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Файл:Семинары по теории перевода. Учебное пособие
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СЕМИНАР 12
ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
ПРИ ПЕРЕВОДЕ
1. Понятие переводческого соответствия.
2. Виды безэквивалентной лексики.
3. Способы передачи безэквивалентной лексики.
4. Способы передачи имен собственных (люди, топонимы, организации).
Литература
1. Казакова Т.А. Практические основы перевода. English↔ Russian. Учебное
пособие. - СПб.: Лениздат; Изд-во Союз, 2002. — С. 63-103.
2. Бархударов Л.С. Язык и перевод (вопросы общей и частной теории перевода). - М.: Междунар. отношения, 1975. — С. 210-215.
Задание 1. Подберите русские соответствия к следующим именам и названиям.
A.
Aubrey Herbert
Edward Westbury
Eugene Garside
Giles G. Stephens
Graham Hancock
H. J. Plenderleith
Howard Carter
Katharine Woolley
Marion Edmonds
Sophie Wilkins
William Cathcart
Б.
Amenemhet
Chichen-Itza
Euripides
Menelaus
Moctezuma
Nebuchadnezzar
Pyramid of Cheops
Queen Shub-ad
Quetzalcoatl
Rosetta Stone
Tutankhamen
Corinth
Harun al-Rashid
Nazareth
Xerxes
Zeus
B.
Dell Publishing Co., Inc.
Eastman Kodak Company
Hitachi, Ltd.
Random House of Canada Limited
Trace Analytical Laboratories, Inc.
UNIX System Laboratories
Vintage Books
Г.
British Columbia
Cornwall
Devonshire
Grey Wethers
Grosvenor Square
Mount Rainier
North Carolina
Okehampton Castle
Rhode Island
River Dart
The Grand Canyon
the Gulf of Mexico
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Задание 2. Найдите в тексте единицы, подлежащие транскрипции, и выберите
оптимальный звукобуквенный вариант для их перевода в соответствии со сказочным стилем текста.
As I was saying, the mother of this hobbit — of Bilbo Baggins, that is — was the
fabulous Belladonna Took, one of the three remarkable daughters of the Old Took,
head of the hobbits who lived across The Water, the small river that ran at the foot of
The Hill. It was often said (in other families) that long ago one of the Took ancestors
must have taken a fairy wife. That was, of course, absurd, but certainly there was still
something not entirely hobbitlike about them, — and once in a while members of the
Took-clan would go and have adventures. They discreetly disappeared, and the family hushed it up; but the fact remained that the Tooks were not as respectable as the
Bagginses, though they were undoubtedly richer.
(J.R.R. Tolkien “The Hobbit”)
Задание 3. Проанализируйте словосочетания в следующих предложениях и
определите, в каких случаях калькирование нежелательно, так как создает "переводизмы", хотя в принципе передает смысл исходных единиц.
«It was a city in which the very old and the awkwardly new jostled each other, not
uncomfortably, but without respect; a city of shops and offices and restaurants and
homes, of parks and churches, of ignored monuments and remarkably unpalatial palaces; a city of hundreds of districts with strange names-Crouch End, Chalk Farm,
Earl's Court, Marble Arch-and oddly distinct identities; a noisy, dirty, cheerful, troubled city, which fed on tourists, needed them as it despised them, in which the average speed of transportation through the city had not increased in three hundred years,
following five hundred years of fitful road-widening and unskillful compromises between the needs of traffic, whether horse-drawn, or, more recently, motorized, and
the needs of pedestrians; a city inhabited by and teeming with people of every color
and manner and kind.»
(Gayman “Neverwhere”)
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СЕМИНАР 13
ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ
Вопросы
1. Сужение и расширение.
2. Нейтрализация и усиление эмфазы.
3. Функциональная замена.
4. Описание и комментарий.
Литература
1. Казакова Т.А. Практические основы перевода. English↔ Russian. Учебное
пособие. - СПб.: Лениздат; Изд-во Союз, 2002. — С. 103-127.
2. Бархударов Л.С. Язык и перевод (Вопросы общей и частной теории перевода). - М.: Междунар. отношения, 1975. — С. 210-215.
Задание 1. Найдите в тексте единицы, требующие лексико-семантических пе-
реводческих приемов.
There was snow. The first fall of winter. And from the laterals of the fence up by the
pond she could tell there must be almost a foot of it. With no deflecting wind, it was
perfect and driftless, heaped in comical proportion on the branches of the six small
cherry trees her father had planted last year. A single star shone in a wedge of deep
blue above the woods. The girl looked down and saw a lace of frost had formed on
the lower part of the window and she placed a finger on it, melting a small hole. She
shivered, not from the cold, but from the thrill that this transformed world was for the
moment entirely hers. And she turned and hurried to get dressed.
