Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5958_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
plant used is the rhizome which forms the main ingredient of many Ayurvedic
formulations.
10
Though Rasna is a plant of great therapeutic value in Ayur-
veda, it is one of the most controversial plants in Ayurveda. The official bo-
tanical name of Rasna is nominated as Pluchea lanceolata in the Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia of India (API), an official publication of the Ministry of
AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi.
11
However, many other references
are available which support the use of galangal [Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.] as a
Rasna. In different territories of India, about 34 plants have been identified yet
as Rasna.
3,12
In South India, Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. and Alpinia calacarata
Roscoe; in North India, Pluchea lanceolata; in Bengal region, Vanda tessellata;
in Kashmir and Nepal regions, Viscum album and Inula racemosa;inPunjab,
Withania coagulens; in Bombay, Aristolochia indica, and throughout India,
Lochnera rosea, Enicostema littorale,andRauwolfia lanceolata have been used
in the name of Rasna.
13
The most commonly used plant with the name Rasna
in the Kerala region is shown in Figure 11.1.
11.2 Phytochemistry
11.2.1 Phytochemicals Present in the Galangal Species
The three galangals that are accepted under the term Rasna,namelyA.
galanga (L.) Willd., A. officinarum Hance, and A. calcarata (Roscoe) belong to the
Zingiberaceae family,
14
and are rich in various organic chemicals and aromatic
compounds. They have traditionally been used as a remedy for many diseases.
Phytochemicals are heterogeneous compounds containing a variety of chem-
ical compounds with characteristic medicinal activities.
15
The galangal plant
species have revealed the presence of chemically rich and medicinally valuable
phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins,
Figure 11.1 Rhizomes, leaves, and flowers of Rasna.
252 Chapter 11
https://t.me/med1917
tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and essential oils, etc. The
different plant parts of various galangal species have been studied and shown
the presence of chemically enriched compounds with high medicinal value.
The phytochemicals of galangal species and their medicinal properties are
enlisted in Tables 11.1 and 11.2 and shown in Figures 11.2, 11.3 and 11.4.
11.3 Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. is commo nly used to treat differe nt clinical
conditions in Ayurveda and Siddha. It is the preferred botanical species used
under the name of Rasna in most Ayurvedic form ulations, especially in
Keralian Ayurveda practice. It is commonly available with the name of
Kulanjan in the local markets of Kerala, where it is often cultivated for its
medicinal uses and commercial value.
30
11.3.1 Synonyms
Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe; Family: Zingiberaceae
11.3.2 English Names
It is also denominated as greater galangal in English.
11.3.3 Vernacular Names
Sanskrit: Mahabaracach, Sugandha Vacha,andRasna; Hindi: Kulanjan; Gujrati
and Marathi Kulinjan; Kannada: Dhumasasmi; Bengali: Kulingjan; Malayalam:
Arattha and Pararatta; Tamil: Pera-rattai; and Telugu: Pedda-dhumpa.
11.3.4 Taxonomy
Kingdom – Plantae
Phylum – Tracheophyta
Class – Liliopsida
Order – Zingiberales
Family – Zingiberaceae
Genus – Alpinia
Species – A. galanga
11.3.5 Geographical Distribution
It is cultivated throughout South-East Asia and spread through the southern
region of the Western Ghats and Himalayan regions. The Konkan area and
various districts of Kerala in India also have rich cultivation of galangal
(Alpinia galanga (L.) Willed) flora.
31,32
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 253
https://t.me/med1917
Table 11.1 Phytochemicals and bioactive compounds present in different Alpinia species (A. galanga, A. officinarum, and A. calcarata).
Sr. no. Galangal species Plant part used Phytochemicals Name of bioactive Compound Ref.
1. Alpinia galanga
(L.) Willd.
Leaves Glycoside Apigenin
Chrysin
Galangin-3-methyl ether
Galangin
Zingerone
Diterpene
Diterpene B
1,8-Cineol
a-Pinene
Galangoisoflavonoid
(Shukla et al., 2018)
16
(Khairullah et al., 2020)
14
(Das et al., 2020)
17
(Kaushik, 2011)
18
(Beula et al., 2016)
19
Steroids
Flavonoids
Saponins
Carbohydrates
Alkaloids
Amino acids
Chloride
Phenols
Terpenoids
Rhizome Glycoside
Steroids
Flavonoids
Saponins
Carbohydrates
Tannins
Terpene
Flowers Polyphenols 1
0
-Acetoxyeugenol acetate (Tang et al., 2018)
20
Essential Oils a-Humulane, pentadecane (Tang et al., 2018)
20
2. Alpinia officinarum
Hance
Rhizome Tannins Chrysin
Tectochrysin
Apigenin
Acacetin
Isorhmnetin
Kaempferide
Galangin
Alpinin
Quercetin
Kaempferol
Kaempferol-3-methyl ethers
(Bello et al., 2018)
21
(Ravindran and Balachandran, 2004)
22
(Khairullah et al., 2020)
14
(Das et al., 2020)
17
Phlobaphenes
Flavones
254 Chapter 11
https://t.me/med1917
Kaempferol-3-rhamnoside
Pinocembrin
1,8-Cineol
a-Pinene
3. Alpinia calcarata Roscoe Leaves
Flowers
Rhizome
Tannins 2-Octanone
camphene
a-fenchyl acetate
2-hexanone
vanillic acid
protocatechuic acid
syringic acid
calacaratarins A–E
shyobunone
coumarins
1,8-cineol
fenchyl acetate
(Rahman and Islam, 2015)
23
(Khandel et al., 2018)
24
(Mohanasundari and Suja, 2015)
25
(Zhang et al., 2016)
26
Polyphenols
Terpenoids
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Glycosides
Steroids
Phytosterols
Quinones
Resins
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 255
https://t.me/med1917
Table 11.2 The bioactive compounds and their medicinal activities of Alpinia species (A. galanga, A. officinarum, and A. calcarata).
