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Table 5.1 Traditional uses of W. somnifera.
S. no. Location Part of the plant
Ethnomedicinal
practice Method of preparation Route of administration Ref.
1 East Godavari—
Andhra Pradesh
Root Combats anemia;
enhances sperm count
Root powder with equal
amounts of sugar and ghee
Oral (twice few days); oral
(daily once for 40 days)
24
2 Barpeta—Assam Root Female infertility Powder with tablet (Dron,
Sidhelota, and Slilax) and
Rangajoba juice
Oral 25
3 Buxur—Bihar Root Diuretic seed Seed decoction Oral 26
4 Chhattisgarh Root and leaves Sexual and general
weakness, headache,
pregnancy care,
rheumatism, debility,
aging, gonorrhea,
ringworm, bedsores,
hemorrhoids,
abscesses, and
smallpox
Root powder, decoction, leaf
paste, and ash
Oral, topical 27
5 Raigarh—
Chattisgarh
Root Male sterility Powdered root with milk Oral for 7 days 28
6 Jhajjar—Haryana Root and stem
barks
Fever, cough, asthma,
migraine
Powder or paste Oral, twice daily for 7 days 29
7 Keylong—Himachal
Pradesh
Root Tonic, hypnotic,
diuretic, narcotic,
sedative, abortifacient,
rheumatism, cough,
delayed aging and
graying of hair,
provides physical and
mental strength
Powder Oral, 200–500 mg of root
powder with one glass of
warm milk before sleep
for 15 days
30
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8 Jharkhand Latehar Root Venomous snakebite Powder, with other plants Oral, 1 mg of the powder is
given to the victim 7
times with 3 min gaps
31
9 Jammu and Kashmir Leaves Memory enhancer,
obesity
Fresh leaves Oral, chewing on an empty 32
10 Chikmagalur—
Karnataka
Root Cardiovascular
problems
Decoction Oral, with root decoction of
F. microcarpa
33
11 Kerala Seeds Oligomenorrhea Pounded and cooked with rice
as a form of porridge
Oral, at night time 34
12 Jhabua—Madhya
Pradesh
Whole parts of
the plant
Fever and weakness Whole plant used as a tonic,
root extract in milk
Oral, daily in the morning 35
13 Pune—Maharashtra Whole parts of
the plant
Menstruation Powder 5–10 g with warm water
twice a day
36
14 Balasore—Orissa Bark Piles Decoction Oral 37
15 Salem—Tamilnadu Root, leaves Anthelmintic Leaves decoction, root powder
mixed with black pepper
Oral 38
16 Adilabad—
Telangana
Leaves Backache With root bark of H.
suffruticosus to make small
pills
Oral, one pill with goat
milk once a day for 3–4
days
39
17 Tripura Root bark Leucorrhoea 5 g with A. berbadensis juice
(5 g), white Shilajit (1 g),
Isapgula husk (1 g)
Oral, 2 teaspoonsful with
water, twice post-meal for
3–5 days
40
18 Aligarh—Uttar
Pradesh
Root Weakness of sexual
organs, premature
ejaculation
Root powder Oral, 15 g with 5 ml honey
and 200 ml cow milk
twice a day
41
19 Dehradun—
Uttarakhand
Root and leaves Urinary disorders, fever,
insomnia
Leaf juice, root powder Oral 42
20 Bankura—West
Bengal
Root Menstrual disorders Extract with an equal amount
of leaf extract of C. roseus
Oral mixture for 15 days 43
Phytochemical, Botanical and Therapeutic Potential of Withania somnifera in Ayurveda 103
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5.7 Clinical Trials
Ashwagandha’s safety and efficacy have clearly been demonstrated in many
clinical investigations. According to the findings, Ashwagandha root extract
is safe, lowers stress, and improves quality of life. Ashwagandha’s traditional
use has prompted its clinical use in various illnesses, some of which have
been researched in clinical studies. According to a meta-analysis of clinical
studies, Ashwagandha supplementation enhances sperm count, semen vol-
ume, and sperm motility in oligospermic males. Ashwagandha root extract
with a high concentration helps to improve female sexual function. Another
clinical trial found that those who use Ashwagandha as a supplement had
more muscle growth and strength, which can aid with high-intensity phys-
ical exercise. In an open-label exploratory feasibility trial, W. somnifera
supplemental powder protected the loss of lean muscle mass, decreased
tiredness, and dela yed weight loss in cancer patients. A purified aqueous
extract of W. somnifera raised the pain threshold, time, and pain tolerance
due to mechanical pain in healthy human volunteers. Patients with
schizophrenia benefit from adjunctive therapy with a standardized extract of
W. somnifera, with significant differences in the Positive and Negative Syn-
drome Scale (PANSS) total and few adverse effects.
