Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Химия. Сборник задач и упражнений. Учебно-методическое пособие-2
.pdf
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪ
ɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɗɬɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɢɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɉɊɑɟɦɦɟɧɶɲɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢɬɟɦɦɟɧɟɟɪɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɢɦɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ
Ɍɚɤɤɚɤɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɨɧɨɜ±
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɦɚɹ ɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɬɚɤɢɯɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ
ɞɥɹ
ɜɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɩɪɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɠ
ɧɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ
ɂɡ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢɂɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɨɫɚɞɤɚɦɚɥɨɪɚɫ
ɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɝɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɩɪɢɭɫɥɨɜɢɢɱɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ
ɰɢɢɟɝɨɢɨɧɨɜɦɟɧɶɲɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɞɢɞɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɩɪɢ ι& ɪɚɜɧɨÂí
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɢɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 3E,
ɩɪɢɞɚɧɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
3E,
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɩɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
l3E,í
3E,
ɉɪɢɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɢɨɞɢɞɚɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢɨɧɨɜɢɨɞɚɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹɜɞɜɚɪɚɡɚɛɨɥɶ
&&
ɲɟɱɟɦɢɨɧɨɜɫɜɢɧɰɚɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫɬɢɫɨɥɢ
ɉɊ & &
3E,
3E ,
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ȼɵɪɚɡɢɦɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ,
,3E
í
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚɬɨ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨ
ɝɞɚ
ɉɊ & & &
3E 3E 3E
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɢɨɧɨɜɫɜɢɧɰɚ
&
3E
ɚɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɢɨɧɨɜɢɨɞɚ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ$J
&
32
,
ɜɜɨɞɟɩɪɢιɋ ɪɚɜɧɚɝɥɊɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɥɶɥ
ɦɨɥɶɥ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚɣɞɟɦɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ
0
ÂÂ ɝɦɨɥɶ
$J 32
&
0
ɦɨɥɶɥ
ɉɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɶ
ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ32
í
ɪɚɜɧɚ&Ɇɚɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ$J+ɜɪɚɡɚɛɨɥɶɲɟɬɟ
32
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ$J
ɉɊ & &
í
ɢɦɨɥɹɢɨɧɨɜɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ$J+ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɢɨɧɚ
& ɦɨɥɶɥ& ɦɨɥɶɥ
32 $J
$J 32
32
$J 32
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɵɪɚɜɧɵɟɨɛɴɟɦɵɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɯɥɨɪɢɞɚɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɢɫɭɥɶɮɚ
ɬɚɧɚɬɪɢɹɈɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɥɢɨɫɚɞɨɤɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ"
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ &D+ɢ62
í
ɢɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɟɝɨɫ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɌɚɤɤɚɤɩɪɢɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢɢɫɯɨɞ
ɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɨɛɳɢɣɨɛɴɟɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɜɞɜɨɟɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɬɨɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɜɞɜɨɟɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
&
62
í
Â
ɦɨɥɶɥ
&
&D
&
ɢ
&D
&
62
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣɢɨɧɨɜ
&&
D&62
ɉɨɞɚɧɧɵɦɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɉɊ
&D62
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɢɡ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
ɛɭɞɟɬɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɦɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɤɚɥɶɰɢɹɢɨɫɚɞɨɤɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
ɉɊ
+
ɢɨɧɨɜ&D
1D
&U2
ɉɊ
$J &U 2
ɢ32
ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ $J
ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ $J+ɜɷɬɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɟɫɥɢ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ$J
&D 32
ɩɪɢιɋ ɪɚɜɧɨ Â
í
ɜɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ&D32ɩɪɢɷɬɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
&U2
Į
ɢ
1D &U 2
í
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɥ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɨɥɶ
&2
ɜɜɨɞɟ
ɉɊ
$J &2
ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 3E62
ɥɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɝɫɨɥɢȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ
ɉɊ
ɩɪɢιɋ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ÂíɄɚɤɨɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɫɨ
3E)
ɉɊ
3E62
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ
ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹɜɥɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"Ʉɚɤɚɹɦɚɫɫɚɫɜɢɧɰɚɜɜɢɞɟɢɨɧɨɜɫɨ
ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹɜɥɷɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɢɨɧɵ 62
í
ɢ&U2
í
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚɛɵɬɶɛɨɥɶɲɟɢɜɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɪɚɡɱɬɨɛɵɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚɫɟ
ɪɟɛɪɚɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ $J,2
ɝɫɟɪɟɛɪɚȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ
Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ .%U ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ
ɉɊ
ɉɊ
$J,2
$J 62
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦɥɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɜɜɢɞɟɢɨɧɨɜ
ɉɊ
$J &U2
ɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧ $J12
ɨɫɚɞɤɚ"
ɉɊ
$J%U
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɩɪɢɦɢɬɟ
ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɜɧɨɣɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ &D&2
ɩɪɢ ιɋɪɚɜɧɚ Âí ɦɨɥɶɥ ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢɷɬɨɣɫɨɥɢ
ȼɦɥɜɨɞɵɩɪɢιɋɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹɝ$J
&U2ɑɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢɷɬɨɣɫɨɥɢ"
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɝ 3E,
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɥ ɜɨɞɵ Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢɫɨɥɢ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɜɢɞɟ ɢɨɧɨɜɜ ɥ ɧɚɫɵ
ɳɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ$J%U
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɤ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɪɚɜɧɵɣɨɛɴɟɦɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+62"
$J12
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɤ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ
3E12
&D&O
$J12
ɪɚɜɧɵɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɢɨɧɨɜ=Q
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɪɚɜɧɵɣɨɛɴɟɦɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ1D&O"
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɜɦɨɥɶɥ&D)
ȼɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɜɨɜɬɨɪɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɦɟɧɶɲɟɱɟɦɜɩɟɪɜɨɦ"
Ʉ ɦɥ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ +&O ɞɨɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɦɥ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ȼɵɩɚɞɟɬɥɢɨɫɚɞɨɤɯɥɨɪɢɞɚɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ"
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɰɢɧɤɚɪɚɜɧɨā
í
ɢ2+
ɜɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɷɬɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ"
ɜɜɨɞɟɢɜɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
í
ɑɟɦɭ
ɂɨɧɧɨɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɜɨɞɵȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɍɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɚɹɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜɨɞɚɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬɧɟɡɧɚɱɢ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸɗɬɨɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹɬɟɦɱɬɨɛɭɞɭɱɢɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɥɚɛɵɦɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦɜɨɞɚɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɧɚɢɨɧɵɩɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
2ļ+2+í
+
ɗɬɨɦɭɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
&&
+2+
.
&
+2
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ ɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ
ɬɪɚɰɢɹɧɟɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɜɨɞɵɫɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸɪɚɜɧɚɨɛ
ɳɟɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɜɨɞɵɬɟ ɦɨɥɶɥȼɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ
ɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
&.
ɞɥɹɞɚɧɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
2+
&& .& .
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ
+2+
.
ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ +ɢ2+í
+2
+2 +2
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸɩɪɢɞɚɧɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭɢɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɫɹɢɨɧɧɵɦɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦɜɨɞɵ
ȼɱɢɫɬɨɣɜɨɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɢɨɧɨɜɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɢɨɧɨɜɨɞɢɧɚɤɨ
ɜɵɢɩɪɢ
.
ɬɭɪɟ
>+@Â>2+í@
+2
ιɋɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
í
ɦɨɥɶɥɈɬɫɸɞɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɱɬɨɩɪɢɷɬɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ
í
Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɜɨɞɵ±ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɨɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟ
ɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɜɨɞɵ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ
ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɦɨɠɧɨɜɨɜɫɟɯɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
.
+2
í
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɢɨɧɨɜ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ>+
@ >2+í@ íȼɤɢɫɥɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ>+@!>2+í@< íɜ
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ>+
ȼɦɟɫɬɨɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɢɨɧɨɜ+
ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢɉɪɢιɋ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶ
@>2+í@! í
+
ɢ2+íɭɞɨɛɧɟɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹɢɯɞɟɫɹɬɢɱ
ɧɵɦɢɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɚɦɢ ɜɡɹɬɵɦɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɷɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ
ɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ
SɇɢSɈɇ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɝɢɞ-
S+ OJ& S+ OJ&
Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɪɭɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
+2+
&& .
