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MRC-5 cells at a dose of 750 mgmL
1
for 48 hours.
44
These findings suggest
that crude extract of rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. has a low cytotoxic
impact on normal standard fibroblast cell lines, including MCF-12A,
NIH-3T3, CRL2522 cells, and MRC-5 cells.
Furthermore, the IC
50
of crude extract of rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd. in COR-L23 cells (a lung cancer cell line) and MCF-7 cells was 5.4–13.3
mgmL
1
and 5.4–170 mgmL
1
, respectively.
47
Meanwhile, 100 mgmL
1
of the
extract induced apoptosis (69%) in PC-3 cells (a prostate cancer cell line).
48
Overall, crude extract of the rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. exhibits
potential cytotoxic activity in cancer cells.
Ahlina et al.
49
evaluated the potential of ethanolic extract of Alpinia ga-
langa (L.) Willd. as a co-chemotherapeutic agent through its cytotoxic activity
on 4T1 cells (metastatic breast cancer cells) and as an anti-ageing agent by
examining its senescence inhibit ory effect on normal fibroblast cells. The
cytotoxicity test was performed with an MTT assay with doxorubicin (Dox)
against 4T1 cells, whereas the senescence inhibitory effect was evaluated
using an SA-b galactosidase-based assay. A flow cytometry-based assay was
used to measure the level of ROS, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Also, the scratch
wound healing assay was used to measure cell migration, and gelatin zy-
mography assay was used to measure MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase)
expression on 4T1 cells following treatment with ethanolic extract of Alpinia
galanga (L.) Willd. It was observed that the IC
50
value was 135 mgmL
1
in 4T1
cells, and at a concentration of 50 and 100 mgmL
1
the cytotoxic activity of
doxorubicin was found to be increased. Without causing apoptosis, the ex-
tract increased the count of G2/M phase-arrested senescent cells featured
with elevated intracellular ROS levels. However, the extract reduced sen-
escence to normal in NIH 3T3 cells (a normal standard fibroblast cell line)
with no change in ROS level under Dox-induced oxidative stress. In addition,
the extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. inhibited the migration of 4T1 cells
and suppressed Dox-induced MMP-9 expression.
49
Altogether, the ethanolic
extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. is more selective for cancer cells. How-
ever, a greater number of studies should be conducted to illustrate its use as
a co-chemotherapeutic and anti-ageing age nt.
The metabolomic profile of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. extract revealed the
presence of eugenol, sesquiterpenes, and coumarins. These phytocon-
stituents have been reported for their potential cytotoxic and antioxidant
properties. Lakshmi et al.,
50
Kato et al.,
51
and Samarghandian et al.
44
have
reported that the phenylpropanoid compounds present in Alpinia galanga
(L.) Willd. extracts inhibited cell proliferation in lung cancer, hepatocarci-
noma, and breast cancer by arresting cellular growth by inducing ROS-
dependant premature senescence.
44,50,51
Banjerdpongchai et al.
52
investigated the role and possible mechanistic
pathways targeted by different metabolites present in Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd., which played a potential role in apoptotic cell death of cancer cells but
not in normal cells. The 4
0
-HCA (4
0
-hydroxycinnamaldehyde) present in the
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. was reported to have cytotoxic effects on HL60 and
262 Chapter 11
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U937 cells (human leukaemic cell lines) by Kaushik et al.
53
4
0
-HCA (10 and 50
mgmL
1
) treated HL-60 and U937 cells for 4 hours resulted in apoptotic death
by releasing cytochrome c,increasing theBax levelwith declining the Bcl-2 and
Bcl-xL levels, elevating the Ca
21
contents of cytosol and mitoc hondria, and
activating caspase-3. Overall, 4
0
-HCA from Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. targeted
the mitochondria and ER stress pathways to provoke apoptosis in HL-60 and
U937 cells.
52,53
Further, galangin, a major phytoconstituent of Alpinia galanga
(L.) Willd., exhibited antitumour activity (73.51% 4.742) in Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma (EAC) cell-induced Swiss Albino mice without showing mortality.
The results were compared with the standard drug, 5-fluorouracil.
54
11.4.3 Antimicrobial Activity
Hamad et al.
