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ɇɚɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟɱɚɫɬɨɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɪɟɲɚɬɶɡɚɞɚɱɭɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɩɪɢ
ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢɞɜɭɯɞɪɭɝɢɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜȾɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ
, ɚ±ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɪɚɫ
ɬɜɨɪɚɫɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣE±ɬɨɠɟɫɦɟɧɶɲɟɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣɫ±ɬɨɠɟ
ɫɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣɊɚɫɱɟɬɵɛɵɫɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹɩɨɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɯɟɦɟ
ɢɥɢ
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ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ȼ ɜɨɞɟɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɝ 1D&2ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɋɪɚɫ
ɬɜɨɪɚɬɢɬɪɌɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸɢɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɭɸɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ
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Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
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ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɋ
Â
Ɂɧɚɹɦɚɫɫɭɢɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɣɞɟɦɟɝɨɨɛɴɟɦ
9 PU ɦɥ
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɢɬɪɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɌ ɝɦɥ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɮɨɪɦɭɥɭɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɋ
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ɋ
 ɦɨɥɶɥ
ɇ
Ɇɨɥɹɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɋ
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P
Ʉɚɤɨɣɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ U ɝɫɦ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɞɥɹɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɥɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚU ɝɫɦ
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ɩɨ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɆɚɫɫɚɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚP
ÂÂ ɝ
ɪɚɫɬ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɞɚɧɧɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɩɨ
P
+62
ɝ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɤɚɤɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ
ɫɬɜɭɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
P
ɪɚɫɬ
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥ ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ +
ɝ
62
ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɜɡɹɬɶ
9 PU ɫɦ
ɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+62
ȼɤɚɤɢɯɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯɧɭɠɧɨɫɦɟɲɚɬɶɣɢɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵɫɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɱɬɨɛɵɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ+
62
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Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɥɟɜɨɦɭɝɥɭ ɜɨɨɛɪɚ
ɠɚɟɦɨɝɨɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɱɢɫɥɨɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɟɜɨɦɧɢɠ
ɧɟɦɭɝɥɭ±ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɜɰɟɧɬɪɟ±ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ȼɵɱɬɟɦɩɨɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢɢɡɛɨɥɶɲɢɯɱɢɫɟɥɦɟɧɶɲɟɟɢɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟɱɢɫɥɚ
ɩɨɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢ
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɝɨ ɢ ɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɤ
ɢɥɢɬɟɧɚɞɨɫɦɟɲɚɬɶɟɞɢɧɢɰɭɦɚɫɫɵɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢɦɚɫ
ɫɵɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
.ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨɜɨɞɵɧɚɞɨɩɪɢɥɢɬɶɤɦɥɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
U ɝɫɦ
ɱɬɨɛɵɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ"
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɚɫɫɚɦɥɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
P
 ɝ
+12
Ɇɚɫɫɚɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬɪɚɜɧɚ [ ɝɝɞɟ [ ±ɦɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɛɚɜ
ɥɟɧɧɨɣɜɨɞɵɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɡɧɚɹɱɬɨɦɚɫɫɚɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɪɚɜɧɚɦɚɫɫɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ[ ɝ+
[
2ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɞɥɹɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɛɵɢɡɦɥɝɨɪɚɫ
ɢɥɢ
[
ɬɜɨɪɚɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɵɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɭɠɧɨɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɝɜɨɞɵ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɟɫɥɢɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɱɬɨɞɥɹɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɦɥɷɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ
ɦɥɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
9
+62
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
&
ɧ1D2+
&9
ɧ+ 62 1D2+
&
&9
 ɧ
ɧ1D2+
ɧ+ 62 + 62
9
1D2+
ɄɚɤɢɟɨɛɴɟɦɵɢɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ+ɋOɧɭɠɧɨɫɦɟɲɚɬɶɞɥɹɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ
ɧɢɹɦɥɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦɨɛɴɟɦɚɩɪɢɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ȼɦɥɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹÂ ɦɨɥɹ+ɋOɈɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɧɭɠ
ɧɵɣɨɛɴɟɦɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+ɋO ɱɟɪɟɡ [ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣɨɛɴɟɦɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɱɟɪɟɡ±[ȼ[ɥɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+ɋOɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹÂ[ɦɨɥɟɣ+ɋOɚɜ
