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Integumentary System Diseases and Disorders 417
body, feeding on perspiration and dead skin. Types of
tinea include:
■ Tinea corporis Affects the smooth skin of the
arms, legs, and body. It is characterized by red,
ring-shaped patches with pale centers and is com
monly called ringworm, although no worm is
involved. Tinea corporis is often spread from cats
to humans and is common in children.
■ Tinea pedis The most common form of tinea infec
tion. It is typically called athlete’s foot because it is a
common condition in athletes. Tinea pedis is highly
contagious and can be spread by direct contact with
contaminated surfaces such as locker room floors,
showers, and towels. Athlete’s foot affects the spaces
between the toes, causing intense itching and burn
ing. The affected skin peels, leaving painful cracks or
fissures (Figure 18-13). Untreated athlete’s foot can
spread to the entire foot. Wearing cotton socks, alter
nating shoes to allow complete drying, and wearing
sandals help prevent and treat the fungus.
■ Tinea cruris Often occurs in conjunction with tinea
pedis and is commonly called jock itch. It gener
ally affects the scrotal and groin area of adult men.
It tends to flare up during summer months and is
aggravated by physical activity, tight-fitting jeans,
and increased perspiration.
■ Tinea unguium Involves the fingernail or toenail
and is characterized by white patches in the nail. This
tinea is difficult to treat because the fungus hides
under the nail. Untreated, the fungus can destroy
the entire nail, causing it to thicken, overgrow, turn
white, and become brittle (Figure 18-14).
Figure 18-14 Tinea unguium.
■ Tinea capitis Affects the scalp, causing areas of hair
loss. This tinea occurs most often in children. (See
Chapter 20 for more information.)
■ Tinea barbae Affects bearded areas of the neck and
face and, thus, is commonly called barber’s itch.
Shaving the affected area is helpful.
■ Etiology. Tinea is caused by a variety of fungi.
■ Symptoms. Symptoms include itching, cracking, and
weeping of the skin.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical
appearance and microscopic examination of skin scrap
ings, revealing the fungi.
■ Treatment. Treatment includes keeping the affected
area clean and dry. Antifungal agents in liquid, cream,
and powder forms are effective but must be used con
sistently over a long period of time to eradicate the fun
gus. Oral prescription medications might be needed
and include ketoconazole (Nizoral®) and fluconazole
(Diflucan®). Commonly, these fungal infections recur
and become a chronic problem.
■ Prevention. Keeping the skin healthy, clean, and dry
is the most helpful preventive measure. Other measures
include avoiding tight-fitting clothing and avoiding
areas where fungal infection might be prevalent such as
community showers and hot tubs.
Candidiasis
■ Description. Candidiasis (KAN-dih-DYE-
ah-sis) is commonly called yeast infection or thrush
(Figure 18-15). This fungal infection can be superficial
or systemic and potentially life-threatening.
Figure 18-13 Tinea pedis.
Figure 18-15 Candidiasis. (A) Mouth — thrush. (B) Perineal area — diaper rash. (C) Skin — breast area. (D) Skin—vulva
vaginitis. (E) Esophagus—view through endoscope.
Courtesy of Mark L. Kuss
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Integumentary System Diseases and Disorders 419
■ Etiology. Candida is a fungus that is normal flora of
the skin, mouth, vagina, and intestines. It becomes an
infection when some change in the body allows it to
grow out of control. Taking antibiotics is a common
cause of candidiasis. Antibiotics kill beneficial normal
bacterial flora that help keep candidiasis under control.
Candidiasis also commonly affects individuals with
chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, those who
are on immunosuppressive medications, and those
exposed to long-term water immersion such as dish
washers, bartenders, and waitresses.
■ Symptoms. Symptoms of candidiasis differ, depend
ing on the area affected. Infection in the mouth is called
thrush and commonly occurs in infants. Symptoms
include patches of white infection on the inner cheeks
and tongue.
Candidiasis infection on an infant’s bottom is com
monly called diaper rash and appears as a red, inflamed,
and sometimes scaly rash.
Candidiasis also affects the fingernails and is called
candidal onychomycosis. When it affects the area
around the nail, it is paronychia. Infection between the
fingers and toes often appears as itchy skin with blisters
and pustules.
Candidiasis of the vagina causes vaginitis and is dis
cussed in detail in Chapter 17.