55
reported the antimicrobial activities of Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd. flower extract and fractions against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria
monocytogenes, which are common food-borne pathogens. The activity was
compared with control drugs: ampicillin and streptomycin. It was observed
that both strains were susceptible to flower extract, whereas only Listeria
monocytogenes was found to be susceptible to both control drugs. Further,
amongst two strains,Staphylococcus aureuswas found tobe moresensitive to
flowerextract thanLi steria monocytogenes. TheMIC
50
offlower phytochemical
extracts against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were 582 mgmL
1
and
703 mgmL
1
, respectively. The antimicrobial action of flower essential oil
extracts against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was less than for the flower
phytochemical extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. 1
0
-Acetoxyeugenol acet-
ate, an active metabolite of the galangal flower, presented potential anti-
microbial activity at 34 mgmL
1
and 68 m gmL
1
(MIC
50
values) against
S. aureus and L.monocytogenes,respectively.
55
Elsamma et al.
56
demonstrated the antibacterial activity of ether and ethyl
acetate extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. against multi-drug-resistant
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneu-
monia bacteria received from hospitalized patients. It was observed tha t
Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia were susceptible to both types
of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. extracts. However, the ether extract showed more
significant results.
56
Quynh et al.
57
investigated the antimicrobial potential of essential oils de-
rived from fresh and dried rhizomes andcompared theresults. It wasreported
that essential oils from fresh rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. exhibited
less antimicrobial activity than dried ones. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Proteus vulgaris, Sal-
monella enteriditis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger were found
to be more susceptible to the essent ial oils from dried rhizomes with MIC
values ranged from 1.25 to 12.5 mLmL
1
. It ranged from 2.5 to 20 mLmL
1
for
the essential oils from the fresh rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
57
Oonmetta-aree et al.
58
reported antimicrobial activity following the disc
diffusion method for ethanol extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. on
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 263
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S. aureus and E. coli. The extract exhibited potent inhibitory action against
S. aureus. The MIC of the ethanolic extract was 0.325 mgmL
1
. Further, it
showed MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) at 1.3 mgmL
1
using the
broth dilution method. The ethanolic extract deranged the membrane func-
tion of Staphylococcus aureus cells by changing the internal pH and protein
denaturation inside the cells. D,L-10-Acetoxychavicol acetate was the main
phytoconstituent present in the extract, as confirmed by GC–MS and NMR.
58
Latha et al.
59
investigated the antiplasmid activity of the crude aceton e
extract of the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd, which showed 92%
efficiency against Salmonella typhi, 82% against E. coli, and 8% against
vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis at 400 mgmL
1
SIC. The acetone
extract showed the presence of 1
0
-acetoxychavicol acetate, a phytoconstituent
with antiplasmid activity against multi-d rug-resistant bacteria.
59
Yamsakul et al.
60
evaluated the antimicrobial properties of ethyl acetate,
hexane, ethanol, and the essential oil fractions of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
extract against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and
Pasteurella multocida. Amongst all fractions, the essential oil of Alpinia
galanga (L.) Willd. showed the most significant antibacterial and bactericidal
properties, with MIC values of 8 mg mL
1
for E. coli, S. typhimurium,
S. aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and 16 mg mL
1
for Pasteurella multocida.
60
Sunilson et al.
61
reported significant antibacterial and antifungal activities
of different extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. against common food-
borne microbes such as S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni ,
Salmonella enteriditis, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli using an
agar disc diffusion method. Further, the extracts also demonstrated anti-
fungal properties against Mucor mucedo, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, and Hansenula anomala, using the same method.
61
11.4.4 Antifungal Activity
Khattak et al.
62
reported the antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., against Trichophyton longifusus.
62
Further, n-hexane
and DCM fractions exhibited potent antifungal and free radical scavenging
activity due to their phenolic and flavonoid rich contents.
63
11.4.5 Antioxidant Activity
Lu et al.
64
investigated the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of rhi-
zome of Alpinia galanga (L.)Willd. using ABTSradical, DPPH radical,and FRAP
(ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assays. The extract showed antioxidant
ability at mean values of 593.90 mmol TE per g DW for the ABTS assay and
771.00 mmol TE per g DW for the FRAP assay. The ethanolic extract also ex-
hibited a high level of DPPHinhibition (88.30%). Theseresults were dueto the
presence of a high phenolic content in the extract. Ultra-high-performance
liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis also confirmed the presence ofa large
quantity of galangin (4333.5 mgg
1
) in the ethanolic extract.
64
264 Chapter 11
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Tang et al.