(Nickolas Evans “The Horse Whisperer”)
Задание 2. Переведите текст, подбирая описания или функциональные замены.
I am writing on a black lacquer Chinese desk that looks west across the Hudson River
to America. I am on the far western shore of Manhattan, which is a country unto itself, and the one I am living in right now, working to cantilever musicals from page
to stage. Manhattan is where the singers are. Not to mention Broadway. I am here because “art” brought me here. Obedient, I came.
Per capita, Manhattan may have a higher density of artists than anywhere else in
America. In my Upper West Side neighborhood, cellos are as frequent and as ungainly as cows in Iowa. They are part of the landscape here. Writing at a typewriter, looking out across the lights, I too am something Manhattan knows very well. I write
melody on a piano ten blocks from where Richard Rodgers, a gangly adolescent,
climbed a short stoop to meet a short boy who became his longtime partner, Larry
Hart. Together they dreamed through drought and flood.
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My apartment is on Riverside Drive. At this narrow end of the island, Broadway is a
scant block behind my back as I face west across the river, inky black now as the sun
sets in colored ribbons above it. It is a wide river, not only dark, and on a windy
day—and there are many—the water is choppy and white-capped.
(J. Cameron “The Artist’s Way”)
Задание 3. Составьте переводческие комментарии для выделенных слов.
The rise of Scotch is a story of canny marketing, innovation and political luck.
One boon was the devastation of Europe’s vines in the 1860s by an infestation of lice,
allowing whisky to supplant brandy as England’s favourite tipple. Trading ships
brought whisky to the ends of the British empire. Yet in the 19th century Ireland’s
malts had more prestige. Only by the turn of the 20th century had Scotch begun to
supplant them. One reason was the rise of Scottish blenders, such as the descendants
of the original John Walker, a grocer from Kilmarnock, who mixed malts with massproduced spirit derived from other grains using continuous-distillation techniques.
This allowed the marketing of lighter, more affordable whisky of consistent quality.
A Royal Commission in 1909 ruled that blends could be called whisky.
A further reason for the success of Scotch has some resonance today. The turmoil of Ireland’s independence struggle and civil war unsettled the distillers there
(many of whom were seen as unionist). They suffered another big blow with the loss
of the American market during prohibition, which hit Scotch producers less hard.
And after independence in 1922 the Irish industry was progressively excluded from
the British market, especially in the 1930s.
Today it is Scotland’s distillers who face political uncertainty. Scotland holds a
referendum on its membership of the United Kingdom in 2014. And Britain’s David
Cameron is proposing to hold a vote on EU membership in 2017. At stake could be
billions of litres of whisky, worth tens or even hundreds of billions of pounds, ageing
in oak casks around Scotland. What will be the status of this liquid gold?
(Economist)
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СЕМИНАР 14
МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
Вопросы
1. Передача грамматических явлений английского языка, не имеющих соответствий в русском языке.
2. Передача грамматических явлений русского языка, не имеющих соответствий в английском языке.
3. Перевод формально близких, но функционально различных грамматических
явлений.
Литература
1. Казакова Т.А. Практические основы перевода. English↔ Russian. Учебное
пособие. - СПб.: Лениздат; Изд-во Союз, 2002. — С. 153-173.
2. Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод (вопросы общей и частной теории перевода). Гл. 5. — М.: Междунар. отношения, 1975.
Задание 1. Переведите предложения, применяя частичный полный или перевод
грамматических форм.
1. Each time the fall of a city like Naples, Rome or Florence seemed imminent,
Major Coverely would pack his bag, commandeer an airplane and a pilot, and
have himself flown away.
2. He sank back into his chair and turned his head away.
3. One day he felt that he could endure his loneliness no longer.
4. She was a hard, mercenary little thing.
5. Soon it dawned upon him that they had recognised him.
6. The men fell out for the parades early each Sunday afternoon and groped their
way into ranks of twelve.
7. There was no hope left.
8. There was no taxi in sight and he started to walk in the direction of the Park.
9. Williams reached out instinctively for balance and then launched himself for-
ward in a prodigious dive.
10. Не was in the hospital with the pain in his liver.
Задание 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя антонимиче-
ский перевод.