■ Diagnosis. Two primary methods for diagnosis
include microscopic examination of the yeast and pos
itive culture. A blood test and cultures might also be
needed if the infection becomes blood-borne.
■ Treatment. Most Candida infections can be treated
with over-the-counter or prescription antifungal medi
cations. Topical creams, vaginal creams, and oral med
ications are available. More serious infections need
Parasitic Diseases
Parasites are organisms that feed on a host, sometimes
a human. Human parasites affecting the skin are eas
ily spread and cause intense itching. They commonly
occur in crowded living conditions with inadequate
bathing facilities. The two most common skin parasites
are pediculosis (lice) and scabies.
Pediculosis
■ Description. Pediculosis is an infestation of lice. Three
types of lice commonly affect humans:
1. Head lice Commonly spread among school
aged children and their families (Figure 18-16).
See Chapter 20 for more information.
2. Body lice Often occur in individuals with poor
hygiene practices, such as transients and the home
less. Body lice can spread disease and were respon
sible for the spread of typhus during war times.
3. Pubic lice Spread by sexual contact with an
affected individual and commonly called crabs.
Pubic lice infect males and females and cause
intense itching in the genital area. These lice
also can spread to the eyelashes and eyebrows.
■ Etiology. Lice are easily spread by direct contact with
an infected individual, or they can be carried by shar
ing combs, brushes, towels, clothing, or bed linens. Lice
are not partial to any of the socioeconomic classes and,
thus, affect anyone coming in contact with them.
■ Symptoms. Lice can be seen in various areas, depend
ing on the type of insect. Head lice are located on the
scalp, crab lice in the pubic area, and body lice in the folds
of the skin and on the clothing. Head lice lay their eggs
long-term administration of intravenous antifungal
medication. Even with a variety of antifungal medica
tion available, fungal infections are often difficult to
eradicate and can become chronic in some cases.
■ Prevention. Keeping skin clean, dry, and free from
abrasions or cuts can help prevent skin Candida infec
tions. Avoiding unnecessary antibiotics is also preventive.
Figure 18-16 Head lice.
420 Chapter 18
(nits) on the hair shafts of the head. These lice are visible,
as is the nit infestation in the hair. Lice crawl on the body
and feed on human blood, causing severe itching.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is easily made by observation
of lice on the body.
■ Treatment. Eradicating pediculosis is difficult. Treat
ment includes:
■ Bathing and shampooing with medicated sham
poo. (Petroleum jelly can be applied to the eye
lashes to kill lice.)
■ Dry cleaning or washing all clothing and bed linens
in hot water (140°F) for 20 minutes.
■ Cleaning and treating furniture.
All lice on the body, clothing, bedding, and furni
ture must be killed to eradicate a lice infestation.
■ Prevention. Prevention includes avoiding contact
with infested individuals and their clothing, bedding,
and furniture.
Scabies
■ Description. Scabies is an infestation by the itch mite.
■ Etiology. The mite responsible for scabies is
Sarcoptesscabiei, a tiny (0.03-0.09 millimeter long),
eight-leggedparasite (in contrast to six-legged insects).
The pregnantfemale mite burrows into the skin and lays
her eggs in ashort tunnel near the surface of the skin.
The eggs hatchin 3 to 5 days; the mite matures on the
surface of the skinin 2 to 3 weeks, then mates, and the
cycle begins again.
Scabies mites can live off a host body for only 48
to 72 hours. Scabies is often transmitted throughout
an entire household by skin-to-skin contact with an
infected parent or child by hugging, holding, and shar
ing beds. Over a more extended period of time, relatives
and close friends can also contact scabies. Sexual con
tact is the most common form of transmission among
sexually active young people.
It is almost impossible to catch scabies by just
touching or shaking hands with an infected individ
ual. School settings, sports activities, and community
shower rooms also do not provide the level of personal
contact needed for transmission of the mites.
Mites cannot be picked up from animals, although
cats and dogs do get mite infections. In dogs, scabies is
called mange. Animal mites are different from scabies
and do not infect humans, but can produce a mild itch
that goes away in a few days.
■ Symptoms. The word scabies comes from a Latin
word for scratch, the primary symptom for this condi
tion. The action of the burrowing, along with movement
of the mites within the skin, produces an intense itch
that tends to be worse at night. Vesicles and pustules
develop due to hypersensitivity to the bite, the mite’s
feces, and the presence of the ova.