65
assessed the antioxidant activity ofdifferent flower fractions by
using a DPPH assay. The radical-scavenging ability of different flower frac-
tions varied between the range of 2 to 4.45 mmol trolox per g phenolics. The
flower fractions eluted by 20% and 60% methanol showed the highest anti-
oxidant action. These radical scavenging effects of the 20% methanol fraction
were due to the presence of flavonoids and gallicacid. The antioxidant activity
of the flower was higher than for its rhizome due to the abundance of total
phenolic content in galangal flowers.65 Further, the ethanolic extract of Al-
pinia galanga (L.) Willd. exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than a water
extract and the essential oil when demonstrated with DPPH and ORAC
methods. In the DPPH assay, the IC
50
value for ethanolic extract was
10.66 mg mL
1
, whereas it was 55.48and 455.43 mg mL
1
for water extract and
essential oil, respectively. The ORAC value of the ethanolicextract was 8114.43
mmol TE per g, whereas it was 6845.40 and 1730.32 mmol TE per g extract for
water extract andessential oil, respectively. The highest total phenolic content
(31.49 4.09 mg GAE per g extract) of ethanolic extract was responsible for its
antioxidant activity. The HPLC analysis of water and ethanolic extract showed
that catechin andmyricetin werepresent in both extracts, whereas p-coumaric
acid was foundonly inthe ethanolic extractof Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. These
metabolites played an important role in the antioxidant activity of the etha-
nolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Further, GC–MS analysis also re-
vealed the presence ofvarious volatilephenolic compounds in theessential oil
and a phenylpropanoid, 1
0
-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), at a high concen-
tration (10563.30 mg g
1
extract) in ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd.
66
Kubota et al.
67
reported the antioxidant properties of ACA usingferric
thiocyanate and TBA assays.ACA exhibiteda greaterantioxidant actionthan a-
tocopherol, and the result was comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene
(BHT).
67
Overall, the ACA and the other phenolic compounds present in the
ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. could be responsible for its
higher antioxidant activity than other extracts.
Wongetal.
68
alsodemonstratedtheantioxidantactivityofmethanolicextracts
of leaves and flowersof Alpinia galanga(L.) Willd.using DPPH,reducing power
(RP), ferrous ion chelating, and b-carotene bleaching assays. Leaf and flower
extracts showed the highest ferrous ion chelating ability (87.3 and 89.6%, re-
spectively,at7 mg mL
1
).Theb-carotene bleachingability ofmethanolicextract
of leaves at 0.7 mg mL
1
was highest compared to quercetin at 3.3 mg mL
1
.
68
11.4.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity
Matsuda et al.
69
demonstrated the antiallergic activity of Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd. rhizome in vitro . The 80% aqueous acetone extract of the rhizome in-
hibited the re lease of b-hexosaminidase as a marker of antigen-IgE-mediated
degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. Amongst the various isolated metabolites
from rhizome extract, 1
0
S-1
0
-acetoxychavicol acetate and 1
0
S-1
0
-acetoxyeugenol
acetateshowed inhibitoryaction, with IC
50
valuesof 15 and 19 mM, respectively.
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 265
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Further, 1
0
S-1
0
-acetoxychavicol acetateand 1
0
S-1
0
-acetoxyeugenol acetate were
found to inhibit the antigen-IgE-mediated TNF-a and IL-4 production.
69
Pithak et al.
70
identified p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde from the purified acet-
one extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. with the help of NMR and mass
spectrometry analyses. p-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde was found to suppress the
expression levels of catabolic genes such as MMP-3 and MMP-13 (matrix
metalloproteinases) and inflated the expression levels of anabolic genes like
collagen II, SOX9, and aggrecan. These results illustrate the scope of ther-
apeutic implementation of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. in the clinical manage-
ment of osteoarthritis.
70
Satish et al.
71
revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of the total alcoholic
and aqueous extracts of rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. in acute and
sub-acute rat models, using carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton
pellet-induced granuloma methods, respectively. Both extracts at the dose
level of 100 mg per kg body weight showed significant (po0.001) anti-
inflammatory activity. The results were comparable with the standard drug,
phenylbutazone. Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. rhizome extract may inhibit the
cyclooxygenase pathway to reduce inflammation.
71
Ghosh et al.
72
reported the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a
methanolic extract-prepared topical preparation from Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd. against carrageenan-induced oedema in rats. The results were com-
pared with Piroxicam gel and methyl salicylate ointment (positive controls).
