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134 Herbal Pharmacopeia
6.2.8 AnTipyReTic AcTiviTy of meDicinAl heRbs
Fever, also known as pyrexia, is characterized by an increase in body temperature beyond the normal
physiological range. Pyrexia is caused by different factors, including microbial infections, increased
secretion from the thyroid, due to leukemia, excessive exercise, physiological stress such as during
ovulation, and injuries to the central nervous system (Balunas & Kinghorn, 2005). Whenever the
body comes in contact with any infectious particles, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, the body’s
natural defense mechanism becomes activated to make the environment unfavorable in order to make
it more difcult for these pathogens to survive. Proinammatory mediators, such as interleukin 1β,
β, α, and TNF- α production, is increased in response to damaged tissue or the presence of any infec-
tious agents (Sultana et al., 2013). The production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which occurs close
to the peptic hypothalamus area, is stimulated by these cytokines. Prostaglandin, in turn, acts on
the hypothalamus to increase body temperature. Antipyretic drugs are used to reduce the increased
body temperature; they work by inhibiting the expression of COX- 2, which subsequently inhibits
the synthesis of prostaglandin (Vane & Botting, 1995). Though COX- 2 is inhibited by synthetic
antipyretic drugs with great selectivity, there are certain limitations of synthetic antipyretic agents
as they have adverse effects on other organs as well such as the cortex of the brain, glomeruli, heart
muscles, and hepatic cells. Natural COX- 2 inhibitors, on the other hand, have low selectivity and
minimal side effects (Vane & Botting, 1995). For many centuries, fever has been treated with the
help of antipyretic agents isolated from plants. It is therefore essential to look for more herbal drugs
that also have signicant antipyretic activity, but which are less toxic, have fewer side effects, and
can be used as an alternative to synthetic drugs e.g., paracetamol (Chhetri, 2004).
6.2.8.1 Medicinal Plants Possessing Antipyretic Properties
The member of the Maliaceae family, M. azedarach, generally called Bakyain, is a medicinal herb
and exhibits potent antipyretic properties. Studies revealed a dose- dependent decrease in elevated
body temperature when treated with hydro- methanol extract of M. azedarach. The extract at 500 mg/
kg has a similar effect as the standard prescribed medication paracetamol (Sultana et al., 2013). The
medicinal plant P. cineraria of Leguminosae, also called Kherji, Ghaf, or Jandi, is grown in different
countries in the Middle East. This plant is also famous for its signicant antipyretic activity. Albino
rats were used to investigate the ethanol extract of P. cineraria for its antipyretic effect against
brewer’s- yeast- induced pyrexia, which is present in its leaves and fruits. It was found that the in studies temperature of a rat was signicantly lowered by the application of P. cineraria leaves and fruit
extract in a manner comparable to that achieved by standard drugs (Joseph et al., 2011). P. nigrum,
also known as species of king from the family Piperaceae, is another example of an antipyretic herb.
This herb is utilized for conventional home treatment to reduce fever. Wistar albino rats were shown
with an elevation of antipyretic properties of the alcoholic extracts of P. nigrum. A brewer’s yeast
suspension injection at 15% (w/v) was used to induce pyrexia in rats. P. nigrum with concentrations
of 250 and 500 mg/kg considerably lowers the temperature of the body, when compared with the
use of standard drugs (Damanhouri, 2014). The medicinal herb known as P. rubra L. is from the
family Apocynaceae. It is commonly known as true frangipani. The ethanolic extract of P. rubra was
evaluated for its antipyretic properties and this revealed that the P. rubra at 200 mg/kg considerably
reduced the increased body temperature of rabbits comparable to the standard drug aspirin (Baghel
et al., 2010). A three- metre- tall shrub from the Capparaceae family is known as C. trifoliata (Roxb.)
Wt.& Arn. This medicinal plant is known to treat several ailments such as syphilis and sores, and
can be utilized as an emmenagogue, deobstruent, antiphlogistic anthelmintic, and so on. The aqueous extract and ethanolic extract of C. trifoliata was assessed for its antipyretic activity on Wistar
rats in which pyrexia was induced by yeast. The extracts of aqueous and ethanol of C. trifoliata at a
concentration of 500 mg/kg body weights are drastically seen in the reduction of the body temperature and pyrexia induced by yeast which is comparable to the standard antipyretic drug paracetamol
at 45mg/kg. This study reveals the potent antipyretic property of C. trifolia (Mythreyi et al., 2009).