Similarly, in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind research,
W. somnifera extract demonstrated encouraging benefits in treating sadness
and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Supplementing a stand-
ardized Ashwagandha extract (roots and leaves) enhanced salivary dehy-
droepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and testosterone levels considerably,
but not cortisol or estradiol levels, in healthy individuals. In stressed indi-
viduals, supplementation with a standardized Ashwagandha root extract
resulted in good anxiolyti c effects, including a decrease in cortisol and
DHEA-S, as well as a positive, albeit non-significant, trend of increased
testosterone. In another clinical research, Ashwagandha root extract en-
hanced sleep quality and anxiety symptoms in individuals with insomnia
and anxi ety. Supplementing standardized Ashwagandha extract eased post-
chemotherapy tiredness conditions in double-blind, randomized research.
In clinical individuals, KSM-66 Ashwagandha enhanced oxygen intake and
improved quality of life markers. In combination with antitu berculosis
medications, W. somnifera root extract was used as an adjuvant in double-
blind placebo-controlled research in HIV patients with pulmonary tubercu-
losis and with higher CD4 and CD8 counts.
44
5.8 Market Potential and Marketed Formulations
As the need for dietary supplements has risen, the Ashwagandha market has
gone mainstream. Also, with a rise in the natural product sector, customer
knowledge and trust in herbal/botanical supplements is expanding. In the
United States, the Natural Channel sells most Ashwa gandha supplements.
Sales in the two primary retail channels have consistently climbed from an
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estimated $4.53 million in 2014 to an estimated $12.24 million in 2017,
representing a 39% annu al growth. On the Indian market in October 2018,
high-quality dried Ashwagandha roots cost between US $2.46 and $3.56 (but
lower-grade roots, known as tar, were offered for as little as the US $1.50),
with it costing US $0.34–0.82 for dried Ashwagandha leaves. Ashwagandha is
sold as a powder, a liquid extract, and a dried root. Conventional dose forms
such as tablets and capsules are common, while contemporary dosage forms
are gaining favor. Due to increased health awareness and Internet know-
ledge, the powder form is employed in health supplements and has main-
tained a constant growth rate. In Asia Pacific, North America, Japan, Western
Europe, and the Middle East, Ashwagandha is widely used. The European
Region, particularly Germany, invests the most in botanical research. Recent
product launches, such as Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation’s
‘‘Amul Memory Milk,’’ touted as a memory booster, are intriguing (GCMMF,
Indian dairy manufacturing company). Ashwagandha with sterilized hom-
ogenized flavored toned milk is used in this formulation. KSM-66, AuNutra
Industries Inc., Himalaya Worldwide Holdings Ltd, Amax NutraSource, Inc.,
Carrubba Inc., Sabinsa Corporation, and Banyan Botanicals are just a few
of the prominent global firms that share the manufacturing market for
W. somnifera .
45
5.9 Conclusion
ThemultipurposeplantW. somnifera has sparked the interest of researchers
more than other medicinal plants in the Solanaceae family, thanks to its tra-
ditional therapeutic uses, nutraceutical potential, and pharmacological prop-
erties. W. somnifera is a well-known ethnopharmacological and pharmaceutic al
therapeutic plant. It has been utilized in folklore medicine in India since an-
tiquity, and has a wide range of therapeutic uses in Indian medical systems.
