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Table 8.2 (Continued)
50. Bacomoside B
1
a
H
51. Bacomoside B
2
a
H
Cucurbitacins
R
1
R
2
R
3
55. Bacobitacin A H OH H
56. Bacobitacin B H H Ac
57. Bacobitacin C [{a-
L-rha-(1-2)-a-L-araf-(1-4)}-{a-L-rha-(1-2)-a-L-ara}] H H
58. Bacobitacin D [{a-
L-rha-(1-2)-a-L-araf-(1-4)}-{a-L-rha-(1-2)-a-L-ara}] OH H
Steroids
62. Bacosterol (R ¼H)
66. Bacosterol-3-O-b-
D-glucopyranoside (R ¼glc)
a
Ohta et al.,
68
reported two molecules bacomoside B
1
and B
2
(50, 51) with optical rotation
[a]
D
27
þ5.1 and [a]
D
27
þ22.0, respectively, but their structures are the same. (ara: arabinopyr-
anosyl; araf: arabinofuranosyl; glc: glucopyranosyl; glcf: glucofuranosyl; rha:
rhamnopyranosyl.)
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are the most studied biologically active entities (Table 8.1). The neuropro-
tective and memory-enhancing activities of bacosides are widely studied;
26,33
but the bioactive entities in most Brahmi-based Ayurvedic formulations are
not elucidated. Despite a lon g history, one of the major drawbacks of
Ayurvedic formulations is the lack of knowledge on specific chemical entities
illustrating their biological activities. For example, this review discusses recent
studies on the mechanism of neuroprotection and memory enhancement of
B. monnieri-based formulations such as Brahmi ghrita, Brahmi rasayana,
Brahmi vati and Saraswata ghrita, but their ‘bioactive chemical entities’ are not
described; rather their activities are attributed to synergism of their herbal
ingredients. Similarly, the efficacy of most Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations
is credited to the synergistic effects of their multiple herbal ingredients.
26,31
Ayurvedic medicines/formulations offer a contrasting logic that they are
multifarious integrated derivatives involving several distinct preparatory
steps; and single structural entities may not provide full insight into their
efficacy or mode of action.
8
However, in this advanced era, chemical finger-
printing and knowledge on individual bioactive structural entities of Brahmi-
based and other Ayurvedic formulations could establish a strong evidence-
based rationale for these ancient herbal formulations and practices.
9,34,38,48
Again, systematic studies are also essential on the bioavailability and toxicity
of Ayurvedic herbal formulations.
4,35,101,102
Ayurvedic medicine systems are not ‘disease-centric’ but ‘individual-
centric’,
103
and this limits the applicability of medications on a general
basis. Again, Ayurvedic formulations are prepared by traditional processing
methods whi ch involve the use of several herbs and minerals; and they are
available in various forms such as decoction, juice, vati, oil, powder, clarified
butter and alcoholic preparations.
48,104
Several studies have reported in-
consistencies in the quantity and quality of these Ayurvedic formulations. In
a recent example, Mishra and co-workers attempted standardization of
various in-house and market samples of Brahmi vati, with bacoside A
3
(B. monnieri) and piperine ( P. longum) as standards using HPLC and found
inconsistencies in the contents of these standards, inferring non-uniformity
of their therapeutic effects.
48
In a pharmacognostical and physicochemical
analysis, Gubbannavar and co-workers detected bacoside in Brahmi ghrita by
HPTLC-densitometry and observed consistency of the formulation.
34,105
Contrastingly, Saini and co-workers observed significant batch-to-batch
variations in the quality and quantity of four Brahmi-based formulations
marketed by different manufacturers. Bacoside A contents quantified
by HPTLC in these formulations varied between batches of the same
manufacturer and between manufacturers. The authors recommended
stringent guidelines, strict impl ementation and awareness in consumers.
106
The critically important parameters deciding the efficacy of these drugs
are plant species identification, collection location, growth stage, adulter-
ation, quality control standards and processing methods; and these multiple
factors necessitate systematic chemical fingerprinting and quality control at
various stages of production of Ayurvedic drugs.
12
Briefly, Ayurvedic drugs
Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) 193
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are to be regulated at three levels by standardization of (i) raw materials, (ii)
methods of production and tools used and (iii) finished products.