Pharmacological Properties of Herbal Drugs 135
6.2.9 AnTiAlleRgic AcTiviTy of meDicinAl heRbs
An allergy is an exaggerated reaction caused by the body’s immune system, whenever it comes in
contact with some sort of foreign particle. This reaction can be regarded as exaggerated because in
the body of non- allergic people, these foreign particles are typically recognized as harmless and the
body doesn’t trigger such a reaction. Herbal drugs, along with synthetic drugs, are considered suitable anti- allergens because they have minimal side effects (P. P. Gupta et al., 1995).
Ethanolic extract of medicinal plant Vitex negundo has been demonstrated to inhibit mast cell
degranulation, which is mediated by the immune system more efciently than the synthetic compound. Furthermore, in mice during active paw anaphylaxis, this ethanolic extract reduced oedema.
The tracheal contractions, both initially and at later sustained phases, are also inhibited by this
extract. The extract was found to inhibit the release of histamine, which causes the initial phase of
paw anaphylaxis and the later phase is primarily by the lipid mediators release from arachidonic acid
is also inhibited by this extract. The notable anti- allergic activity was found to be demonstrated by
an alcoholic extract of Nyctanthus arbortristis and Andrographis paniculate seeds, Cedrus deodara
wood extract as well as Albizzia lebbeck bark aqueous extract in rat anaphylaxis, and mast cell
degranulation investigation (Barua et al., 1997).
6.2.10 AnTiDiAbeTic AcTiviTy of meDicinAl heRbs
It has been found that natural substances from organisms (including plants, animals or microorganisms) acquire benecial properties for humans, plants, and animals. According to the estimation of
the World Health Organization, approximately 80% of the people of developing countries use folk
medicines or traditional medicines. Most of these medications are prepared from plants and are used
for treating various diseases. Traditional medicines have several advantages over synthetic drugs
as these medicines are less toxic to the body, have very minimal side effects, are very inexpensive,
and are clinically effective. The study demonstrates an increasing focus on using medicinal plantderived phytochemicals in pharmaceutical industries. Steroids, lignin, glycosides, phenolic and carbohydrates, and so on, are small molecules (known as secondary metabolites) which are isolated
from plants and these components are known to have a diverse range of biological properties for the
welfare of humans (Tran et al., 2020). These properties include antibacterial, anti- allergic, antidiabetic, and anti- inammatory ones. The metabolic disorder of the β-cells of the pancreas results in
a chronic disease commonly known as diabetes mellitus. The insufcient production of insulin by
β-cells of the pancreas results in Type 1 diabetes mellitus and this condition leads to hyperglycemia.
This condition is also caused by inadequate production of insulin because of insulin resistance in
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Kayarohanam, 2015). The current diabetes mellitus medications have the
goal of controlling and reducing the glucose level of blood back to normal levels. However, during
treatment, the usage of synthetic drugs brings many side effects and thus causes many serious health
problems. Therefore, traditional medicines are the best suitable alternative for traditional medicines
and they have thus been used for a long time due to their importance in the treatment of the disease.
Additionally, in recent years, new bioactive medicines derived from plants have exhibited signicant
antidiabetic activity. These components have more effective antidiabetic activity than currently used
oral hypoglycemic agents in clinical treatments. Traditional medicines have been shown to be an
efcient clinical practice and to hold a bright future for diabetes mellitus treatment. Many medicinal
plants which have been used as traditional antidiabetic medication demonstrated a signicant antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effect and the hypoglycemic mechanism of these medicinal plants has
been investigated thoroughly (M. C. Sidhu, 2013).
6.2.10.1 Medicinal Plants Possessing Antidiabetic Activity
One of the most common vegetables found in the tropical areas is Momordica charantia (MC) also
known as bitter melon. Although this is commonly used as a vegetable, it can also be used as a herbal
136 Herbal Pharmacopeia
drug and has been used in traditional medicine for many centuries. MC has been demonstrated to
have many biological properties, such as antibacterial, anti- oxidant, antiviral, and anticancer effects.