Sr. no.
Galangal
species Name of compound Medicinal activity References
1. Alpinia galanga
(L.) Willd.
1
0
-Acetoxyeugenol acetate
4
0
-hydroxycinnamaldehyde
[di-(p-hydroxy-cis-styryl)] methane
Antimicrobial
Antitumour
(Tang et al., 2018)
20
(Zhou et al., 2018)
27
(Ma et al., 2017)
28
Phenolic compounds
kaempferol
Antioxidant
1
0
-Acetoxychavicol acetate
trans-p-Coumaryl alcohol
trans-p-Hydroxycinnamoyl acetate
Anticancer (Das et al., 2020)
17
(Zhou et al., 2018)
27
trans-3,4-Dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol Antiproliferative
Galangin Anti-inflammatory
p-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde Treatment of osteoarthritis (Zhou et al., 2018)
27
1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-
heptatrien-3-one,
bisdemethoxycurcumin
Inhibition of proliferation of
melanoma cells and tyrosinase
(Ma et al., 2017)
28
Galanganal, galanganols (A, B) Cytotoxicity against cancer HeLa cells (Ma et al., 2017)
28
trans-p-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde,
trans-p-hydroxycinnamoyl acetate
Antiallergic (Ma et al., 2017)
28
1S-1
0
-Acetoxychavicol acetate,
1-acetoxyeugenol acetate
Anti-ulcer, antileishmanial, and
antitumour
(Ma et al., 2017)
28
trans-p-Coumaryl diacetate Anti-allergy, efflux pump inhibition,
NO production inhibition, xanthine
oxidase inhibition, antileishmanial,
cytotoxicity, antibacterial
(Ma et al., 2017)
28
2. Alpinia
officinarum
Hance
7-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-
heptanone, Alpinoid-C
1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4
00
-hydroxy-3
00
-
methoxyphenyl)-4E-en-3-heptanone
Anticancer (Das et al., 2020)
17
(Zhou et al., 2018)
27
(Ma et al., 2017)
28
256 Chapter 11
https://t.me/med1917
1,7-Diphenyl-4-en-3-heptanone Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor
binding, antagonist activity
1,7-Diphenyl-3,5-heptanedione
5-hydroxy-7-(4
00
-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-
heptanone
4-phenethyl-1,7-diphenyl-1-heptene-
3,5-dione
Antibacterial, antimicrobial
1,7-Diphenyl-5-ol-3-hepta-none
galangin
5-hydroxy-7-(4
0
-hydroxy-3
0
-
methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-
heptanone
Anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic
Diarylheptanoid Antiviral
7-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3
methoxyphenyl)-4-en-3-heptanone
Antitumour (Ma et al., 2017)
28
Dihydroxyashabushiketol Anti-helicobacter pylori and
hypolipidaemic activities
(Ma et al., 2017)
28
7-(400-Hydroxy-300-methoxyphenyl)-
1-phenyl-3,5-heptadione
Prostaglandin inhibitor (Ma et al., 2017)
28
Apigenin Antioxidant (Ma et al., 2017)
28
3. Alpinia
calcarata
Roscoe
g-Bicyclohomofarnesal, shyobunone Anti-ACHE activity (Ma et al., 2017)
28
Isocoronarin D Suppressor of proliferation in cancer
cells
(Ma et al., 2017)
28
bis-Labdanic diterpenoids Cytotoxic activity against human KB
cells
(Rahman and Islam, 2015)
23
Aalcaratarin (A–E) Anticancer (Rahman and Islam, 2015)
23
Camphene Anti-inflammatory (George, 2014)
29
1,8-Cineole, fenchol derivatives Antiphlogistic, antibacterial, cooling
activities
(George, 2014)
29
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 257
https://t.me/med1917
11.3.6 Traditional Medicinal Uses of Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd
The rhizome is the most commonly used botanical part of Alpinia galanga
(L.) Willd. and possesses carminative and antiemetic properties, and acts as
a digestive tonic.
