
dysentery, high blood pressure
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa,
Ayurveda,
Turkish folk
medicine
Charantin 51
Moringa oleifera Drumstick tree,
muringa
Leaves, bark,
fruits, seeds,
roots, flowers,
immature pods
Cardiac problems, rheumatism,
inflammations, articular pains,
lower, back or kidney pain,
constipation, sores, headaches,
piles, fevers, sore throat,
bronchitis, eye and ear
infections, scurvy, catarrh,
glandular swelling, tumors,
ulcers, tooth cavity, intestinal
complaints, dysentery, asthma,
syphilis, muscle diseases,
hysteria
Ayurveda,
traditional
medicine
system of
Africa, Siddha
Alkaloids, Phenolic
compounds,
flavonoids,
amino acids
52
Mucuna pruriens L. Seeds, roots, Seeds, roots, Inflammation, aging, rheumatoid
arthritis, diabetes,
neurodegenerative diseases,
male virility
Ayurveda,
traditional
Chinese
medicine
Levodopa,
alkaloids
53
Oscimum sanctum Tulsi, Krishna thulasi Leaves, stem, root,
flower, seeds,
whole plant
Cough, cold, bronchitis, skin
diseases, bronchial asthma,
diarrhea, malaria, dysentery,
arthritis, eye diseases, chronic
fever, insect bite, fertility,
cancer, diabetes, microbial
infections, cardiac problems
Ayurveda Eugenol 54
Pelargonium
sidoides DC.
Umckaloabo, African
geranium
Roots Acute respiratory infections,
acute rhino sinusitis, common
cold, dysentery, diarrhea, sore
throat, congestion
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Polyphenols,
flavan-3-ols,
proanthocyanidins,
tannins
55 and 56
Ayurvedic and Traditional Systems of Medicine in Clinical Trials: an Overview 399
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Table 15.1 (Continued)
Plant Common name Parts used To treat ailments
Used in the
medicinal
system Major active moieties Ref.
Piper longum Indian long pepper,
Pipli
Roots, catkins,
fruits
Chronic bronchitis, asthma,
constipation, gonorrhea,
paralysis of the tongue,
diarrhea, cholera, chronic
malaria, viral hepatitis,
respiratory infections, stomach
ache, bronchitis, diseases of the
spleen, cough, tumors
Ayurveda Alkaloids 57
Rauwolfia
serpentina
Devil pepper,
Serpentine wood,
Indian snakeroot
Roots, leaves Hypertension, anxiety, insomnia,
schizophrenia
Ayurveda Monoterpene indole
alkaloids
58
Salacia kraussii Ibhonsi, Ihelehele,
Ubangalala,
Umbhonsi ,
Umgunguluzane,
Umnozane
Roots, stem bark Bilharzia, dysentery, malarial
infections, tuberculosis,
diarrhea
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Quinone,
isoiguesterol
59–61
Scilla natalensis Wild squill, blue
squill, blue
hyacinth,
blouberglelie,
blouslangkop,
inguduza
Bulbs, bulb scales Wound-healing, sprains,
fractures, boils, sores, chest
pain, kidney troubles, gastro-
intestinal ailments, eczema,
internal tumors, menstrual
pains, a purgative, a laxative
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Homoisoflavanones,
cardiac glycosides,
saponins,
bufadienolides
12 and 62
Solanum surattense Surattense
nightshade, thai
green eggplant,
kantakari
Leaves, fruits
(berries), seeds,
roots
Bruised fingers, dyspepsia,
earache, hemorrhoids
Oman
traditional
medicine
Glycoalkaloids 63
Sparganium
stoloniferum
Sparganii Rhizoma Rhizomes Dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea,
mass in the abdomen,
abdominal distension, blood
stasis, stomach diseases,
uterine, hyperplasia of
mammary glands, ovarian cysts,
Traditional
Chinese
Medicine
Phenylpropanoids,
flavonoids,
alkaloids, volatile
oils, antraquinones,
steroids
64
400 Chapter 15
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endometriosis, infertility, bad
circulation, postpartum
abdominal pain, stomach ache,
abortion, dyspepsia, gastric
cancer
Sutherlandia
frutescens
Cancer bush, Turkey
bush, Blaasbossie,
Bitterbos, Insiswa,
Phetola
Stems, leaves,
flowers, roots,
pods
Cancers, stomach complaints,
colds, influenza, varicose veins,
chicken pox, piles, liver
problems, inflammation,
kidney problems, backache, eye
conditions, wounds, stress,
heart failure, arthritis, diabetes,
urinary tract infections
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Flavonols, free amino
acids, triterpenes
65 and 66
Terminalia arjuna Arjuna, Neermaruth Bark, leaves, fruits,
seeds
Heart failure, ischemic,
cardiomyopathy,
atherosclerosis, myocardium
necrosis, blood diseases,
anemia, venereal and viral
diseases, fractures, ulcers
Ayurveda,
Siddha
CoQ10, tannins,
triterpenoid
saponins, flavonoids
67
Tinospora cordifolia Giloy, Amrita,
Guduchi, Gulancha,
Ambervel, Gulvel
Stem, root, whole
plant
Fever, diabetes, anxiety,
immunodeficiency, cancer,
asthma, dysentery, leprosy,
diarrhea, jaundice, skin
infections, memory deficit,
neurodegenerative diseases,
neuro-inflammation, sleep
disorders, psychological
problems
Ayurveda,
Chinese
traditional
medicine
Alkaloids, glycosides,
diterpene lactones,
steroids, phenolics,
sesquiterpenoids
4
Vinca minor Myrtle, small
periwinkle, common
periwinkle, creeping
myrtle
Leaves, stems,
flowers
Skin problems, hair problems,
brain health, diarrhea, vaginal
discharge, throat ailments,
tonsillitis, chest pain, high
blood pressure, sore throat,
intestinal pain and swelling
(inflammation), toothache,
water retention, wound
Ayurveda,
Traditional
medicine
system of
Africa
Alkaloids (vincamine) 68
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