Cancer, arthritis, diabetes, sore eyes, asthma, pyrexia, abscesses, hemorrhoids,
ulcers, jaundice, and infections are just a few of the problems that traditional
healers can treat with this plant. Multiple preclinical investigations in animal
models have found promising antidepressant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory,
cardioprotective, antioxidant, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and hypoglycemic
properties (in mice, rats, and rabbits). Phytochemists are needed to extract the
bioactives accountable for the biological activities so that novel formulations
may be created. As a result, it is expected to be a valuable naturopathic remedy or
dietary supplement for treating brain disorders, including Parkinson’s disease,
memory loss, stress-related disorders, cancers, and others. In preclinical in-
vestigations, W. somnifera is a viable option for modifying plasticity, anxiety, and
neuroinflammation in various central nerve system disorders, with overall
neuroprotective benefits. W. somnifera and its chemical components have been
showninanimalexperimentstohaveantiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-
apoptotic, angiogenesis, and ER stress-reducing capabilities. The prospect of
using W. somnifera as a multipurpose medicinal agent to treat various clinical
diseases and disease models is promising.
Phytochemical, Botanical and Therapeutic Potential of Withania somnifera in Ayurveda 105
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Phytochemical, Botanical and Therapeutic Potential of Withania somnifera in Ayurveda 107
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CHAPTER 6
Scientific Evaluation of the
Role of Ocimum sanctum in
Ayurvedic Formulations and Its
Phytochemistry and
Pharmacological Activities
HAAMID RASHEED,
a
SUHAIL AHMED,
a
HARJEET SINGH
b
AND
ALOK SHARMA*
a
a
Deaprtment of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga,
Punjab-142001, India;
b
Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic
Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India, Jhansi, UP-284003, India
*Email: alokalok22@gmail.com
6.1 Introduction
Ocimum sanctum is a herbaceous perennial that belongs to the family La-
miaecae (Figure 6.1).
1
The Ocimum genus consists of round 160 species that
are broadly found across the world’s hot climates.
2
Ocimum sanctum, Oci-
mum gratissimum (Ram tulsi), Ocimum canum (dulal tulsi), Ocimum basilicum
(Ban tulsi), Ocimum killimandscharicum, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum cam-
phora, and Ocimum miranthum are all typical Ocimum species.
3
O. sanctum,
the monarch of medicinal herbs, is the most sanctified and treasured of
several recuperation and ill-health-correcting herbs used in this excellent
way. Basil, or Tulsi, is revered in regular Ayurvedic and Unani systems.
4
It is
extensively viewed as a good-sized supply of remedies and drugs, with several
Chemistry, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Applications of Medicinal Plants in Ayurveda
Edited by Augustine Amalraj, Sasikumar Kuttappan and Karthik Varma A. C.
r The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
108
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secondary metabolites and essential oils being used for the remedy of
malaria, diarrhea, bronchial asthma, dysentery, bronchitis, pore and skin
diseases, arthritis, painful eye diseases, persistent fever, amongst other
conditions.
5
Additionally, it demonstrates anticancer, antifungal, anti-
bacterial, antifertility, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, cardioprotective,
antiemetic, antidiabetic, analgesic, adaptogenic, and diaphoretic activities.
Tulsi is claimed to be an ‘‘Elixir of Life’’ in Ayurveda due to its healing
properties and has been used to deal with a range of common fitness
problems.
6
Figure 6.2 represents the bioactivity profile of compounds of O.
sanctum.
Ayurveda takes a holistic approach to fitness and disease. It does so
through promoting ailment resistance rather than cures, through whole-
some lifestyle choices. Ayurveda’s designs aim at consuming fresh, minim-
ally processed foods. Today, learning about plants has an impact on the
world, and evidence has been found that medicinal vegetations have been
Figure 6.1 Ocimum sanctum encompasses pharmacological activity, modern extrac-
tion methods, phytochemicals, and their clinical trials.
Figure 6.2 Bioactivity profile of compounds of O. sanctum.
Scientific Evaluation of the Role of Ocimum sanctum in Ayurvedic 109
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used in normal systems. As well as their low expense and huge availability,
another benefit of medicinal plants in many treatment options is their
safety.
7
Among all medicinal plants, Ocimum belonging to the Lamiaceae
family is sizable for its therapeutic potential. Tulsi was first protected in
standard health claims in the mid-twentieth century. Animal experiments
have supplied the majority of scientific proof for Tulsi’s therapeutic benefits,
with only a few human studies being carried out. Toxicity research high-
lighted that Tulsi does not elicit toxicity toward people, as evidenced by the
absence of damaging results in humans.
