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CHAPTER 12
Phytochemical and
Pharmacological Aspects of
Cissus quadrangularis in
Ayurveda
DHANALEKSHMI UM, JAWAID AKHTAR AND
SHAH ALAM KHAN*
College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO
Box 620, PC 130, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
*Email: shahalam@nu.edu.om
12.1 Introduction
Ayurveda is an Indian traditional system of medicine that means science of
life in Sanskrit (Ayur ¼longevity; Veda ¼knowledge or science). It is one of
the ancient systems of holistic medicine that emphasizes treating the root
cause of the diseases rather than symptoms and helps in the restoration of
good health. Ayurvedic medicines are mainly prepared from different parts
of medicinal plants and are used to treat both acute and chronic ailments.
One of the important indigenous medicinal plants used to prepare herbal
Ayurvedic formulations for the healing of fractured bones is Cissus quad-
rangularis Linn. (CQ). CQ belongs to the family Vitaceae and is commonly
known as Veldt Grape, or Devil’s Backbone (English), Hadjod or hadjora
(Hindi), Pindia or pirandai (Tamil), Changlam parranda (Malayalam), and
Mogarolli (in Kannada). It is a perennial cli mber that prefers a hot climate.
Geographically, it is distributed in the tropical regions of India and other
Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by Augustine Amalraj, Sasikumar Kuttappan and Karthik Varma A. C.
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
289
https://t.me/med1917
Southeast Asian and African countries. CQ herb grows up to 2.5 m in height
and has quadrangular branches (internodes of 1.5–1.8 cm and 10–15 cm
long).
1
Its flowers are calyx cup shaped. The stems are fleshy and have four
edges (quadrangular) that look like the bones and joints in the body. Its
leaves are broad, ovate (2–5 cm) having 3–7 lobes (Figure 12.1). The other
name of the plant Asthisamharaka or Asthi Samhara in Sanskrit is rightly
suited to the plant which means relief from the bone disease.
2
CQ is an
edible plant and curries, chutneys, pickles, and soups made from its stems
are very popular in South India. The plant stem and root parts have been
used for the preparation of herbal formulations for treating different dis-
eases.
3
In the Unani system of medicines, CQ is applied externally to heal the
fractured bones while Siddha practitioners prescribe the stem part for
treating digest ive disorders.
In Ayurveda, CQ is known as a bonesetter, and therefore it is one of the
important constituents in marketed Ayurvedic formulations namely; Bono-
healt (ZocVida), Bonoxtil
s
Herbal (Visham Lifecare), Bonzoct (Zoic
Pharmaceuticals), C3 plus
s
(BSA Pharma Inc), Ciss Qt (Weldew
remedies), C-Quad
s
(Kaplin Healthcare Pvt Ltd), Fevijoint Fortet (BSA
Pharma), Hadjod (Himalaya Pvt Ltd), Hudcura
s
(Vee Remedies), Laksha
Guggulu
s
(Dabur India), Lakshadi Guggulu
s
(Baidyanath), ONE-SGt
(Akshar molecules), Ordext (BSA Pharma), Orthociss
s
(Stenroz Biotech),
Osta-Heal (Ravenbhel Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd), Osteofed-CQ (Fedley
Healthcare Pvt Ltd), Patanjali Divya Lakshadi Guggul
s
(Patanjali Ayurved
Limited), Reco BLT
s
(Solace Biotech Ltd), Sitzod (Sitnez Biocare Pvt Ltd),
and Zeotone Plus soft gel capsule
s
(AVN Ayurveda formulations Pvt Ltd)
4
available in the form of capsules, tablets, and syrup dosage forms. These
drugs are commonly used for weight loss, to treat bone fractures and
Figure 12.1 Cissus quadrangularis plant: (A) fresh young stem of an adamant creeper
sprout with tendrils and ivy-like leaves. Image credit: JP Sweety, Tamil
Nadu. (B) Climbing vine over trees with quadrangular sectioned
branches. Image credit: KM Badsha, Kerala. (C) Devils backbone hang-
ing over the trees with a highly branched stem. Image credit: KM
Badsha, Kerala.
290 Chapter 12
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dislocation of joints, and its average daily dose for adults is 1000–1500 mg.
Other part s of CQ have been used in stomach disorders such as dyspepsia,
flatulence, and other abnormalities, including cancer, epilepsy, inflam-
mation, and obesity. The root part is used for the treatment of fractured
bones, whereas dyspepsia and indigestion are treated using the young shoot.
The stem paste is used for the management of asthma.
5
The plant extracts
have been reported to exhibit important biological activities including
antibacterial, antifungal, bone fracture healing, anthelmintic, analgesic, and
anti-hemorrhoidal activities. The pharmacological activities of the herbs are
related to the presence of triterpenoids, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid.
6,7
It
also exhibits gastroprotective activities when used in combination with
NSAID therapy. The juice of CQ is traditionally used to control irregular
menses and to stop nose bleeding. The decoction of the whole plant is
claimed to possess anthelmintic activity.
8
The traditional/folkloric uses of
CQ and its various parts are presented in Figure 12.2.
A study on humans showed that nutraceutical agents from the CQ plant
induce weight loss without any adverse effects.
16
The CQ plant is considered
as a panacea for the treatment of bone disorders such as healing of fractured
bones, bone regeneration in dentistry, dislocation of hip, osteoporosis,
osteoarthritis, etc. Owing to its numerous beneficial therapeutic uses, this
plant has received considerable attention worldwide and therefore several
preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted to validate its tradi-
tional uses. This chapter aims to provide an overview of its traditional uses
with emphasis on Ayurveda, phytochemistry, pharmacological uses, tox-
icology, clinical studies, patents granted, and application of CQ in nano-
technology and biomedical fields.
12.2 Phytochemical Analysis
CQ has been reported to be a rich source of minerals, vitamins, amino acids,
and other nutrients. Calcium (1.76, 1.68, and 1.51 g per 100 g) and
Figure 12.2 Folkloric/traditional uses of CQ and its various parts.
8–15
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Cissus quadrangularis in Ayurveda 291
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