±[ɥ Ɇɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ±[ɦɨɥɟɣ+ɋOɬ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦɨɥɟɣɜ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɨɥɹɬɨɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ
Â[±[ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ[ ɥ
ɁɧɚɱɢɬɞɥɹɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɞɨɜɡɹɬɶɦɥɆɢɦɥɆ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ+ɋO
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
ɇɚɣɬɢɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸɞɨɥɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɥɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹɝ+12
ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪ
U ɝɫɦ
ɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ"
Ʉɚɤɨɣɨɛɴɟɦɧ+12
ɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣU ɝɫɦ
ȼɤɚɤɨɦɨɛɴɟɦɟɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɢɜɤɚɤɨɦɨɛɴɟɦɟɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɨɞɟɪ
ɠɢɬɫɹɝ$O
62"
ɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɢɡɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɚɡɨɬ
"
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ +
U ɝɫɦ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ+
Ⱦɨɤɚɤɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɦɚɧɚɞɨɪɚɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɦɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯɥɨɪɢɞɚɧɚɬɪɢɹɫ
ɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɢɡɤɝɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɫ
"
62
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ1D&OU ɝɫɦ
ɞɨɥɟɣ1D&OU ɝɫɦ
ɂɡ ɝ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
"
ɱɬɨɛɵɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ
62
ɩɪɢɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨɫɶɝɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɑɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɚɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ
ɞɨɥɹɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɜɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɦɫɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ"
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɦɚɫ
ɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ.2+U ɝɫɦ
Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭɨɤɫɢɞɚɫɟɪɵ9,ɧɚɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶɜɝ +
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ+
ɄɚɤɨɣɨɛɴɟɦɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɢɝɨ
"
2ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɪɚɜɧɨɣ"
62
ɬɨɜɢɬɶɢɡɦɥɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸɢɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɭɸɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸɞɨ
ɥɸ ɢ ɬɢɬɪ Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ,,, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɪɚɜɧɚɝɫɦ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣU ɝɫɦ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɤɚɤɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ +ɋOɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹɜ ɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɬɢɬɪɷɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɵ ɥ ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 1D2+ɢ ɥ ɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ1D2+
Ʉɚɤɨɜɚɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɦɚɫɫɨ
ɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ1D2+U ɝɫɦ
Ʉɥɷɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɞɨɛɚɜɢɥɢɥɜɨɞɵ
Ʉɚɤɨɜɚɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ+ɋOU ɝɫɦ
Ʉɚɤɨɣɨɛɴɟɦɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɤɚɥɢɹɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɱɬɨɛɵɨɫɚ
ɞɢɬɶɜɜɢɞɟ)H2+
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨɢɤɚɤɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹɜɢɡɛɵɬɤɟɟɫɥɢɤɥɆ
ɜɫɺɠɟɥɟɡɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟɫɹɜɥɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ)H&O"
ɱɬɨɛɵɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɥɧɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɤɥɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɤɚɥɢɹ
ȼɨɞɧɵɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɝ+
ɜɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚU ɝɫɦ
62
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸɞɨɥɸɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɚɬɚɤɠɟɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɂɡɝɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ+
62
ɜɵ
ɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɞɚɥɢɥɢ ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ȺJɋO ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɥ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ$J12
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ$J12
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶɥɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ +ɋO Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
"Ʉɚɤɚɹɦɚɫɫɚ$J&Oɜɵɩɚɥɚɜɨɫɚɞɨɤ"
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸɞɨɥɸɚɡɨɬɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɟɫɥɢɤɥɪɚɫ
ɬɜɨɪɚɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ+12
ɢɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚU ɝɫɦɞɨɛɚ
ɜɢɬɶɥɜɨɞɵ"
Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ 1D
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ1D
Ʉɚɤɨɣɨɛɴɟɦɜɨɞɵɧɭɠɧɨɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶɤɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɨɥɹɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨ
ɬɵɫɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ+&OU ɝɫɦ
ɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ+&OU ɝɫɦ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚɤɚɥɢɹɪɚɜɧɚɝɦɥɑɟɦɭ
Â+2 ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɝ
62