8
According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), about 65% of the world’s populace makes use of plant
life as a key supply of therapeutic substances. It is regularly mentioned that
25% of all medicines prescribed nowadays are derived from plants. The aim
of this chapter is to furnish an exhaustive examination of Tulsi’s common
applications, Ayurvedic significance, geographical distribution, Ayurveda
formulations, business formulations, phytochemicals, cutting-edge ex-
traction processes, and pharmacological profile.
6.2 Ayurvedic Significance and
Ethnopharmacological Relevance
The medicinal properties of O. sanctum including its restorative powers used
to be well-recorded in Ayurveda and Siddha, as well as in Roman, Greek, and
Unani remedies for pore and skin illnesses, frequent chills, headaches,
coughs, malaria fever, diarrhea, constipation, and as an antidote to snake
bites. Tulsi has been recognized as a Rasayana medicinal drug in historic
Ayurvedic writings such as the Charak Samhita, Susrut Samhita, and Rigveda
(3500–1600 BC) for the treatment of coughs, respiratory disorders, poi-
soning, impotence, and arthritis.
9
Tulsi is a regularly occurring manifest-
ation of Ayurveda’s holistic strategy toward wellness. It is referenced by using
Charaka in the Ayurvedic literature Charaka Samhita. Tulsi has a strong,
bitter taste and penetrates deep tissues and dry tissue secretions, thereby
balancing kapha and vata.
10
Tulsi supposedly assists in forestalling sickness,
increasing health, well-being, and longevity, and helps in coping with day-to-
day pressures. Tulsi is additionally viewed as a pore and skin cleanser, a
voice sweetener, and a promoter of attractiveness, intelligence, and stamina.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India recommends 2–3 g leaf powder for the
therapy of pratishyaya (common cold), hikka (respiratory disturbances),
kasasa (cough), aruci (skin diseases), krimirogas (worm therapy), and parsva
sula (chest pain).
11
Hundreds of scientific studies, consisting of in vitro, animal, and human
studies, have been carried out on the medicinal advantages of Tulsi. Tulsi
leaves have been used in Ayurveda, Greek, Roman, Siddha, and Unani me-
dicinal structures for centuries.
12
Tulsi leaves are used in Ayurved ic rem-
edies to treat a variety of ailments and issues. A massive range of illnesses,
including cardiovascular diseases, blood disorders, pore and skin disorders,
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asthma, bronchitis, coughing, earache, hiccups, ophthalmia, gastrointestinal
problems, genital warts, and scabies, have been treated with it. Tulsi has
widely been used to deal with bronchitis, bronchial asthma, malaria, diarrhea,
dysentery, pore and skin problems, rheumatoid arthritis, painful eye dis-
orders, powerful fevers, and malicious animal bites. It’s additionally utilized to
keep gastrointestinal problems at bay. The O. sanctum plant and its chemical
factors have been proven to have an extensive variety of medicinal effects. The
plant has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antidiabetic, hepatopro-
tective, hypolipidemic, antistress, and immunomodulatory properties, in
addition to a huge variety of organic and pharmacological activities.
13
Taken
from historical literature, Figure 6.3 depicts the Rasayana of O. sanctum.
6.3 Geographical Distribution
Tulsi’s distribution covers India, from elevations of 1800 m in the Himalayas
to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and down to sea level in the Indian
Ocean. This plant is exceedingly adaptable, residing in a variety of distinctive
settings.
14
Tulsi has traditionally been an enormously revered and honored
plant in India, Southeast Asia, and man y tropical and subtropical regions of
Asia, and now it is used throughout the world. The plant used to be generally
found in Asia, and it has been utilized for at least 3000 years for culinary and
medicinal purposes.
15
6.4 Botanical Description
O. sanctum is an upright, thickly subdivided, and aromatic plant that grows
to around 30–60 cm in height. Simple, elliptic, oblong, obtuse, or acute
Figure 6.3 As per ancient literature the Rasayana of O. sanctum. Reproduced from
ref. 85 with permission from Charak Samhita.
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