+2+
ɢ ɦɟɧɹɹ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬ
+2
ɧɵɟɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ȼɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢ
S+ S2+ S.
ιɋS+S2+ ɉɪɢɷɬɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɜɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶ
+2
ɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯS+ ɜɤɢɫɥɵɯS+ɜɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯS+!
ɉɪɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯɫɜɨɞɧɵɦɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ
ɸɬɫɹɧɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɚɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɨɧɨɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
S
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ S+ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸÂ
í
ɦɨɥɶɥ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ .2+
ɬɤɢɦɟɟɬɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɧɚɹɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
&
Âíɦɨɥɶɥ
2+
ɂɫɯɨɞɹɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɜɨɞɵɧɚɯɨɞɢɦɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɢɨɧɨɜɜɨ
ɞɨɪɨɞɚ
í
Âí Â
+ OJ& OJ
í
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.2+
+
ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟS+ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɪɚɜɟɧ"
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɂɡɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹS+S2+ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ
S2+ ±
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ±OJ
&
ɢɥɢOJ
2+
&
±ɗɬɨɦɭɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɚ
2+
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
&
Âíɦɨɥɶɥ
2+
ɊɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟS+ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɶɥ +&O ɢ ɦɨɥɶɥ
&D&O
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤɤɚɤ+&Oɢ&D&Oɫɢɥɶɧɵɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵɬɨɨɧɢɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬɩɨɥɧɨ
ɫɬɶɸ
+&Oo+
&Oí&D&Oo&D&O
í
.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨS+ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɩɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
S+ OJD OJȖ &
+++
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɫɢɥɭɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
,&=&=&=&=
¦
ÂÂ
MM
&D &D &O &O + +
Â
ɉɨɞɚɧɧɵɦɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɩɭɬɟɦɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ
Ȗ
+
ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
S+ ±OJÂ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ+&2
í
ɢ&2
í
ɜɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɟɫɥɢS+ɷɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɪɚɜɟɧ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚɣɞɟɦɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɢɨɧɨɜɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
±OJ&
OJ&+ ±&+ Âíɦɨɥɶɥ
+
Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
&&
++&2
.
&
+&2
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ
ÂíÂíÂí Âíɦɨɥɶɥ
&
+&2
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɩɨɜɬɨɪɨɣɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
&&
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ
&
&2
Â
+&2
.
í
ÂÂíÂí Â
&
+&2
í
ɦɨɥɶɥ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ S+ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ 2+í
ɜɦɨɥɶɥɪɚɜɧɚɚÂ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟS+ɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
í
ɛÂíɜÂí
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɪɚɜɧɚ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ S+ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɥɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɝ 1D2+
Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸɳɟɥɨɱɢɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɩɨɥɧɨɣ
D
Ȗ
2+
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
í
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɫɥɚɛɨɣɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɧɪɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɟɪɚɜɧɚȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɋ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟS+ɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɤɪɨ
ɦɟɬɨɝɨɦɨɥɶɥ&+
&221DɄɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɨɜɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɪɚɜ
2+
SD
ɢ
+
ɋ
+
ɜɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ1D2+ɫɱɢɬɚɹ
2+
í
ɢS2+ɞɥɹɷɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
2+
ɧɵɦɢɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
ɫɥɟ
Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ S+ ɟɫɥɢɜɞɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɚ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
+&OɛɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ&+
ɢɦɨɥɶɥ&+
&221D"
ɊɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟS+ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟɦɦɥɆɪɚɫ
&22+ɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɦɨɥɶɥ&+&22+
ɬɜɨɪɚ+&OɦɥɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ1D2+ɢɦɥɜɨɞɵɄɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɫɬɢɢɨɧɨɜɩɪɢɧɹɬɶɪɚɜɧɵɦɢɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
&22+S+ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɪɚɜɟɧ.Ⱦ Âí
&+
ɑɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɚɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɟɫɥɢS+ɧɪɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɪɚɜɟɧ"
ɇɚɣɞɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɫɢɥɶɧɵɯɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɆ +&O2
Ɇ+&O Ɇ +12
Ɇ/L2+Ɇ.2+ɜɝɜɨɞɵ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɥɶ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ
ɦɨɥɶɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɚɬɪɢɹɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɷɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɢɨɧɨɜ+
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɪɚɜɟɧȼɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɪɚɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɢɨɧɨɜ+
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɢɥɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɢɨɧɨɜ2+íɜɷɬɢɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ"
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɨɧɨɜ+
ɟɝɨS+
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɨɧɨɜ+
+
ɢ2+íɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ
+
ɢ2+íɜɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɟɫɥɢ
+
ɢ2+íɜɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɟɫɥɢ
ɟɝɨS+
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ S+ Ɇɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+
ɩɪɢɄ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣɩɨ
62
ɜɬɨɪɨɣɫɬɭɩɟɧɢɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ
ɊɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟS+Ɇɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+
ɩɪɢɄɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣɩɨ
ɋ2
ɜɬɨɪɨɣɫɬɭɩɟɧɢɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ
ɊɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟS+Ɇɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+
ɩɪɢɄɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣɩɨ
ɋ2
ɜɬɨɪɨɣɫɬɭɩɟɧɢɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ
ɊɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟS+Ɇɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+
ɩɪɢɄɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣɩɨ
32
ɜɬɨɪɨɣɢɬɪɟɬɶɟɣɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟS+Ɇ+&OɢɆ&+
&22+
Ɉɛɦɟɧɧɵɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɦɟɠɞɭɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɫɨɥɟɣ
Ɉɛɦɟɧɧɵɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɦɟɠɞɭɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢ
ɦɵɢɢɞɭɬɞɨɤɨɧɰɚɜɬɟɯɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɤɨɝɞɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟɢɥɢɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫ-
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ± ɜɜɢɞɟɢɨɧɨɜ
ɧɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɧɢɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɫɨɥɟɣ
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɨɥɟɣɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɨɛɦɟɧɚɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɨɞɨɣɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢɜɧɟɣɫɨɥɹɦɢɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹɤɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸɫɥɚɛɨɝɨɷɥɟɤ
ɬɪɨɥɢɬɚȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɢɨɧɨɜɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɡɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ
ɢɥɢɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ
ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨ ɜ ɪɟ
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɨɧɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɭɸɪɟɚɤɰɢɸS+!ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
6+2l1D+61D2+
1D
±
6
+2+l+6±2+±
Ʉɚɤɜɢɞɧɨɬɚɤɚɹɫɨɥɶɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɭȼɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɤɢɫɥɚɹɫɨɥɶɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɩɪɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɦɨɠɟɬɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨ
ɜɚɬɶɫɹɞɚɥɶɲɟ
1D+6+
+62
2l+61D2+
±
+2+l+62+±
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ±ɩɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɋɨɥɢɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭɩɪɢɷɬɨɦɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜɜɨɞɨɪɨ
ɸɬɫɹ
ɞɚɢɨɧɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɋɨɥɢɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹɤɚɤ
ɩɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭɬɚɤɩɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɭɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɩɪɢɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟɚɰɟɬɚ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɢɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ
ɤɢɫɥɭɸɪɟɚɤɰɢɸS+ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
)H12
+2l)H2+12+12
)H
+2ɇl)H2++
ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɝɢɞɪɨ
ɬɚɫɜɢɧɰɚ
3E&+
&22+2l3E2+&+&22&+&22+
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬɞɜɚɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
+2l3E2++
3E
&+
&22í+2l&+&22+2+í
ȼɷɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɥɵɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɢɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɨɥɶȿɫɥɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɛɥɢɡɤɨɤɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɬɨɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɛɭ
ɞɟɬɛɥɢɡɤɚɤɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣɟɫɥɢɄ
ɤɢɫɥ
!Ʉ
ɬɨɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɢɨɧɨɜɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚɜ
ɨɫɧ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɛɭɞɟɬɛɨɥɶɲɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɢɨɧɨɜɢɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɛɭ
ɞɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɟɫɥɢ Ʉ
ɨɫɧ
!Ʉ
ɬɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟ
ɤɢɫɥ
ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɚɧɢɨɧɫɨɥɢɢɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɛɭɞɟɬɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ
ɋɨɥɢɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɝɢɞ
ɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɚɬɟɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬɞɨɤɨɧɰɚ
.&O+
.