33
It is also used for its antifungal, anthelmintic, antitumor,
Figure 11.2 Chemical structures of phytochemicals present in Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd.
258 Chapter 11
https://t.me/med1917
Figure 11.3 Chemical structures of phytochemicals present in Alpinia officinarum (Hance).
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 259
https://t.me/med1917
antidiabetic, antidiuretic, antiulcerative, antidementia,
34
antitubercular,
35
antirheumatic,
36
antimicrobial,
32
antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,
37
cardi-
oprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, and aphrodisiac
32
actions.
The seeds of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. are used for their cardiotonic, gas-
troprotective, diuretic, antifungal, antitumour, and antiplatelet activities.
38
Furthermore, the tubers of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. have been reported for
their traditional uses in various conditions such as whooping cough in
children and other respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and asthma,
fever, and diabetes mellitus.
39
11.4 Pharmacological Actions
11.4.1 Spermatogenesis Activity
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. exhibited spermatogenesis activity with improved
sperm motility and serum testosterone levels in vivo.
40,41
A randomized and
double-blinded clinical trial was conducted with the oral administration of
four tablets of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. rhizome powder (764 mg per day)
and four tablets of P. granatum fruit pomace extract (1000 mg per day) in
divided doses of two tablets of each in the morning and two tablets in the
evening. It was observed that for the 3 months of treatment, a 62% increase
(p ¼0.026) in the average total number of motile sperm was recorded. These
results could have been due to the various active metabolites present in the
standard extracts of both preparations. The exact mechanism through which
Figure 11.4 Chemical structures of phytochemicals present in Alpinia calcarata
Roscoe.
260 Chapter 11
https://t.me/med1917
the concurrent use of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. and P. granatum causes an
improved count of ejaculated motile sperms should be investigated.
42
11.4.2 Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects
Zeng et al.
43
evaluated the cytotoxic potential of isolated phytochemical con-
stituents from Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. seeds on cancer cell lines. Different
fractions of ethanolic extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and water)
were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on various cancer cell lines such as
HepG-2, HeLa, A549, andSMMC-7721. Further,the protectiveeffects ofAlpinia
galanga (L.) Willd. seeds against the damaging effects of H
2
O
2
treatment have
been evaluated in PC-12 cells. A significant inhibitory effect on HepG2 was
observed with the total extracts. Both the ethyl acetate and petroleum ether
fractions inhibited the growth of cancer cells more effectively than the total
extracts. However, the ethyl acetate fraction (20 mgmL
1
) showed significant
(po0.05) protective effectsagainst thedamaging effectsof H
2
O
2
-treated PC-12
cells. It also exhibited a more significant cytotoxic action (po0.05) on cancer
cell lines thanpetroleum and waterfractions. The cytotoxic effects on HepG-2,
HeLa, A549, andSMMC-7721 cell linescould be due to activeme tabolites such
as 1
0
-S-1
0
-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1
0
-S-1
0
-acetoxyeugenol acetate, caryolane-1,
9 b-diol, and isocoronarin D present in the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic
extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. seeds. These metabolites showed antic-
ancer activity, with IC
50
values ranging between 60 to 90 mgmL
1
.
43
Samarghandian et al.
44
evaluated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of
ethanolic extract of rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. in MCF-7 cells
(cultured human breast carcinoma cells) and the effects were compared
with MRC-5 cells (the non-malignant human fetal lung fibroblast cells). The
extract reduced cell viability in MCF-7 cells and showed IC
50
values at
400.0 11.7 mgmL
1
after 48 hours and at 170.0 5.9 mgmL
1
after
72 hours. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted into the use of
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. as an anticancer agent in human breast cancer.
44
Muangnoi et al.
45
reported the apoptotic potential of crude extract of
rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. on normal epithelial cells derived from
breast (MCF-12A cells) and normal fibroblast cells (CRL2522 cells). It was
observed that the extract at a dose of 100 mgmL
1
resulted in 15% apoptosis
of MCF-12A cells, and at a dose of 1000 mgmL
1
it showed 5% apoptosis of
CRL2522 cells after 24 hours of treatment. However, the half-maximal in-
hibitory concentration of the crude extract was not studied in the normal
standard fibroblast cell line previously.
45
Sandra et al.
46
investigated the half-maximal inhibitory concentration
(IC
50
) of crude extract of rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. in NIH-3T3
cells (normal standard fibroblast cell line). The crude extract in various
concentrations was applied in NIH-3T3 cells, and cells were counted by MTT
assay. The IC
50
of the crude extract of rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
was 620.5 mgmL
1
after 24 hours and 666.6 mgmL
1
after 48 hours of
the treatment.
46
Further, the extract also did not show cytotoxic effects on
Galangal – A Promising Herb in Ayurvedic Formulations 261
https://t.me/med1917
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана