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Definition
Pathophysiology
Clinical features
Causes / risk factors
Blood tests
Investigations
Imaging
Complications
Signs
Symptoms
Lifestyle
Management
Pharmacological
Surgical
MIND MAPS
FOR
MEDICINE
Mohsin Azam
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MIND MAPS
FOR
MEDICINE
Student reviewers
Our medical textbooks are assessed and reviewed by the following medical students:
University of Aberdeen School of Medicine and Dentistry: Dylan McClurg
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistr y: Jay Singh
University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences: Hannah Morgan
Cardiff University School of Medicine: Chloe Chia
The University of Edinburgh Medical School: Tanith Bain
University of Exeter Medical School: Zoe Foster
Hull York Medical School: Maalik Imtiaz
King’s College London GKT School of Medical Education: Karan Sagoo
University of Liverpool School of Medicine: Sophie Gunter
University of Manchester Medical School: Holly Egan
Newcastle University School of Medical Education: Jenita Jona James
Norwich Medical School: Aneesa Khan
University of Nottingham School of Medicine: Tom Charles
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Swansea University Medical School: Jack Bartlett
University of Central Lancashire School of Medicine: Katie Chi Kei Cheung
University College London Medical School: Camila Nicklewicz
We are grateful for their essential feedback.
Additional student reviewers wanted
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(simon.watkins@scionpublishing.com) and explain why you would be suitable for the role.
Feedback, errors and omissions
We are always pleased to receive feedback (good and bad) about our books – if you would like to comment on
any of our books, please email info@scionpublishing.com.
We’ve worked really hard with the authors to ensure that every thing in the book is correct. However, errors
and ambiguities can still slip through in books as complex as this. If you spot anything you think might be
wrong, please email us and we will look into it straight away. If an error has occurred, we will correct it for
future printings and post a note about it on our website so that other readers of the book are alerted to this.
Thank you for your help.
Mohsin Azam, MBChB, BSc, MRCGP
General Practitioner, North London
MIND MAPS
FOR
MEDICINE
Mind Maps for Medicine \ v
© Scion Publishing Ltd, 2021
First published 2021
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, without permission.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 9781911510369
Scion Publishing Limited
The Old Hayloft, Vantage Business Park, Bloxham Road, Banbury OX16 9UX, UK
www.scionpublishing.com
Typeset by Medlar Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd, India
Printed in the UK
Last digit is the print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Important Note from the Publisher
The information contained within this book was obtained by Scion Publishing Ltd
from sources believed by us to be reliable. However, while every effort has been made
to ensure its accuracy, no responsibility for loss or injury whatsoever occasioned to
any person acting or refraining from action as a result of information contained herein
can be accepted by the authors or publishers.
Readers are reminded that medicine is a constantly evolving science and while the
authors and publishers have ensured that all dosages, applications and practices
are based on current indications, there may be specific practices which differ
between communities. You should always follow the guidelines laid down by the
manufacturers of specific products and the relevant authorities in the country in
which you are practising.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material
have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be pleased to acknowledge in
subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention.
Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not marked as such,
are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................................................. ix
Acknowledgements
................................................................................................................................ x
Dedications ................................................................................................................................................... x
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................... xi
Chapter 1: Cardiology 1
Angina pectoris ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Acute coronary syndrome .................................................................................................................... 4
Acute pericarditis ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Atrial brillation ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Valvular heart disease ........................................................................................................................... 12
Heart failure ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy ............................................................................ 18
Hypertension ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Infective endocarditis ........................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 2: Respiratory 27
Acute respiratory distress syndrome ........................................................................................... 28
Asthma
........................................................................................................................................................... 30
Bronchiectasis ............................................................................................................................................ 34
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ................................................................................... 36
Cystic brosis ..............................................................................................................................................40
Interstitial lung disease ........................................................................................................................ 42
Lung cancer ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Obstructive sleep apnoea .................................................................................................................. 50
Pleural eusion ......................................................................................................................................... 52
Pneumonia .................................................................................................................................................. 54
Pneumothorax .......................................................................................................................................... 56
Pulmonary embolism ........................................................................................................................... 60
Respiratory failure.................................................................................................................................... 62
Sarcoidosis ................................................................................................................................................... 64
https://t.me/med1917
Mind Maps for Medicine \ vii
vi / Contents
Chapter 3: Gastroenterology 67
Acute liver failure ..................................................................................................................................... 68
Acute pancreatitis
................................................................................................................................... 70
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deciency
........................................................................................................ 72
Chronic pancreatitis
............................................................................................................................... 74
Cirrhosis
......................................................................................................................................................... 76
Coeliac disease
.......................................................................................................................................... 80
Crohn’s disease
.......................................................................................................................................... 82
Gastric cancer
............................................................................................................................................ 86
Gastro-oesophageal reux disease
.............................................................................................. 88
Hereditary haemochromatosis
....................................................................................................... 90
Irritable bowel syndrome
................................................................................................................... 92
Jaundice ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
Oesophageal cancer and other causes of dysphagia ....................................................... 96
Peptic ulcer disease ..............................................................................................................................100
Primary biliary cholangitis ................................................................................................................102
Primary sclerosing cholangitis .......................................................................................................104
Ulcerative colitis .....................................................................................................................................106