&Oí+2o.2+í+&Oí+2o+2+í
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦɝɥɭɛɢɧɵɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
E ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɥɢɡɚ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ&
ɤɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ
ɝɢɞɪ.
E ɋ
Ʉɚɤɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɢɦɟɟɬɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɜ
ɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɯɥɨɪɢɞɚɚɦɦɨɧɢɹɨɧɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɩɪɢɄɥɢɲɶ
2o.2++&O
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɢɞɪɨ-
&
ɝɢɞɪ
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹ
ɟɬɫɹɷɬɨ ɬɟɦɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧɢɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɞɚɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɟ
ɳɟɧɨɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɡɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
.
+2
ɝɞɟ
..
.
±ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɜɨɞɵ
+2
±ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢɫɥɚɛɨɝɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɨɥɶ
.
Ⱦ
Ƚ
Ⱦ
ɋɜɹɡɶɦɟɠɞɭɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣɢɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
.
ɝɞɟ ɋ
±ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɨɥɢɢɡɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɱɬɨɩɪɢɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟ
ɦ
ȕɋ
Ⱦ
Ɇ
ɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɨɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɟɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ
ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɩɪɢɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ
ɬɭɪɵɬɚɤɤɚɤɩɪɢɷɬɨɦɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɜɨɞɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟɜɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɢɢɨɧɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɟɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɜɡɚ
ɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɚ 1D
&22.ɢ+62ɝ+J,ɢ.,ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɢ
ɜ&+
6 ɢ )H62 ɛ 1D62ɢ+&O
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɚɁɚɩɢɲɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɜɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɟ
6)H62 1D62)H6p
1D
ɂɡɜɫɟɯɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯɜɪɟɚɤɰɢɢɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɠɟɥɟɡɚɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɦɚɥɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɟɝɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɛɭɞɟɬɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɚɜɜɢɞɟɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵɚɮɨɪɦɭɥɵɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢ
ɬɨɜ±ɜɜɢɞɟɢɨɧɨɜ
1D
6í)H62
ɢɥɢ)H
í
1D62
6í )H6
í
)H6p
ɛ1D
+&O 1D&O62n+2
62
ɉɪɢɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɱɬɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɫɟɪɵ
,9ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɚɜɨɞɚ±ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ
í
ɜ&+
62
1D
&22.+62 &+&22+.62
+&Oí 1D&Oí62n+2
í
62
+ 62+2
ɍɤɫɭɫɧɚɹɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ±ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
&+
&22í.+62
í
&+&22+.62
í
&+&22í+ &+&22+
ɝ+J,
., .>+J,@
Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɢɨ
ɞɢɞɪɬɭɬɢ,,±ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
+J,
.,í .>+J,@í
+J,
,í >+J,@í
.Ⱦɚɧɨɤɪɚɬɤɨɟɢɨɧɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
í
&1
+ +&1
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟɩɨɧɟɦɭɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ȼɥɟɜɨɣɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɭɤɚɡɚɧɵɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟɢɨɧɵ
í
ɢ ++ ɗɬɢ ɢɨɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ
&1
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɌɚɤɰɢɚɧɢɞɢɨɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹɩɪɢɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚ
ɰɢɢɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ .&11D&1 ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɦɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶɥɸɛɵɟ
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨɢɨɧ
ɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ
.&1+12
.12+&1
1D&1+&O 1D&O+&1
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]