Scabies are not visible with the naked eye but can
be seen with a magnifying glass or microscope. The
scabies burrow is visible and often appears as a slightly
elevated, grayish white line. Common burrow sites are
in the webs between the fingers and toes; in the folds
of skin under the breast, armpits, and genital areas; on
flexing surfaces of the wrist (Figure 18-17); along the
belt line; and around underwear leg lines.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of micro
scopic skin examination revealing the presence of mites.
Female mites can be viewed at the end of the burrowed
tunnel and appear as a tiny black dot.
■ Treatment. Treatment includes application of lindane
cream (Kwell®) to the entire body, leaving the cream on for
8 to 14 hours before showering or bathing. All infected indi
viduals must be treated to prevent reinfection. Itching might
persist for three to four weeks after successful treatment.
Cleaning and treating all personal items at the same
time is recommended to prevent reinfection. Wash in
hot water or dry clean all clothes, bedding, and towels.
Treat furniture, carpets, and rugs. Place personal items
that cannot be adequately cleaned, such as stuffed ani
mals, brushes, gloves, hats, shoes, and pillows in plastic
bags and freeze overnight or starve mites by placing
items in zip-locked plastic bags and storing for a couple
of weeks. Mites die after a week without food.
■ Prevention. Avoiding skin-to-skin contact with an
infected individual is the best preventive measure.
Figure 18-17 Scabies.
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Integumentary System Diseases and Disorders 421
Consider This...
A large amount of the dust in your home is
actually dead skin cells.
Metabolic Diseases
Hyperactivity of the sebaceous gland causes several
skin diseases. Inflammation and infection also can play
a role in these diseases, although the primary cause is
metabolic.
Acne Vulgaris
■ Description. Acne is an inflammation of the seba
ceous (oil-secreting) glands and hair follicles of the
skin. It is characterized by the formation of comedones
(KOM-eh-dones; a plugged skin pore; the open form of
a comedone is a blackhead; the closed form is a white
head) (Figure 18-18). Acne vulgaris is the most com
mon form of acne and affects a large number, or crowd
(vulgus = crowd), of individuals.
■ Etiology. The cause of acne is unknown, but it can
be considered a metabolic disease because it occurs at
puberty during increased production of sex hormones. An
Figure 18-18 Acne vulgaris.
increase in these hormones, especially androgen, causes
an increase in the size and activity of the sebaceous glands
on the face, neck, chest, and back of males and females.
Other factors contributing to the development of acne are
heredity, food allergies, and endocrine disorders. Many
misconceptions and misinformation exist concerning
acne. It is not contagious nor due to lack of cleanliness,
lack of sleep, or lack or excess of sexual release or mastur
bation. Acne vulgaris is not caused by venereal disease or
consumption of chocolate, colas, or fried foods.
■ Symptoms. Acne develops when sebaceous glands
secrete excessive amounts of oil, or sebum, into a skin
pore, eventually clogging the pore and causing the
development of comedones. Sebaceous secretions at
the opening of the pore can become oxidized and turn
black, thus forming a blackhead. If bacteria enter the
accumulated sebum and cause infection, the comedone
becomes a whitehead or pimple. Acne can be mild to
severe. Teens should be instructed to manage acne by:
■ Cleansing the face and affected skin frequently
with antibacterial soap to remove excess oil and
bacteria.
■ Avoiding the use of heavy makeup, which contributes
to clogging the skin pores.
■ Using over-the-counter acne creams or gels to help
dry up excess oil.
■ Avoiding tight-fitting clothing that traps heat.
■ Showering often and especially after exercising or
performing strenuous work.
■ Avoiding the temptation to squeeze comedones
because this can push the collected sebum farther
into the skin pore, causing further inflammation
and infection.
Comedones should be extracted gently, and pus
tules or pimples and cysts should be incised and drained.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is based on a history and phys
ical examination of sebaceous lesions.
■ Treatment. Mild cases of acne are usually managed
with proper cleansing and over-the-counter treatments.
Severe cases need a treatment regimen prescribed by a
dermatologist and often include cleansing with prescrip
tion medications, oral antibiotic therapy (tetracycline),
steroids, and retinoic acid preparations or Retin-A®.
Even with proper treatment, severe cases often result in
permanent skin scarring. Symptoms of acne generally
subside after puberty with or without treatment.
422 Chapter 18
■ Prevention. Following treatment activities both treats
and helps prevent acne.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
■ Description. Seborrheic dermatitis is a common type
of dermatitis affecting the sebaceous, or oil-secret
ing, glands of the skin. It is not harmful or contagious
but can be uncomfortable and unsightly. Seborrheic
dermatitis affecting the scalp of infants is commonly
called cradle cap (Figure 18-19) and usually clears by
12 months of age without treatment. Seborrheic der
matitis affecting the scalp of adults is called dandruff.
■ Etiology. The exact cause is unknown, although
heredity and stress might be factors. This disease appears
to run in families and appears more commonly in indi
viduals who are obese; live with weather extremes; have
other skin disorders such as acne; or have Parkinson’s
disease, stroke, head injury, and impaired immunity
such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Indi
viduals recovering from stressful medical conditions
such as myocardial infarction or who are confined for
long periods of time in nursing homes are also more
prone to this condition. The disease is characterized by
an increase in the production of sebum, causing inflam
mation in the areas of the skin with the greatest number
of glands. There is no cure for this disease.
■ Symptoms. Seborrheic dermatitis affects the scalp, eye
brows, eyelashes, skin behind the ears (postauricular area),
the sides of the nose, and the middle of the chest. Affected
skin is usually reddened and covered with greasy-look-
ing, yellowish scales. The eyebrows and eyelashes of an
individual with seborrheic dermatitis show dry, dirty-
white scales. The affected nose area is generally reddened
and itches. Mid-chest or sternal lesions are reddened and
greasy-feeling. Itching might or might not be present.
■ Diagnosis. The diagnosis is made based on physical
examination of the location and appearance of the skin
lesions.
■ Treatment. Treatment of the scalp involves use of
over-the-counter medicated shampoo. If these are inef
fective, a prescription-strength medicated shampoo
might be necessary. Aggressive therapy includes the use
of steroid lotion or creams.
Non-scalp areas often need to be cleaned and kept
dry and treated often with antifungal or anti-itch med
ications. A prescription medication might be necessary
if the disease is not manageable or if large areas of the
body are involved.
■ Prevention. The severity of this condition can
be lessened by controlling risk factors and treating
appropriately.
Sebaceous Cyst
■ Description. A sebaceous cyst is a closed sac of oily,
cheese-like material located under the skin. This cyst
can form anywhere on the body except in the palms of
the hands and soles of the feet and commonly develops
in the scalp, neck, and groin area. A special type of seba
ceous cyst is a pilonidal cyst, which develops around a
hair in the sacrococcygeal area (Figure 18-20).
■ Etiology. Sebaceous (seh-BAY-shus) cysts develop
when a sebaceous gland becomes blocked and the sebum
collects under the skin. They are often seen in individu
als affected with acne, commonly result from a swollen
hair follicle, and appear as slow-growing, painless lumps.
Courtesy of Mark L. Kuss
Figure 18-19 Seborrheic dermatitis.
Figure 18-20 Pylonidal cyst.
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Integumentary System Diseases and Disorders 423
■ Symptoms. The main symptom is the presence of the
cyst. If it becomes infected, the skin will become red,
warm, and tender over the area.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is made by physical examina
tion of the cyst.
■ Treatment. No treatment is needed unless infection
occurs. A warm, moist compress can be placed over the
area to help relieve pain and promote drainage. Fur
ther treatment includes incising and draining the cyst,
although it might tend to recur. Permanent treatment
is surgical removal.
■ Prevention. There are no known measures that can
prevent these cysts, but maintaining clean, healthy skin
reduces the risk of occurrence.
Consider This...
1
Humans shed about 600,000 skin cells
per hour—approximately 1.5 pounds per
year—and by age 70 years, the average
adult will have lost approximately 105
pounds.
Hypersensitivity or Immune Diseases
Hypersensitivity diseases are those caused by an
immune reaction within the body. Frequently, the cause
is unknown, and treatment is symptomatic.
Eczema
■ Description. Eczema (ECK-zeh-mah) is an inflamma
tion of the skin or a type of dermatitis. It is not danger
ous, not contagious, and often not curable.
■ Etiology. Eczema is also called atopic dermatitis
because it tends to occur in atopic individuals—those
with a genetic predisposition to allergies. Eczema is a
common allergic reaction in children, often beginning in
infancy and believed to be due to allergies to milk, orange
juice, or some other foods. Eczema in infants often dis
appears when the offending food is discontinued. Factors
that can cause eczema include heredity, other diseases,
allergies, and substances that irritate the skin.
■ Symptoms. In adults, eczema often produces dry,
leathery skin lesions characterized by itching, redness,
vesicles, pustules, scales, and crust, appearing alone
or in combination (Figure 18-21). Stress, humidity,
and severe changes in temperature are a few of the
Complementary and Alternative Therapy
Therapies for Skin
Conditions
T
he use of complementary and alternative approaches to dealing with skin conditions
is quite common. Vitamin therapy and herbal supplementation are frequently used
to treat or moderate skin problems especially rashes and minor ailments. There are
several interventions that are advertised as treatments for skin problems, but there are
cautionary issues also that individuals need to know about such as using:
■ Relaxation therapy—it may improve symptoms of atopic dermatitis but there is not
enough scientific evidence to recommend vitamins or herbal supplements for this
condition.
■ Fish oil—there is some evidence that it is beneficial for treatment of psoriasis.
■ Topical tea tree oil or bee venom—there is not enough data to support using this for
acne.
■ Herbal treatments including tea tree oil, garlic, coconut oil, and Manuka honey—there
is not enough evidence to support these being successful in treating impetigo.
■ Natural products—there is not enough evidence for this being a successful treatment
for rosacea.
Perhaps the most important tip for individuals who choose to use complementary
therapies for skin conditions is to do research about the product and discuss the issues
with a health care professional.
Source: NIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2021)
424 Chapter 18
Figure 18-21 Eczema.
Figure 18-22 Urticaria.
identified factors causing an exacerbation or flare-up
of the condition.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical
examination and history.
■ Treatment. Treatment is aimed at decreasing the
occurrence and severity of the condition. Topical cor
tisone creams are often used along with antihistamines
and sedatives to treat pruritus. Sunlight should be
avoided, especially with light-sensitive eczema.
■ Prevention. Eczema is not preventable, but avoiding
irritants reduces symptoms and exacerbation of the
condition.
Urticaria
■ Description. Commonly called hives or nettle rash,
this is a vascular reaction of the skin.
■ Etiology. Urticaria is caused by contact with an exter
nal irritant such as insect bites, pollen, or plants. Urti
caria also can be caused by internal irritants such as
food, drugs, and contrast dye.
■ Symptoms. Urticaria is characterized by slightly
elevated lesions that are redder or paler than the sur
rounding skin and are associated with severe itching.
The elevated areas are called wheals (WEELs) or hives
(Figure 18-22). Scratching or rubbing the hypersensitive
area can lead to formation of larger or additional wheals.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of physical
examination of the characteristic wheal.
■ Treatment. Treatment includes antihistamines and
avoidance of the allergen. (See Chapter 5, “Immune
System Diseases and Disorders,” for more information.)
■ Prevention. Avoiding exposure to the allergen and
avoiding hot baths, showers, or exposure to the sun after
a recent episode are preventive measures. Exposure to
heat can cause the hives to return.
Contact Dermatitis
■ Description. Contact dermatitis is an acute or chronic
allergic reaction affecting the skin.
■ Etiology. Often, the allergen is some type of cosmetic,
laundry product, plant, jewelry, paint, drug, plastic, or a
variety of other agents. Frequently, it is difficult to deter
mine the causative agent and, when found, it is some
times impossible to avoid the causative agent completely
(Figure 18-23).
■ Symptoms. Allergic lesions can range from small,
red, localized lesions to vesicular lesions that cover the
entire body. A common example of a contact dermatitis
is poison ivy. (See Chapter 5, “Immune System Diseases
and Disorders,” for more information.)
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is not always easy. The location of
the rash can help determine diagnosis if the rash appears
under an item of clothing, jewelry, or an area exposed to
sunlight. A use test is performed by placing a small spot
of a suspected substance such as shampoo, laundry deter
gent, perfume, or cosmetic in another area away from the
rash and watching for a reaction. Another helpful test is a
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Integumentary System Diseases and Disorders 425
Figure 18-24 Scleroderma.
Figure 18-23 Contact dermatitis.
patch test in which a patch containing common allergens
is placed on the skin and observed for a reaction.
■ Treatment. Itching can be relieved with a number of
over-the-counter topical medications containing camphor
or menthol. Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine
(Benadryl®) also relieve itching but cause drowsiness.
Cool tub baths can also help. Treatment will not be ben
eficial until there is no further contact with the allergen.
■ Prevention. Avoiding the allergen is the best preven
tive measure. If contact with a known allergen occurs,
immediately washing with soap and water might pre
vent the rash from developing. Application of barrier
creams and wearing protective clothing are also helpful.
Scleroderma
Scleroderma (SKLEHR-oh-DER-mah; sclero = harden
ing, derma = skin) is a chronic autoimmune disorder
characterized by hardening, thickening, and shrink
ing of the connective tissues of the body, including the
skin (Figure 18-24). It is thought that this autoimmune
reaction begins with the skin and connective tissues,
attracting lymph cells that stimulate the production of
collagen, leading to the disorder. More information can
be found in Chapter 5, “Immune System Diseases and
Disorders.”
Idiopathic Diseases
Idiopathic diseases of the skin have no known cause,
but often tend to be familial. They can range from mild
to severe and are generally treated symptomatically.
They tend to be chronic, with periods of remission and
exacerbation of the disease process.
Psoriasis
■ Description. Psoriasis (soh-RYE-uh-sis) is a very
common, chronic skin disease that often affects individ
uals between the ages of 15 and 35. It can appear slowly
or quite suddenly and usually has periods of remission
(no symptoms) and exacerbation (flare-up). Psoriasis is
not contagious.
A classic characteristic of the condition is the rapid
replacement of epidermal cells. Normally, in a square
centimeter of skin, some 25,000 cells produce 1,250
new cells with a life of 300 hours. Epidermal cells in
a square centimeter of skin affected by psoriasis will
number around 52,000 (twice the normal) and will pro
duce 35,000 new cells (28 times more) with a life of only
36 hours (approximately one-eighth as long as normal).
■ Etiology. The cause is unknown, but some heredi
tary basis does exist. Stress, infection, skin trauma, and
sunlight tend to cause an exacerbation of the condition.
■ Symptoms. Psoriasis is characterized by red,
raised lesions with distinct borders and silvery scales
(Figure 18-25). These lesions generally occur on the
elbows, knees, and scalp.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is usually made by physical
examination of the skin condition. A skin biopsy might
be performed to determine the exact type of psoriasis.
■ Treatment. Treatment includes medications to con
trol itching, creams containing coal tar, creams to
remove the scaling (salicylic acid), ultraviolet (UV) light
treatments, steroids, and prescription medications for
vitamin D or vitamin A. Several prescription medica
tions specifically for psoriasis are also available. Oat
meal baths can also be helpful to loosen the scales.
426 Chapter 1 8
Figure 18-25 Psoriasis. (A) Psoriasis — mild.
(B) Psoriasis—severe.
■ Prevention. There is no way to prevent psoriasis,
but certain activities can reduce flare-up of symptoms.
These activities include keeping the skin moist and
avoiding cold climates, skin scratches, stress, infection,
and smoking.
Rosacea
■ Description. Rosacea is a chronic skin condition
characterized by inflammation and redness of the fore
head, nose, cheeks, and chin but is not dangerous or
life-threatening (Figure 18-26). The individual’s facial
Figure 18-26 Rosacea.
Courtesy of Mark L. Kuss
skin appearance can lead to psychological damage
related to loss of self-esteem.
■ Etiology. The cause of rosacea is unknown, but indi
viduals affected blush easily and tend to be fair-skinned,
female, and between the ages of 30 and 50. Rosacea
involves enlargement of the blood vessels just under the
skin and might be associated with other skin conditions
such as seborrhea and acne vulgaris.
■ Symptoms. The facial skin appears red with swelling or
skin eruptions similar to acne. Other symptoms include:
■ A red, bulbous nose.
■ Spider-like blood vessels called telangiectasia of the
face.
■ A burning or stinging sensation of the face.
■ Bloodshot, irritated, watery eyes.
■ Diagnosis. Diagnosis is commonly made by physical
examination of the skin condition.
■ Treatment. There is no known cure. Symptoms
might be controlled by identifying triggers that cause
the condition to become worse. Avoiding sun exposure,
prolonged exertion in hot weather, stress, spicy foods,
alcohol, and hot beverages might reduce symptoms.
Antibiotic ointments applied to the face might con
trol skin eruptions, and laser surgery might reduce the
redness. Surgical reduction of the enlargement of the
nose might be preferred to improve appearance.
■ Prevention. There is no known prevention.
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