It has been shown that MC possesses signicant antidiabetic properties. Some insulin- like protein
particles are present in the callus, seeds, and fruits of Momordica charantia (P. Khanna et al., 1981).
These protein works in a similar manner to human insulin and reduce high levels of glucose when
its impacts are investigated effect in trials on rats, humans, langurs, and gerbils (Dans et al., 2007).
Similarly, in Korea, Ginseng has been a widespread medicinal plant in folk medicines over many
centuries. Ginseng belongs to the family Araliaceae and the genus Panax (Attele et al., 2002). The
anti- diabetic properties of Panax ginseng roots have been investigated by many researchers through
both in vitro and in vivo studies (Ratan et al., 2021). Ginseng- specic saponins and ginsenosides
are the most important phytochemicals isolated from Panax ginseng. Among these, the most effec-
tive component in diabetic treatment in rats induced by streptozotocin is Ginsenosied Rb2, which
indicates that Ginsenosied Rb2 decreases the glucose level of blood (Korayashi & Oura, 1985).
A promising antidiabetic property has been demonstrated by saponins, which have been derived
from ginseng (Attele et al., 2002). These phytochemicals act as anti- diabetic agents by regulating
and reducing the enzymatic activity in the metabolism of glucose and thus regulating the production of insulin (Hyun et al., 2020). The onion, which is also known as Allium cepa Linn, belongs
to the Liliaceae family. A large number of phytochemicals have been identied and isolated from
this vegetable. These bioactive substances include avonoids, phenolics, amino acids, essential oils,
thiosulnates, vitamins, and other substances. Diverse bioactivities have been exhibited by these
isolated bioactive compounds such as antioxidant activity, anti- inammatory activity anti- diabetic
activity, from their onion extracts. Different studies conrmed Allium cepa a potent hypoglycemic
agent (Galal & Gawad, 1965). S- methyl cysteine sulfoxide is an important component of the bulb
part of the onion and is the source of the active components responsible for its anti- diabetic activity.
These components reduce the blood glucose value and possess a signicant antioxidant property.
S- methylcysteine sulfoxide exerts its antidiabetic activity through three different mechanisms: (1)
S- methylcysteine sulfoxide increases the pancreatic secretion of insulin and thus increases the insulin level in the blood; (2) S- methylcysteine regulates the absorption of dietary glucose; and (3) it
makes effective use of insulin (Kumari & Augusti, 2002)
6.2.11 immunomoDulAToRy AcTiviTy of meDicinAl heRbs
Immunomodulators are crucial substances that actively regulate and normalize the immune system, whether they are natural or synthetic. They can rectify weakened immune systems and balance overly active immune systems. The use of immunomodulators activates the body’s natural
defense systems, including cytokines, to enhance its ability to protect itself. Furthermore, the
stimulation of the immune system by plants has been employed to treat autoimmune diseases. A
potent immunostimulant activity has been demonstrated by A. paniculata and andrographolide
ethanolic extract (Puri et al., 1993). Andrographolide, through the induction of macrophage,
cytokines, and natural killer cells, regulates specic and nonspecic functions of the immune
(Peng etal., 2002). A disease- free state of the body is regulated with the help of the stimulation and repression of the immune response. Animals in both normal and immunosuppressed
states which are induced by surgery or hemi- splenectomy can be protected from infection with
the aid of medicinal plants, including Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, and Withania
somnifera. These medicinal plants are known to produce white blood cells, specically neutrophils, and inhibit the induction of leucopenia to varying degrees. It has also been suggested that
polymorphonuclear and monocyte- macrophage systems are activated by these plants (Dahanukar
& Thatte, 1997). A cell- mediated response is also triggered by A. indica, as conrmed by the
inhibition of macrophage migration and enhanced the thickness of the footpad (Muntgantiwar et
al., 1997). It has been found that immunostimulatory effects are demonstrated by Janakia arayal-
pathra root suspension in mice.