The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to the effect of Piroxicam gel at
3 hours after carrageenan injection.
72
The ethanolic extract of Alpinia ga-
langa (L.) Willd. also manifested notable anti-inflammatory action in
carrageenan-induced pleurisy rats.
73
Unnisa and Parveen
74
investigated and reported the anti-inflammatory
properties of methanolic, petroleum ether, chloroform, and aqueous me-
thanolic (1 :1) extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. in carrageenan-induced
paw oedema in Wistar rats. The results were compared with Ibuprofen
(positive control). Amongst all the extracts, the methanolic extract (500 mg
per kg body weight) exhibi ted maximum inhibition (79.51%) on
carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats.
74
11.4.7 Antidiabetic Activity
Akhtar et al.
75
investigated the hypoglycaemic activity of powdered rhizome,
methanolic, and aqueous extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. rhizome in
normal and alloxan-induced diabetic male New Zealand rabbits. The pow-
dered rhizome atdose levelsof 3 and 4 gkg
1
exhibited a significantreduction
in blood glucose level in normal rabbits. Similarly, the methanolic and
aqueous extracts (4 g kg
1
) prepared from powdered rhizome showed a sig-
nificant decline in the blood glucose level in normal rabbits. However, the
powdered rhizome and itsextracts didnot exhibitany hypoglycaemicaction in
alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. The results were comparable to gliclazide, a
standard drug used in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.
75
266 Chapter 11
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Kaushik et al.
76
also reported the antidiabetic potential of the alcoholic
extract of rhizome of Alpiniagalanga (L.)Willd. in STZ-induceddiabetic Wistar
rats. The study showed that oral administration of alcoholic extract of Alpinia
galanga (L.) Willd. at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg per kg body weight, once
daily for 40 days, resulted in a significant (po0.05) reduction in blood glucose
level. The extract also regulated dyslipidaemia and decreased the atherogenic
index in diabetic rats. By reducing the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, al-
bumin in urine, increased body weight, MDA, GSH, SOD, and CAT in diabetic-
nephropathic rats,the alcoholic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. showed a
promising nephr oprotective action in diabetes-induced kidney disease.
76
Jaju
et al.
77
isolated galangogalloside, a new gallic acid glycoside present in the
methanolic extract of rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. This metabolite
was reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.
77
11.4.8 Antiulcer Property
The metabolites isolated from the seeds of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., namely
1
0
-acetoxychavicol acetate and 1
0
-acetoxyeugenol acetate, have been reported
to have potent antiulcer properties.
78
Similarly, 1
0
S-1
0
-acetoxychavicol acet-
ate and 1
0
S-1
0
-acetoxyeugenol acetate showed significant antiulcer activity on
ethanol-induced gastric ulcer lesions in experimental rats.
79
The antiulcer activity of the ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
rhizome has been evaluated in experimental rats. The gastric ulcer was in-
duced by pyloric ligation and hypothermic restraint stress in experimental
rats. The ethanolic extract (500 mg per kg body weight) was found to reduce
the gastric mucosal damage significantly in rats. The antisecretory and cy-
toprotective action of the extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. might be re-
sponsible for its antiulcer activity.
80
11.4.9 Immunomodulatory Property
Bendjeddou et al.
81
reported the immuno-stimulating activity of the hot
water-soluble polysaccharide extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. in mice.
Hot water polysaccharide extracts stimulated the reticuloendothelial system
(RES) and increased the counts of peritoneal exudates cells (PECs) and
spleen cells of mice.
81
11.4.10 Neuroprotective Activity
Zhang et al.
82
investigated the neuroprotective role of Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd. against Alzheimer’s disease in mice. Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. ex-
hibited the neuroprotective effect on Met-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ile-Ala-Gly-Lys-Asn-Ser-
Gly amyloid-b (Ab)-induced amnesia in mice through Na
1
,K
1
-adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)-ase increment and by decreasing the acetylcholinesterase
level. It resulted in improved cognition by enhancing cholinergic
transmission.
82
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 267
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11.4.11 Hepatoprotective Activity
The crude extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (200 and 400 mg per kg body
weight) exhibited a hepatoprot ective role in paracetamol (3000 mg per kg
body weight) induced hepatotoxicity in males Sprague-Dawley rats. The ex-
tract at a dose of 400 mg per kg body weight decreased liver MDA signifi-
cantly (po0.05) against the group treated with 200 mg per kg body weight of
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. crude extract.
