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Basic Physics and RadiationBasic Physics and Radiation
Basic Physics and Radiation
Basic Physics and RadiationBasic Physics and Radiation
Safety in Nuclear MedicineSafety in Nuclear Medicine
Safety in Nuclear Medicine
Safety in Nuclear MedicineSafety in Nuclear Medicine
Edited by
G.S. Pant, PhD
Senior Medical Physicist
Department of Nuclear Medicine
King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Formerly
Professor (Medical Physics)
Department of Nuclear Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi - 110029 (India)
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
© Author
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
First Edition : 2008
Edition : 2022
Published by : Mrs. Meena Pandey for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
“Ramdoot”, Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Girgaon, Mumbai - 400 004.
Phone: 022-23860170, 23863863; Fax: 022-23877178
E-mail: himpub@bharatmail.co.in; Website: www.himpub.com
Branch Offices :
New Delhi : “Pooja Apartments”, 4-B, Murari Lal Street, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj,
New Delhi - 110 002. Phone: 011-23270392, 23278631; Fax: 011-23256286
Nagpur : Kundanlal Chandak Industrial Estate, Ghat Road, Nagpur - 440 018.
Phone: 0712-2721215, 2721216
Bengaluru : Plot No. 91-33, 2nd Main Road, Seshadripuram, Behind Nataraja Theatre,
Bengaluru - 560 020. Phone: 080-41138821; Mobile: 09379847017, 09379847005
Hyderabad : No. 3-4-184, Lingampally, Besides Raghavendra Swamy Matham, Kachiguda,
Hyderabad - 500 027. Phone: 040-27560041, 27550139
Chennai : No. 34/44, Motilal Street, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600 017. Mobile: 09380460419
Pune : “Laksha” Apartment, First Floor, No. 527, Mehunpura,
Shaniwarpeth (Near Prabhat Theatre), Pune - 411 030.
Phone: 020-24496323, 24496333; Mobile: 09370579333
Cuttack : Plot No 5F-755/4, Sector-9, CDA Market Nagar, Cuttack - 753 014,
Odisha. Mobile: 09338746007
Kolkata : 108/4, Beliaghata Main Road, Near ID Hospital, Opp. SBI Bank,
Kolkata - 700 010. Phone: 033-32449649; Mobile: 07439040301
Laser Typeset : Elite-Art, Pataudi House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002
Printed at : New Offset Printers, New Delhi-110002, On behalf of HPH.
PrefacePreface
Preface
PrefacePreface
Medical Physics and Radiation Safety have been an integral part of radiation oncology,
radio diagnosis and nuclear medicine. I am fortunate to have witnessed the technological
developments in these three disciplines of medicine over the past 4 decades. Advances in
electronics and computing have enabled the use of both ionizing and non ionizing radiations
for medical imaging. Similarly there has been tremendous progress in the production of
newer radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in
nuclear medicine. While using ionizing radiation for diagnosis or therapy, radiation safety
aspect has to be given due consideration.
During my stay in the department of nuclear medicine at the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, I had the opportunities to edit few books/conference
proceedings with the cooperation of speakers/authors on various topics as relevant to medical
physics, radiation safety and related subjects. These publications had useful ma terials but in
a scattered manner. It was also realized that none of the earlier publications had sufficient
material at one place. This book brings most of the earlier relevant material at one place
after getting it thoroughly revised by respective authors.
Some new chapters such as basics of CT and MR imaging, potential applications of
PET imaging in gene and stem cell therapy, radiation safety in nuclear medicine and radiation
hormesis etc. have been added for completeness.
The book, consisting of a total of 38 chapters, has been structured into five parts. The
first part consists of 12 chapters devoted to the introductory physics, counting statistics,
internal dosimetry, radiation detectors, radiation detection in-vitro and in-vivo, planar and
SPECT imaging in nuclear medicine and QC procedures for instrumentation.
There are 3 chapters in the second part where radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals
are described with their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine.
The third part, with 10 chapters, covers cyclotron, PET, CT and MR imaging. It includes
basic principle and operation of a medical cyclotron, synthesis of positron emitting
radiopharmaceuticals, their quality control, physics of PET, technical aspects of PET/CT and
image registration, applications of PET/CT in clinical medicine and in radiotherapy treatment
planning. Chapters on basics of CT and MR imaging, as relevant to nuclear medicine, have
also been added here.
The fourth part (with 4 chapters) includes some of the quantification techniques in
nuclear medicine such as background subtraction in nuclear medicine (particularly in
renography), deconvolution methods, tracer kinetics and quantification of tissue metabolism
in FDG-PET.
Finally the fifth part with 9 chapters focuses on basic concepts in radiobiology,
Radiobiological basis of radiological protection, radiation risks, radiation safety in general
nuclear medicine and in cyclotron PET facility and radiation hormesis.
I feel that the book with the scientific content mentioned above should be useful to the
students in nuclear medicine and allied sciences.
Manuscripts have been edited to the extent considered necessary for readers. However,
the illustrations/figures used and views expressed/implied remain the responsibility of authors.