Upper gastrointestinal bleed
.........................................................................................................108
Wilson’s disease.......................................................................................................................................112
Chapter 4: Renal 115
Acute kidney injury ..............................................................................................................................116
Chronic kidney disease ......................................................................................................................118
Nephritic syndrome .............................................................................................................................122
Nephrotic syndrome
...........................................................................................................................126
Urinary tract infection .........................................................................................................................128
Chapter 5: Endocrinology 131
Acromegaly ...............................................................................................................................................132
Adrenal insuciency ...........................................................................................................................134
Cushing syndrome ...............................................................................................................................136
Diabetes insipidus .................................................................................................................................138
Diabetes mellitus: overview and management .................................................................140
Diabetic ketoacidosis ..........................................................................................................................148
Hyperaldosteronism
............................................................................................................................152
Hypocalcaemia .......................................................................................................................................154
Hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism ...........................................................................156
Hyperprolactinaemia ..........................................................................................................................158
Hypothyroidism ......................................................................................................................................160
Hyperthyroidism ....................................................................................................................................164
Hypoglycaemia
.......................................................................................................................................168
Hyponatraemia
.......................................................................................................................................170
Hypopituitarism......................................................................................................................................174
Phaeochromocytoma .........................................................................................................................176
Polycystic ovary syndrome
..............................................................................................................178
Chapter 6: Neurology 181
Bell’s palsy ...................................................................................................................................................182
Delirium
.......................................................................................................................................................186
Epilepsy
........................................................................................................................................................190
Extradural haematoma (epidural haemorrhage)
...............................................................194
Guillain–Barré syndrome...................................................................................................................196
Migraine and other causes of headache
................................................................................198
Motor neurone disease ......................................................................................................................202
Multiple sclerosis
...................................................................................................................................204
Myasthenia gravis ..................................................................................................................................206
Neurobromatosis ................................................................................................................................208
Parkinsonism ............................................................................................................................................210
Polyneuropathies ...................................................................................................................................214
Transient ischaemic attack ...............................................................................................................216
Stroke ............................................................................................................................................................218
Subarachnoid haemorrhage ..........................................................................................................222
Subdural haematoma .........................................................................................................................224
Chapter 7: Rheumatology 227
Ankylosing spondylitis .......................................................................................................................228
Fibromyalgia .............................................................................................................................................230
Giant cell arteritis ...................................................................................................................................232
Gout
...............................................................................................................................................................234
Osteoarthritis ............................................................................................................................................236
Osteoporosis .............................................................................................................................................238
Paget’s disease.........................................................................................................................................240
Polymyalgia rheumatica ....................................................................................................................242
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis .............................................................................................244
Psoriatic arthritis .....................................................................................................................................246
Reactive arthritis
.....................................................................................................................................248
Rheumatoid arthritis ............................................................................................................................250
Scleroderma ..............................................................................................................................................254
Septic arthritis ..........................................................................................................................................256
Sjögren syndrome .................................................................................................................................258
Systemic lupus erythematosus .....................................................................................................260
Vitamin D deciency ...........................................................................................................................264
https://t.me/med1917
Mind Maps for Medicine \ ix
viii / Contents
Mind maps (or similar concepts) have been used for
centuries, for learning, brainstorming, visual thinking
and problem solving amongst educators, psychologists
and people in general.They are particularly helpful
for visual learners and help with memorisation and
retention, and are a more engaging form of learning,
helping to improve productivity, eciency and
creativity. Studies on medical students have shown
that using mind maps may yield better pass rates than
traditional note-taking.
It was during my second year of medical school
that I rst really appreciated the value of mind maps
after having a go at constructing some myself for the
rst time. It was certainly a game-changer for me.
It enabled me to digest and retain a large amount
of information in a structured manner, and therefore
resulted in a more ecient learning style. Prior to this
I had spent much more time making lengthy notes
which I found far less productive and rather tedious.
It was at that point that the phrase ‘work smarter, not
harder’ hit home.During medical school, using mind
maps helped me with recall in written examinations,
but I also found that they enabled me to provide more
structured and cogent answers in an OSCE setting, and
examiners seemed to prefer this to simply regurgitating
lists of unstructured and undierentiated information.
A few years ago I recognised the need for a medical
revision guide set out in a mind map format – existing
books seemed to oversimplify their mind maps and not
provide sucient detail. They also failed to supplement
the written information with drawings and photos,
which I feel is vital in a visual memory aid.
This book takes a systems-based approach and
for each of over 100 conditions presents a detailed
mind map, taking readers consistently through
denition, pathophysiology, causes, clinical features,
investigations, management, complications and more.
The book is primarily aimed at medical students, but
it should also be useful for junior doctors and general
practitioners.
Chapters are largely laid out in alphabetical order
to allow for readers to easily locate medical conditions.
There are a few exceptions, however, where it was felt
that some conditions should be grouped together in
terms of a spectrum from less to more severe, such
as the sections covering angina pectoris and acute
coronary syndrome, and also the sections on TIA
and stroke.
For substantial topics where all the relevant and
important information cannot feasibly t onto one
mind map, additional supplementary information is
provided on a Notes page overleaf, in an easy to read
bullet point format.
Additional memory aids in the form of mnemonics
are also included alongside photographs and
illustrations to further enhance retention and
visualisation.
It is important to note that this book is not intended
as a replacement for larger textbooks but should be
seen as a companion to them, giving you a more
innovative and fun way of learning.
I hope that readers not only nd this book enjoyable
and useful in providing medical knowledge but that it
also inspires you to create your own medical mind maps.
Finally, I wish all readers the best with your medical
exams and future careers.
Mohsin Azam
Preface
Chapter 8: Infectious diseases 267
Hepatitis A ..................................................................................................................................................268
Hepatitis D and E
...................................................................................................................................270
Hepatitis B
..................................................................................................................................................272
Hepatitis C
..................................................................................................................................................274
Human immunodeciency virus
.................................................................................................276
Malaria
..........................................................................................................................................................280
Tuberculosis
..............................................................................................................................................282
Appendix: Figure acknowledgements ....................................................................................287
Index
............................................................................................................................................................. 293
https://t.me/med1917
Mind Maps for Medicine \ xi
ABC Airway, breathing, circulation
ABG
Arterial blood gas
ABPM
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACE
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACR
Albumin : creatinine ratio
ACS Acute coronary syndrome
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
ADL
Activities of daily living
AF
Atrial brillation
AIDS
Acquired immune deciency syndrome
AKI
Acute kidney injury
ALP
Alkaline phosphatase
ALT
Alanine transaminase
AMA
Anti-mitochondrial antibody
AMTS Abbreviated mental test score
ANA
Anti-nuclear antibody
ANCA
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Anti-CCP Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
APTT
Activated partial thromboplastin time
ARB
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
AS
Ankylosing spondylitis
ASMA Anti-smooth muscle antibodies
AST Aspartate transaminase
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
AV Atrioventricular
AVP Arginine vasopressin
AXR
Abdominal X-ray
BE Base excess
BIPAP Bilevel positive airway pressure
BNP Brain natriuretic peptide
BP Blood pressure
CABG Coronary artery bypass grafting
CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy
CCF Congestive cardiac failure
CK Creatine kinase
CKD Chronic kidney disease
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CNS Central nervous system
COCP Combined oral contraceptive pill
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure
CRH
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
CRP
C-reactive protein
CSF
Cerebrospinal uid
CT
Computed tomography
CTPA Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram
CV
Cardiovascular
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident
CVD
Cardiovascular disease
CWP Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
CXR
Chest X-ray
DEXA
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
DI
Diabetes insipidus
DIDMOAD
Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus,
optic atrophy, and deafness
DIP
Distal interphalangeal
DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis
DMARD Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug
DOAC Direct oral anticoagulant
DVLA
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
DVT Deep vein thrombosis
EBV
Epstein–Barr virus
ECG Electrocardiogram
ECHO Echocardiogram
EEG Electroencephalogram
eGFR Estimated glomerular ltration rate
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMG Electromyography
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
FBC Full blood count
FEV Forced expiratory volume
FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone
FVC Forced vital capacity
G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GBS Guillain–Barré syndrome
GCA Giant cell arteritis
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale
GFR Glomerular ltration rate
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the student reviewers for their valuable feedback
on the content of some of the chapters.
I am extremely grateful to the team at Scion Publishing Ltd, particularly
Dr Jonathan Ray for his advice, encouragement and, above all, patience.
Dedications
To my beloved parents for all the unconditional love and support
they have given me throughout my life.
To my sweetheart Sevda for the continued love and patience you have for me.
A special mention goes to my adorable baby daughter, Elanur,
you have made me a happy and proud father!
