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13 Neurocognitive Disorders
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conditions like MCI and AD, with no reports of serious adverse events, including
seizures or shock. Despite this, given the variability in patient characteristics and treatment parameters, vigilant monitoring for potential adverse reactions remains essential.
13.5 Conclusion
This study offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in TMS and
tDCS interventions for neurocognitive disorders. Despite the development of several new TMS paradigms, rTMS remains the dominant approach. Evidence suggests that rTMS signicantly enhances global cognitive function, as measured by
tools such as the MMSE, MoCA, and ADAS-Cog, when compared to sham stimulation. While improvements in specic cognitive domains, including memory, working memory, and executive function, have been observed, these may reect the
relatively limited number of studies focusing on these areas. Future research should
move beyond broad cognitive assessments and utilize more sensitive measures that
target specic cognitive domains. This approach could help identify the neuropsychological functions most responsive to improvement. Additionally, research may
reveal that TMS applied to specic brain regions can lead to more pronounced
effects in certain cognitive domains. For example, stimulation of the frontal regions
may enhance executive function and working memory more than new learning [15].
This would facilitate a more personalized approach, where TMS interventions are
tailored to address the individual cognitive impairments of each patient. The safety
and tolerability of TMS are well-established, particularly when appropriate safety
protocols are followed, even in older adults with depression [23]. Adherence to
contemporary safety guidelines [22], including thorough participant screening,
maintaining stimulation parameters within safety thresholds, and using qualied
technicians and clinicians, can signicantly mitigate the risk of seizures [25].
Extensive research suggests that tDCS may be a valuable tool for neuromodulating
cognitive function and may potentially support successful cognitive aging [81].
However, these ndings need replication and clinical application. Further studies are
necessary to enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic
outcomes, and inuencing factors, as well as to optimize stimulation parameters.
Future research should focus on determining the ideal stimulation parameters, including dosage, session duration, intersession intervals, optimal stimulation sites, and the
most effective combinations with pharmacological agents and other techniques that
may inuence disease progression. Despite the positive feedback from clinical trials,
tDCS remains an evolving technique, requiring further investigation to establish its
long-term safety. Additionally, healthcare professionals must receive adequate training in tDCS and adhere strictly to safety guidelines when implementing the technique.
Acknowledgments Acknowledgments are extended to all contributors who have facilitated the
completion of this academic manuscript. We thank Bullet Edits Limited for the linguistic editing
and proofreading of the manuscript. Special recognition is given to the geriatric team at Beijing
Anding Hospital for their substantial support and to Dr. Zheng Wei for his valuable input.
358
Disclosure/Conicts of Interest The authors declare no conicts of interest in conducting this
study or preparing the manuscript.
Financial Support This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(82401791); Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH 2022-3-2124); HighLevel Public Health Technical Personnel Construction Training Program (Discipline
Backbone-02-38); Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project (Z141107002514121). The
funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
C. Liu et al.
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