83
11.4.12 Anti-HIV Property
The researchers Ye and Li
84
reported the role of a metabolite, 1
0
S-1
0
-acet-
oxychavicol acetate (ACA), isolated from Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. in the
inhibition of HIV type 1 replication. 1
0
S-1
0
-acetoxychavicol acetate inhibited
Rev transport by binding to chromosomal region maintenance. This resulted
in accumulating the full-length HIV-1 RNA in the nucleus and blocking HIV-
1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Besides ACA, when used
with didanosine, an anti-HIV drug, it inhibited HIV-1 replication by acting
synergistically.
84
11.5 Toxicity Profile of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd
No significant mortality or no signs of acute or chronic toxicity were noted
on the administration of ethanolic extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
rhizome, up to the acute dose of 3.0 gkg
1
and at a chronic dosage of 100 mg
per kg body weight in Swiss albino mice, respectively.
85
The methanolic
extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. also showed no behavioural changes and
mortality with an LD
50
value of more than 5000 mg per kg body weight in
Wistar male rats.
74
11.6 Alpinia officinarum Hance
11.6.1 Synonyms
86
Languas officinarum (Hance) Farwell, Languas officinarum (Hance)
11.6.2 Family
Zingiberaceae
11.6.3 Common/English Names
Chinese ginger, China root, colic root, East India catarrh root, galangal,
Indian root, lesser galanga, lesser galangal
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11.6.4 Vernacular Names
Hindi – Kulinjan, Bengali – Punnagchampa, Sanskrit – Malayavaca, Tamil –
Cirrarattai, Chitharathai.
11.6.5 Taxonomy
86
Kingdom – Plantae
Phylum – Tracheophyta
Class – Liliopsida
Order – Zingiberales
Family – Zingiberaceae
Genus – Alpinia
Species – Alpinia officinarum Hance
11.6.6 Geographical Distribution
87
Alpinia officinarum Hance is native to China and India. it is mainly found in
the plains of West Bengal, Assam, and the Eastern Himalayas in India.
11.6.7 Traditional Medicinal Uses of Alpinia officinarum
Hance
Alpinia officinarum Hance has a background in the Ayurvedic and Chinese
systems of medicines.
88
Alpinia officinarum Hance rhizome is very effective in
digestive disorders and acts as an antipyretic, analgesic, and antimicrobial
(especially bacterial and fungal) agent. In Europe, it is very commonly used
as a spice and medicament,
89
and effectively treats flatulence, dyspepsia,
vomiting, and motion sickness.
90
Alpinia officinarum Hance has been used in
indigestion, analgesic, and antiemetic treatments in Asian countries.
91,92
The dry root of Alpinia officinarum Hance has been used as a free radical
scavenger, and for its antidiabetic, antiulcer, antidiarrheal, analgesic, anti-
inflammatory, and anticoagulation effects in China.
93,94
Alpinia officinarum Hance plant parts are shade-dried, ground, and used
with food for the treatment of diseases, especially in gynaecological and
musculoskeletal disorders.
95
The root is used by Moroccan tribes for the
treatment of cough and to increase body weight.
96
The stem, or the whole
plant, is prepared in powder form and added into a drink for the treatment
of respiratory and digestive ailments.
96
The plant is effective in the treatment
of rheumatism by Algerian tribes.
97
A combination of Alpinia Officinarum
Hance, Zingiber officinale, honey, and lemon juice is administered orally as
antitussive in Turkey
98,99
The Alpinia officinarum Hance rhizome decoction
has proven efficacy in malaria, stomach pain, and ringworm infection in
Vietnam.
100,101
The rhizome is used in common colds and coughs by
Chinese.
102
In India, Mizoram tribes use the rhizome as a gargle to support
speaking in children, in nocturnal enuresis, and in muscular spasticity.
103
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 269
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11.7 Pharmacological Properties
11.7.1 Antioxidant Activity
The methanolic extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance has been shown to
have an antioxidative property using the ethyl linoleate system.
104
The
methanolic extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance is enriched in total tri-
terpenoid content and contributed to higher antioxidative property in a
pyrogallol-luminol assay when comp ared to ascorbic acid and TROLOX-
C.
105
The hydroalcoholic and methanolic isolates of Alpinia officinarum
Hance rhizome revealed the concentration-based antioxidative activity by
preventing the formation of diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free rad-
icals.