Abbreviations
x / Acknowledgements and Dedications
https://t.me/med1917
Mind Maps for Medicine \ xiii
xii / Abbreviations
GI Gastrointestinal
GLP Glucagon-like peptide
GORD
Gastro-oesophageal reux disease
GRA Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism
GTN
Glyceryl trinitrate
GU
Genitourinary
HAART Highly active antiretroviral therapy
HAV
Hepatitis A virus
HBA1c Haemoglobin A1c
HBPM Home blood pressure monitoring
HDU
High dependency unit
HDV
Hepatitis D virus
HELLP
Haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes
and low platelet count
HEV
Hepatitis E virus
HF
Heart failure
HH Hereditary haemochromatosis
HHS
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
HIV
Human immunodeciency virus
HLA
Human leucocyte antigen
HOCM
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
HRT Hormone replacement therapy
HSP
Henoch–Schönlein purpura
HTN
Hypertension
IBD
Inammatory bowel disease
IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
ICD
Implantable cardioverter-debrillator
ICP
Intracranial pressure
ICS
Inhaled corticosteroid
ICU
Intensive care unit
IDDM
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
IE
Infective endocarditis
IGF
Insulin-like growth factor
IHD
Ischaemic heart disease
INR
International normalised ratio
IPF
Idiopathic pulmonary brosis
ITU Intensive treatment unit
IV Intravenous
JVP Jugular venous pressure
KUB Kidneys, ureter, bladder
LABA
Long-acting beta agonist
LAD Left anterior descending
LBBB
Left bundle branch block
LCx Left circumex
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
LFTs Liver function tests
LMWH Low molecular weight heparin
LOS Lower oesophageal sphincter
LTRA Leukotriene receptor antagonist
LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction
LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy
MART Maintenance and reliever therapy
MCP Metacarpophalangeal
MEN Multiple endocrine neoplasia
MI
Myocardial infarction
MND
Motor neurone disease
MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine
MRA
Magnetic resonance angiogram
MRCP Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
MRI
Magnetic resonance image
MS
Multiple sclerosis
MSK Musculoskeletal
MSM
Men who have sex with men
MTP
Metatarsophalangeal
NAC N-acetyl cysteine
NBM
Nil by mouth
NG
Nasogastric
NICE
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
NSAID
Non-steroidal anti-inammatory drug
NSCLC
Non-small cell lung carcinoma
NSTEMI
Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
OA
Osteoarthritis
OD
Omnie die (once a day)
OGTT
Oral glucose tolerance test
ON
Omni nocte
OSA
Obstructive sleep apnoea
PBC Primary biliary cholangitis
PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention
PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome
PD
Parkinson’s disease
PE
Pulmonary embolism
PEF
Peak expiratory ow
PEFR
Peak expiratory ow rate
PENS
Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
PET Positron emission tomography
PIP
Proximal interphalangeal
PM
Polymyositis
PMR
Polymyalgia rheumatica
PPI
Proton pump inhibitor
PSC Primary sclerosing cholangitis
PT
Prothrombin time
PTH Parathyroid hormone
PVD Peripheral vascular disease
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
RAAS Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
RBBB Right bundle branch block
RCA
Right coronary artery
RF Rheumatoid factor
RR
Respiratory rate
RV Right ventricular
SABA Short-acting beta agonist
SAH Subarachnoid haemorrhage
SALT Speech and language therapy
SAMA Short-acting muscarinic antagonist
SBP Systolic blood pressure
SC Subcutaneous
SCC Squamous cell carcinoma
SCLC Small cell lung carcinoma
SDH
Subdural haematoma
SHBG
Sex hormone binding globulin
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus
SMA
Smooth muscle antibody
SNRI
Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
SNS
Sympathetic nervous system
SOB
Shortness of breath
SPECT
Single photon emission computed tomography
SS
Sjögren syndrome
SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
STEMI ST elevation myocardial infarction
STI Sexually transmitted infection
T1DM
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TB
Tuberculosis
TCA
Tricyclic antidepressant
TED
Thrombo-embolus deterrent
TENS Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TFTs
Thyroid function tests
TIA
Transient ischaemic attack
TNM
Tumour, node, metastasis
TRH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
TTG
Tissue transglutaminase
U&Es
Urea and electrolytes
UC
Ulcerative colitis
UGIB Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
US
Ultrasound
UTI
Urinary tract infection
VF
Ventricular brillation
VT
Ventricular tachycardia
VTE Venous thromboembolism
WCC
White cell count
https://t.me/med1917
Mind Maps for Medicine \ 1
Cardiology
Chapter 1
01
Angina pectoris .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Acute coronary syndrome ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Acute pericarditis ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Atrial brillation ............................................................................................................................................................10
Valvular heart disease ...............................................................................................................................................12
Heart failure .....................................................................................................................................................................14
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy ................................................................................................18
Hypertension .................................................................................................................................................................20
Infective endocarditis
...............................................................................................................................................24
https://t.me/med1917
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