G.S. Pant
AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
Acknowledgement
AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
The authors and co-authors of most of the chapters have thoroughly revised their earlier
manuscripts in books/proceedings published by Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. All
the contributers in this book are experts in their respective fields and have done commendable
job both in revising their earlier manuscript and/or in prepairing a new one. As an editor I
gratefully acknowledge their cooperation and timely submission of the manuscripts.
The valuable suggestions made by faculty and students in Nuclear Medicine were also
of great help in giving shape to this book. The chapters on CT and MR imaging have been
included on the suggestions of readers. I am confident that the efforts of authors will be
enjoyed and valued by the readers.
The help rendered by Mrs. Pushpa, in editing few chapters and drawing the figures is
gratefully acknowledged. I appreciate the cooperation of Dr. S. Senthamizhchelvan, and
Dr. A.K. Pandey in editing the manuscripts. Special mention need to be made of their
cooperation in preparing the subject index. I thank Shri S.L. Kapoor, TSG Integrations, New
Delhi for his persuation to bring out this book. I am also thankful to the Himalaya Publishing
House, Mumbai for their help in publishing this book.
Contents
Part – I
Basic Physics and Imaging techniques
Page No
1. Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics
G.S. Pant and H. Rajabi
2. Interaction of Radiation with matter 15-25
G.S. Pant
3. Radioactivity 26-40
G.S. Pant and A. K. Shukla
4. Counting Statistics 41-62
A.K. Pandey
5. Dosimetry of Internally Administered Radionuclides 63-81
A.R. Reddy
6. Radiation Detectors 82-96
G.S. Pant
7. Radionuclide Dose Calibrator 97-103
G.S. Pant
8. Scintillation Detection (in-vitro) 104-110
G.S. Pant
9. Detection of Radiation (in-vivo) and Gamma Camera Imaging 111-144
G.S. Pant
3-14
10. Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) 145-176
G.S. Pant and H. Rajabi
11. Image Filtering in Nuclear Medicine 177-190
H. Rajabi
12. Fourier Transformation in Nnuclear Medicine 191-201
H. Rajabi
13. Image Quality in Nuclear Medicine 202-207
G.S. Pant
Part — II
Radionuclides/Radiopharmaceuticals in Nuclear Medicine
14. Radionuclides in Medicine and Research 211-226
N. Ramamoorthy, S. Padmanabhan and M. Venkatesh
15. Radiopharmaceuticals in Clinical Nuclear Medicine 227-240
S. Senthil Kumar, Ajay Kumar and GP Bandopadhyaya
16. Nuclear Medicine in Diagnosis and Therapy-an overview 241-255
Chetan D Patel, M. Chawla and C.S. Bal
Part — III
Cyclotron, PET, CT and MRI
17. Medical Cyclotron: Basic Principle and Operation 259-272
G.S. Pant and S. Senthamizhchelvan
18. Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Principle, Instrumentation 273-296
and Performance Evaluation
G.S. Pant and S. Senthamizhchelvan
19. PET Radiochemistry and PET Radiopharmaceuticals 297-315
M.G.R. Rajan
20. Combined PET/CT: Technical Aspects and Image Registration 316-325
Habib Zaidi
21. Image Correction Techniques in SPECT and PET 326-335
Habib Zaidi
22. Combined PET/CT: Clinical applications 336-367
Rakesh Kumar and Madhavi Chawla
23. PET/CT based Radiotherapy Treatment Planning 368-379
R. Prabhakar and T. Ganesh
24. PET Imaging: Potential Applications in Gene and Stem Cell Therapy 380-387
Tarun Singhal
25. Computed Tomography in PET/CT 388-399
Mahesh Mahadevappa
26. MR Imaging: Basic Concepts 400-418
S. Senthil Kumaran
Part - IV
Quantification Techniques in Nuclear Medicine
27. Background Subtraction in Nuclear Medicine 421-430
H. Rajabi
28. Deconvolution Analysis in Renography 431-445
H.Rajabi and G.S. Pant
29. Radiotracer Kinetics: Applications in Nuclear Medicine 446-460
J. Bharathi Dasan
30. PET Quantification 461-474
S. Senthil Kumar & Ajay Kumar
Part — V
Health Physics and Radiation Safety
31. Basic Concepts in Radiobiology 477-494
G.S. Pant, S. Senthamizhchelvan and O. Nair
32. Radiation Risks 495-504
A. Nagaratnam
33. Radiobiological Basis of Radiation Protection 505-517
B.S. Rao
34. ICRP Recommendations 518-529
S.C. Jain and A.R. Reddy
35. Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine 530-598
B. Rajashekharrao and G.S. Pant
36. Radiation Safety in Medical Cyclotron and PET-CT 599-613
B. Rajashekharrao and G.S. Pant
37. Diagnostic Reference Levels for Nuclear Medicine 614-617
S C Jain
38. Radiation Hormesis: a Useful Modality in Human Health 618-633
C.M. Pathak, P.K. Avti, G. Kaushik and K.L. Khanduja
Subject Index 635-645
Part – I
Basic Physics and Imaging Techniques
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