9
The role
of advanced phytochemical tools in quality control of traditional medicines
has been reviewed recently.
107–109
Elite lines of Brahmi and other herbs used
for Ayurvedic drugs with standardized agro-practices could offer consistency
in herbal raw materials.
16,110–113
Moreover, the World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends stringent assessment of heavy metals and pesticide
residues in Ayurvedic products.
114
Medicinal plants having elevated levels of
heavy metals may affect the central nervous system and various organs, and
cause serious health hazards. Therefore, it mu st be mandatory to evaluate
the heavy metal and pesticide residues in every batch of Ayurvedic
drugs. This will help in consumer protection, and improve their export po-
tentials.
115
Patwardhan et al.
116
and Rastogi
103
are recent articles dealing
with the safety concerns in regard to Ayurvedic formulations. Genomic and
metabolomic approaches could strengthen the scientific basis of Ayurvedic
concepts and drugs.
11,108
So far, studies on human trials with strong ex-
perimental designs and models on Ayurvedic drugs are limited,
9,37,102
and
efforts in these lines need to be intensified. These scientific approaches
could unlock the possibility of integrating Ayurveda treatments/drugs with
modern medic ine.
8.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
B. monnieri, which has been recorded in the Charaka Samhita and Susruta
Samhita, is now widely used in various Ayurvedic formulations. Its phyto-
chemistry so far has led to the isolation of 98 secondary compounds, and the
major bioactive constituents are bacosides (dammarane-type triterpenoid
saponins). However, most Brahmi-based Ayurvedic medications and their
biological effects are not defined based on structural entities. This is a major
drawback of Ayurvedic medications. Chemical profiling (fingerprinting) of
raw drugs and processed drugs is a priority, ensuring the quality and con-
sistency of Ayurvedic drugs. The bioavailability and toxicity of Ayurvedic
drugs must be systematically assessed. Similarly, their heavy metal and
pesticide residues are to be estimated to avoid health risks. Briefly, modern
scientific tools could play a crucial role in authenticating the long traditions
of Ayurveda.
Abbreviations
ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ASD Autism spectrum disorder
BCE Before the Common Era
DST Department of Science and Technology
EHTN Essential hypertension
GABA Gamma amino butyric acid
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
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HPTLC High-performance thin-layer chroma tography
MES Maximal electroshock
NMPB National Medicinal Plant Board
TIFAC Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council
UFLC/MS Ultra-fast liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
WHO World Health Organization
Acknowledgements
RK received Junior and Senior Research Fellowships from the Programme
Support project (BT/PR12720/COE/34/21/2015/A 193 B1) funded by the De-
partment of Biotechnology, Government of India.
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CHAPTER 9
Therapeutic Potential of
Triphala in Ayurveda and
Its Phytochemical Studies
A. WELE ASMITA,*
a
B. KOPPIKAR SOUMYA,
b
NIMKAR GAURI
a
AND BENDALE RAMA
a
a
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), College of Ayurve da,
Katraj-Dhankawadi Campus, Pune-Satara Road, Pune 411043, India;
b
Independent Researcher, Santa Clara, California, USA
*Email: asmitawele.ayurveda@unideb.hu
9.1 Triphala: The Three Myrobalans
Triphala, recently included in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and
Therapeutic Compendium, is a well-known indigenous poly-herbal formu-
lation consisting of three myrobalans, namely Amalaki, Bibhitak and
Haritaki.
1
In the Sanskrit language tri means three and phala means fruit. It
is widely used for the maintenance of health and longevity. It is classified
as a tridoshic rasayana
1
in Ayurveda as it endorses rejuvenation in patients
of all constitutions and ages. Triphala is comprised of the dried pericarp
of the fruits of three plants, Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae),
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae) and Terminalia chebula
Retz. (Combretaceae) mixed in equal quantities (1 : 1 :1).
2
The traditional
treatises further specify that for curative purposes the proportion is 1 : 1 :1
(Charak, Sushruta, Bhavamishra), while for rasayana purposes it is 1: 2: 4
(Charak, Sharangdhar, Yoga ratnakara ). Triphala is an easily available, un-
complicated, mu ltitargeted, efficacious formulation with few side effects,
Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by Augustine Amalraj, Sasikumar Kuttappan and Karthik Varma A. C.
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
201
https://t.me/med1917
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