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62
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ɞɥɹɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɦɚɫ
ɪɚɜɧɚɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɢɬɢɬɪɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ"
ɂɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ 1D2+
ɜɵɩɚɪɢɥɢɝɜɨɞɵɑɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɚɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹɞɨɥɹ1D2+ɜɧɨɜɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ"
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ +
62
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɥɆɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɟɪɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ"
Ⱦɨɤɚɤɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɦɚɧɚɞɨɪɚɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɦɥɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ1D&Oȡ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ"
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦ
ɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ
ɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɂɡɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɬɨɥɶɤɨɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɩɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɸɬɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɧɟɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɬɨɤɄɧɢɦɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ
ɫɹɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɫɩɪɨɱɧɵɦɢɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢɢɥɢɦɚɥɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢɫɜɹ
ɡɹɦɢ
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɤɨɥɥɢɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɧɚɞɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɨɥɶɧɨɣɞɨɥɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɝɞɟ Ɋ
Ⱥ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɤɨɥɥɢɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɇɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦɢɧɚɡɵɜɚ
ɡɚɤɨɧɊɚɭɥɹ
33 Q
$$ %
$
QQ
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±ɱɢɫɥɨɦɨɥɟɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ
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Q
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ɂɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 7 ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɊ
ɱɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ Ɋ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɞ ɱɢɫɬɵɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɫɟɝɞɚɛɨɥɶɲɟ
33 3
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ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɤɢɩɟɧɢɹɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ
ɪɵɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɩɨɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫɱɢɫɬɵɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦȾɥɹɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧ
ɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ W
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ɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɨ
ɫɬɚɜɚɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɨɜ±ɧɟɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɯɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯɜɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɚɯɚɜ
ɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣɜɡɢɦɧɢɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
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ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭȾɥɹɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɩɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɤɱɢɫɬɨɦɭɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɸɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɨɛ
ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɪɚɜɧɨɦɫɢɥɟɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹɧɚɟɞɢɧɢɰɭɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢɢ
ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɟ
ɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭȾɥɹɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ȼɚɧɬȽɨɮɮɚ
3
ɝɞɟ ɋ
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ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ
5±ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹȾɠɦɨɥɶÂɄ
7±ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɄ
ɗɬɨɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɢ
ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣɦɚɫɫɵɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɪ
ɉɪɢιɋɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɨÂɉɚȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɧɚɫɵ
ɳɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɚɪɚɧɚɞɵɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɤɚɪɛɚɦɢɞɚ&21+
ɩɪɢɬɨɣɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ
ɬɭɪɟ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ȼɝɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹɝɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵɢɝɜɨɞɵɆɨɥɶɧɚɹɞɨɥɹɦɨ
ɱɟɜɢɧɵɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
0
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Q ɦɨɥɶɇɚɯɨɞɢɦɦɨɥɶɧɭɸɞɨɥɸɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
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ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸɦɚɫɫɭɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚɡɧɚɹɱɬɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ
ɝɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚɜɝɜɨɞɵɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹɩɪɢ±
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
.Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɱɢɫɬɨɣɜɨɞɵιɋɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
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ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝ ɫɚɯɚ
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ɧɢɰɟ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɊɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦɋ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
Ɇ
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2+&
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ɥɈɬɫɸɞɚɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɋ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 3
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±ɦɨɥɶɧɚɹɞɨɥɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
%
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Q
%
±ɱɢɫɥɨɦɨɥɟɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ
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±ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɱɢɫɬɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ
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±ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɧɚɞɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ
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ȼɵɜɟɞɢɬɟɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨɜɟɳɟ
ɫɬɜɚ
ɉɪɢ Ʉ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɉɚ
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ &
2+ ɧɚɞɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɬɨɛɵ
+
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɧɚɉɚɦɟɧɶɲɟ"
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɧɢɹɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɟɝɨɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸɫ ɞɚɜɥɟ
ɧɢɟɦɧɚɞɱɢɫɬɵɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨɦɨɥɟɣɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɥɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɱɬɨ
ɛɵɟɝɨɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɢ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɝ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɜ ɝ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ
ɪɚɜɧɨ ɉɚ Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ &+
ιɋɛɵɥɨɪɚɜɧɨɤɉɚ
&2 ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɉɚɇɚɣɞɢɬɟɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸɦɚɫɫɭɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɜɨɞɵɩɪɢιɋɪɚɜɧɨɉɚȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɝɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ&
ȼɝɜɨɞɵɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹɝɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ&
2+ɜɝɜɨɞɵ
+
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ɇɚɣɬɢɚɨɫɦɨ
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɢɄɛɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɜɬɟɦ
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭɤɢɩɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɝ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɚɪɚɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ
ɄɩɪɢɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɚɪɚɧɚɞɜɨɞɨɣɩɪɢɄɪɚɜɧɨɦɤɉɚ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɩɪɢɧɹɬɶɪɚɜɧɨɣɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɚɯɚɪɚɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɝ ɧɚ
ɝɜɨɞɵɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬɩɪɢ±
ιɋȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹɪɚɫ
=.. =
ɗ
ɬɜɨɪɚɝɫɚɯɚɪɚɜɝɜɨɞɵ
ȼ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɵɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ
ɱɬɨɛɵɩɪɢɢɯɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹɩɪɢ±
ȼɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹɧɚɥɢɥɢɥɜɨɞɵɢɥɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɚU ɝɫɦ
ιɋ"
ɉɪɢɤɚɤɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɦɨɠɧɨɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɩɨɫɥɟɷɬɨɝɨɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɜɨɡ
ɞɭɯɟɧɟɨɩɚɫɚɹɫɶɱɬɨɜɨɞɚɜɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɟɡɚɦɟɪɡɧɟɬ"
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɟɪɵ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦ
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɤɢɩɟɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɝɫɟɪɵɜɝɛɟɧɡɨɥɚɧɚ
ιɋɜɵɲɟɬɟɦɩɟ
ɪɚɬɭɪɵɤɢɩɟɧɢɹɱɢɫɬɨɝɨɛɟɧɡɨɥɚ
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɟɦɭɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɤɢɩɟɜɲɚɹɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɱɟɦɧɟɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɚɹ
Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ
Ɇ ɢɚɥɶɛɭɦɢɧɚW0 ɟɫɥɢɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹɞɨɥɹɷɬɢɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɪɚɜ
W
ɧɚ"DW
ɡɵɋ
+2
!WɛW WɜWW"
ȼɝɜɨɞɵɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɝɤɚɪɛɚɦɢɞɚ&21+
ɝɝɥɸɤɨ
Ȼɭɞɟɬɥɢɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɤɢɩɟɧɢɹɷɬɢɯɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ"
ɚɞɚɛɧɟɬ
ɉɪɢɤɚɤɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɛɭɞɟɬɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɬɶɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɜɥ
ɜɨɞɵɝɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ&
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣɢɡɝɣɨɞɚɢɝɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɚɡɚɤɢɩɚɟɬɩɪɢιɋ
+
2+"
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨɚɬɨɦɨɜɜɯɨɞɢɬɜɫɨɫɬɚɜɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵɣɨɞɚɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɦɫɨ
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ"Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɤɢɩɟɧɢɹɫɩɢɪɬɚ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸɦɚɫɫɭɤɚɦɮɚɪɵɟɫɥɢɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɬɟɦɩɟ
ɪɚɬɭɪɵɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɤɚɦɮɚɪɵɜɝɛɟɧɡɨɥɚɪɚɜɧɨ
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ &
ιɋ
ι
2+ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ
+
ɦɨɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶɧɚɤɚɠɞɵɣɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɜɨɞɵɞɥɹɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɚɫɬɟɦɩɟ
ɪɚɬɭɪɨɣɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ±
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɚɤɥɜɨɞɵɞɨɛɚɜɢɥɢɥɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ
2+ɫɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɝɫɦɑɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɚɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹɩɪɢɝɨ
&
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ιɋ
ɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨɚɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɚ"
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ &
ιɋɢɦɟɟɬɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɪɚɜɧɨɟÂ
ɪɚɬɭɪɟ±
ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ&
ιɋ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɦɥ Ɇ
+2
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɨɦɥɜɨɞɵɩɪɢιɋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɛɭɞɭɬɥɢɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɬɨɣɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟ
+2
ɉɚɢɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬɩɪɢɬɟɦɩɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ
&
+2
ɢ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ &+2 ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɩɪɢɧɹɬɶɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɜɨɞɵɩɪɢιɋ ɪɚɜɧɨ Â
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɚɪɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɟɫɥɢɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹɞɨɥɹɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ&
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɜɦɥɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɝɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬɩɪɢ
ɉɚȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ
2+
+
Ʉɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦɪɚɜɧɵɦɤɉɚɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ
ɦɚɫɫɭɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɑɟɦɭɪɚɜɧɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɚɪɚɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦɤɚɪɛɚ
ɦɢɞɚ&21+
ɩɪɢιɋ"
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɬɨɩɪɢ ιɋɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɉɚ ɦɦ ɪɬɫɬɄɚɤɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɟɫɥɢɩɪɢɷɬɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ
ɬɭɪɟɜɦɥɜɨɞɵɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶɝɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ&
ɉɪɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɤɢɩɢɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɟɫɥɢɦɚɫ
ɫɨɜɚɹɞɨɥɹ&
ɉɪɢ ɤɚɤɨɣɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬɜɨɞɧɵɣɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨɫɩɢɪ
ɬɚɟɫɥɢɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹɞɨɥɹ&
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ιɋ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɫ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣɞɨɥɟɣ&
ɜɧɟɦɪɚɜɧɚ"
+2
+2
2+ɜɧɟɦɪɚɜɧɚ"
+
ɢɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ
+2
"
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɜɨɞɵ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯɜɨɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦɢɯɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɫɚɬ
ɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣɩɨɱɜɨɣɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɦɢɢɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ
ȼɫɟɩɪɢɦɟɫɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯɜɨɞɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɧɚɝɪɭɩɩɵɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɦ Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ± ɨɬ ɞɨ ɧɦ
ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟɱɚɫɬɢɰɵɢɦɟɸɬɪɚɡɦɟɪɵɫɜɵɲɟɦɤɦɉɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢɛɵɜɚɸɬ
ɧɨɦɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɦɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ
ɧɨɜɧɨɦɜɜɢɞɟɢɨɧɨɜ1D
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟɝɚɡɵ1
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯɜɧɟɣɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜɆɟɠɞɭɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣɢɟɟɚɧɢɨɧɚɦɢɭɫɬɚ
ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɦ
ɉɪɢɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢS+ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɩɪɚɜɨɜɫɬɨɪɨɧɭɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɢɨɧɨɜɨɧɢɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬɩɪɢS+!ɉɪɢɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢS+ɞɨɢɦɟɧɟɟ
ɜɜɨɞɟɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ+
ɧɚɬɢɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɢɨɧɵɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹɜɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣɜɨ
ɞɨɣɉɪɢɫɞɜɢɝɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹɜɫɬɨɪɨɧɭɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɜɨɞɚɫɬɚ
ɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟ
ɫɢɟɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹɜɫɬɨɪɨɧɭɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɢɨɧɨɜɢɡɜɨɞɵɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬɤɚɪɛɨ
ɧɚɬɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɦɟɸɬɫɥɨɠɧɵɣɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹɜɤɨɥɥɨɢɞ
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2&2ɢɞɪɭɝɢɟɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɜɨɞɵɜɨɦɧɨɝɨɦɡɚɜɢɫɹɬɨɬ
+
ļ+&2
&2
í
+&2
ļ&2
+&2
ļ&2&2+2
ȼɨɞɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɤɚɪɛɨ
&2
ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫ
í
í
í
+
+
&Oí+&2
í
ȼɜɨɞɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ
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