106
The extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance augmented the viability
against oxidative apoptosis injury in lung fibroblasts (V79-4 cells) in
hamster.
107
The extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance also possesses potent
activity against superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase
in a dose-dependent manner.
11.7.2 Antiplatelet Activity
The diarylheptanoids from the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance showed
potent inhibitory activity towards PAF-receptor with an IC
50
in range of
1.3–5.0 mM.
108
11.7.3 Antiacetylcholinesterase Activity
Galangin isolated from Alpinia officinarum Hance rhizome exhibited in-
hibitory action on acetylcholinesterase with an inhibitory concentration
(IC
50
) of 120 mM and flavonoid inhibition constant of 74 mM.
109
This indi-
cated that the galangin from Alpinia officinarum Hance possibly could a
potential candidate for the development of new lead molecules for the
treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
11.7.4 Cytotoxic/Antitumour Activity
The various studies suggest that Alpinia officinarum Hance possesses a po-
tential role against several cancer cell lines. The methanolic extract of Alpinia
officinarum Hance fortified the apoptosis of human oestrogen-positive breast
cancer cells (MCF-7). The pathway responsible for this activity indicated the
downregulation of S-phase-related regulatory proteins including cyclin-
dependent protein kinase-2 (CDK2). The hexane and acetone extract of Al-
pinia officinarum Hance had a moderate antiproliferative effect on breas t
cancer cells with an IC
50
of 50 mgmL
1
and 5-a-reductase inhibi tion, re-
spectively.
110
The exthanolic extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance and Alpinia
galanga showed cytotoxic effects again st PC-3 and MCF-7.
111,112
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The methanolic extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance inhibited MCF-7 cell
proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and in-
creased the cell apoptosis.
113,114
The methanolic, chloroform, dichloro-
methane extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance leaves and rhizomes
exhibited anticancer activities on human AML cells over 48 h.
115
The
diarylheptanoids from Alpinia officinarum Hance exhibited cytotoxic activity
against human tumour cell lines (HepG2, MCF-7, and SF-268) and neu-
roblastoma cell lines, viz. IMR- 32, SK-N-SH, and NB-39, with the IC
50
varying from 8.46 to 22.68 mmol L
1
.
116–118
A study suggested that galangin induces apoptosis in hepatic cancerous
cells by activating the caspase-8 and BH3 domain death mitochondrial
cascade. These findings were supported by elevation of Ca
21
and GRP94,
GRP78, and CHOP as well as increased free cytosolic Ca
21
level.
119,120
The
molecular data showed that both FAK mRNA and protein level were reduced
by galangin in a dose-dependent manner. Galangin inhibits the formation of
tumour colonies in the lung tissue on C57BL/6J mouse lung (metastatic
model) using B16F10 melanoma cells and significantly decreased the cell
viability of B16F10 melanoma cells.
121
The apoptotic pathways were trig-
gered by galangin and initiate the cleavage of procaspase-9, procaspase-3,
and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in B16F10 cells. Galangin was also de-
scribed as inhibiting the increase of HepG2 cells by activating AMPK.
122
Researchers discovered that galangin induced apoptosis and DNA conden-
sation of the human colon cancer cells in a graded dose, and hence the
probable mechanistic pathway is activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and
apoptosis-inducing factors from the mitochondria.
123
11.7.5 Antihaemorrhagic Activity
A polyherbal formulation named Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) consists of
Thymus vulgaris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Vitis vinifera, Alpinia officinarum Hance,
and Urtica dioica. In Turkey, this formulation has been approved for the
treatment of ex ternal haemorrhage and dental bleeding.
124
The traditional
uses have been supported by experimental data where topical Ankaferd
blood stopper decreased the period of bleeding and of the volume of blood
lost by 68.4 and 54.6%, respectively. Purnak and co-workers studied the
potential implications of Ankaferd blood stopper as an adjunctive medicine
in a case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient suffering from de-
fective haemostasis.
125
A detailed study by Beyazit illustrated that ABS was
effective in controlling the cellular apoptotic responses to haemorrhagic
stress.
126
11.7.6 Antimicrobial Activity
The methanolic extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance showed antifungal
property on clotrimazole-resistant Candida albicans at a MIC value of
2.5 mg mL
1
.
127
The acetone, ethanol, and hexane extract of Alpinia officinarum
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 271
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