Pharmacological Properties of Herbal Drugs 137
Plaque- forming cells assay reveals that, following immunization with sheep erythrocytes, the
level of humoral antibody is increased by Janakia arayalpathra and it also increases the number of
spleen cells that secrete antibodies after immunization with sheep erythrocytes. It signicantly
raised the peritoneal macrophage number and led to a notable increase in delayed hypersensitivity
reaction in mice. In suppressed mice, the suppressed humoral response is signicantly reversed by
the alkaloidal fraction of Boerrhiva diffusa (Verma & Singh, 2008).
6.3 ADVANTAGES OF MEDICINAL HERBS
Herbal medicines are considered to be more effective and potent for serious health issues than
traditional medicines, which do not respond effectively to chronic diseases. Herbal medicines are
safer for use than traditional medicines because they have minimal side effects. The treatment of
arthritis is one of the best examples of herbal drugs and alternative medications. Viox, a well- known
prescribed medication for arthritis treatment, was recalled from the market because it caused some
serious cardiovascular issues. By contrast, alternative treatments, such as the herbal drugs used for
arthritis treatment, have very few side effects.
Cost is another big advantage of herbal drugs. Herbal drugs are much less expensive than traditional medicines. The costs of research, testing, and marketing are the main reasons for the relatively
high prices of modern medicines
Availability is another of the big advantages of herbal medicines. Some simple and potential
herbs, such as chamomile and peppermint, can be easily grown at home while other medicines can
be used without prescription. The only treatment used by people in some remote parts of the world
is herbs.
6.4 DISADVANTAGES OF MEDICINAL HERBS
Although there are many advantages of herbal medicines, there are also some drawbacks to their
use. Herbalists cannot efciently treat serious medical conditions such as heart attacks and appendicitis, or treat traumas and fractured bones with herbal medicines. However, professional doctors
can treat these conditions effectively with synthetic drugs and they have advanced diagnostic tests.
They also have access to advanced surgical tools and drugs. Herbal medicines cannot effectively
treat sudden illnesses and accidents; these are treated efciently with modern medicine. Another big
drawback of herbal medicines is the risk of harming oneself with improper self- dosing with herbs.
Although it may be debated that accidental overdosing can also occur with medication, many herbal
medicines do not have clear instructions or package inserts. Overdose is thus a very real risk. It is
very risky to harvest herbs in the wild; however, some people still identify, gather, and utilize wild
herbs. Due to the lack of tight regulation on herbal medicinal products, people still risk their lives
consuming low- quality herbal medicines. Herbal products may differ in quality between producers,
brands, and batches, meaning that the proper dosage of herbal medicine is much more difcult to
prescribe (S. Singh & Sedha, 2016).
6.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF MEDICINAL HERBS
For a long time, the production procedures of medicines from plants have been passed only verbally
by practitioners of traditional herbal. In general, the records of the production of these medicines
is not commonly kept. However, the WHO has started to authenticate the use of medicinal plants
for the treatment of diseases by researchers across the world. As a result, present- day developing
countries are making efforts to accumulate ethnomedical information on herbs so that the pharmacological values of herbs can be easily validated scientically. Once the preparation of the ethnomedical herbs is assessed and properly publicized, people will better understand and be satised with
effective drug treatment, leading to enhanced health outcomes (Jahromi et al., 2021). Additionally,
138 Herbal Pharmacopeia
because of their abundance in therapeutic compounds, plants can also be used as raw materials for
the manufacture of a vast variety of semisynthetic chemical compounds such as perfumes, cosmetics, and foodstuffs (Efferth et al., 2016). Products that are plant- derived are gaining in popularity
day by day and gaining in acceptance for their utilization in many industries, including the global
cosmetic industry. Therefore, medicinal plants are now performing crucial activities in the development of economic growth because of their double role as a source of healthcare and a source of
commercial income.
The demand for herbal medicines and treatments is likely to increase in future years, making the
supply of these herbal drugs a prosperous business (Rodrigues & Barnes, 2013). This implies that
doctors, pharmaceutical industries, and researchers will turn to countries like India, China, and other
well- developed countries to source their supplies because these countries are very diverse in terms
of medicinal plant resources, and are the leading exporters of herbal materials. Plant- derived products are gaining in popularity as affordable and safer substitutes to conventional therapeutic drugs;
therefore, in the coming years plants will be utilized, either in their entirety or in the form of drugs
(Farah et al., 2000).
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