Urological cancers are responsible for high mortality and morbidity around the world. Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of death in men, and currently, surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are utilized for the treatment of this disease. However, tumor cells can develop resistance to therapy, making surgi­cal resection less relevant in advanced stages. Moreover, several risk factors for the pathogenesis of prostate cancer include environmental factors, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and genomic alterations. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in prostate cancer progression can provide new insights into its treatment. This book presents an introduction to the anatomy of prostate tissue, the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, and the epidemiology of prostate cancer. Then, the major biological mechanisms dysregulated in prostate cancer including proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition are covered in this book. In order to better understand the major molecular pathways involved in prostate cancer progression, we dedicated some chapters to evaluating the roles of major signaling pathways including Wnt, STAT3, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs, among others. Understanding the dysregulation of biological and molecular mechanisms can con­tribute to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of prostate can­cer. The genomic alterations accumulate during the progression of prostate cancer and therefore, highlighting their upregulation or downregulation along with inter­actions with other molecular pathways can improve the knowledge toward the genomic and epigenetic proles of prostate cancer. The tumor microenvironment components show interaction in prostate cancer that can determine the biological prole of this disease. In order to further direct the future therapeutics for prostate cancer, some chapters were allocated to understand the role of new therapeutics including natural products, genetic tools, and nanoparticles for the treatment of prostate cancer. The natural products are biocompatible factors and have multi­targeting impact. They can affect different molecular pathways and biological mechanisms to eliminate prostate cancer. Moreover, genetic tools have been intro­duced for the treatment of prostate cancer. Furthermore, the development of

Mehrdad Hashemi, Vahid Tavakolipour, Reza Morovatshoar, Ali Samadpour, Pezhman Shaei Asheghabadi, Hasti Hadadian, Ali Bandsariyan, Zivar Ghasemi, Sima Orouei, Niloofar AbolfathyNajmabady, Mahdieh Bahrami Arz Aghdas, Shima Hajimazdarany, Behdokht Jamali, Rasoul Raesi, and Najma Farahani

9 Prostate Cancer and Noncoding RNAs: A Focus on miRNAs,