1. He keeps the fortune from falling into the hands of greedy relatives. 2.
“Macon, are you awake?” 3. The ambulance was a long time coming. 4. He stayed
out of the sun during the middle part of the day. 5. Alexander fought to hold a grin
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back. 6. “Any objection to roast chicken?” Jenny asked. 7. The elder boys were still
up, sitting around the TV. 8. He followed her into a large department store, careful to
remain out of sight. 9. She keeps this room locked. The maids have been ordered to
keep out. 10. This was a mystery beyond the inspector’s power to solve. 11. He
entered the suite, trying to keep his knees from trembling. He almost blurted out,
“Where’s the emerald?” 12. (In the Zoo) “Don’t the animal hate being locked up,
Papa?” the boy asked. 13. Alice shrieked and clapped her hands to her ears to shut
out the sound she had imagined. 14. He left the form on the counter and walked out
very quickly keeping a hand in his pocket to silence his keys.
Задание 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функ-
циональные замены или конверсию.
Ash cloud disrupts European travel
FOR THE LAST WEEK a cloud of volcanic ash has been causing havoc with.
Europe's aviation industry. As a safety precaution flights have been grounded, leaving
thousands of passengers stranded. This couldn't have happened at a worse time as this
is the final week of the Easter holidays and holidaymakers across the continent have
been trying to fly home. The source of the cloud of ash is the Eyjafjallajokull volcano
in Iceland. A few days after the eruption started, the ash cloud arrived over Europe.
At first the cloud was confined to the skies over the British Isles and Scandinavia, but
it has now spread over the European mainland. The fine particles of ash can enter jet
engines and damage the internal parts, leading to catastrophic results.
Fortunately, flights to airports in southern Europe are continuing. Some intercontinental flights originally destined for London, Amsterdam or Frankfurt have been
re-routed to Madrid, which is still open. Passengers arriving there will be able to
travel on to their final destination by road or rail.
The aviation industry is hoping that the wind direction will change, taking the
ash away from Europe. In the meantime, scientists are running test flights to assess
the density of ash in the clouds. Depending on their findings, certain flight routes
may be reopened in the next few days.
46
a shifty-eyed person
absolutely inappropriate
Big business rules
bread and butter plates
communal butter dish
consumer goods
live performance
perfect likeness
"I-don't-trust-him" facial expression
a tennis player
body language
choreographer's patterns
fifteen-minute period
member facilities
off-Broadway theatre
to stay awake
1. То stand tall
выпрямиться во весь рост;
2. To have a clear telephone voice
выработать "телефонный " голос;
3. A positive perception of somebody
положительное впечатление от человека;
4. Poor business practice
неумение вести дела;
СЕМИНАР 15
СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ
Вопросы
1. Перестановка и замена.
2. Добавление и опущение.
3. Членение и объединение.
4. Функциональная замена.
5. Различия в актуальном членении предложения.
Литература
1. Казакова Т. А. Практические основы перевода. English↔ Russian. учебное
пособие. - СПб.: Лениздат; Изд-во "Союз", 2002. — С. 190-210.
2. Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод (вопросы общей и частной теории перевода). Гл. 5. — М.: Междунар. отношения, 1975.
3. Бреус Е.В. Основы теории и практики перевода с русского языка на английский: учебное пособие. - 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Изд-во УРАО, 2000. — 208
с.
Задание 1. Определите, какие из следующих словосочетаний подлежат полно-
му переводу, а какие требуют преобразований. Выберите соответствующий
прием и переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
Задание 2: Проанализируйте следующие примеры перевода словосочетаний,
определяя среди них удачные и неудачные. Предложите свои варианты перевода.
47
5. A large corporate conference
большая корпоративная конференция;
6. To take careful notes
тщательно вести записи;
7. A person of authority
человек, обладающий властью;
8. A conversational clue
подсказка;
9. An avid skier
заядлый лыжник;
10. A borrific speech
скучное выступление;
11. Foreign gift customs
иностранные традиции вручения подарков
Задание 3. В следующем тексте определите прием перевода выделенных словосочетаний.
Airplane Misery
RESULTS OF a recent survey of international air travellers have revealed huge
discrepancies in the levels of comfort and service provided at many leading airports
around the world.
A staggering 75 percent of those interviewed felt that airports were failing to
provide a relaxing and efficient environment. Airports in the UK and the United
States came in for particular criticism. Fewer than one in ten people were fully (4)
satisfied with the service at leading airports in these countries. Airports in continental
Europe received similar negative feedback. Perhaps the enormous growth in passenger numbers in recent years is the underlying problem. By contrast, airports in the
growing economies of south-east Asia and the Pacific have received far higher satisfaction ratings. Many of the researchers involved noted that these airports, which are
generally more modern than their equivalents in the West, offered enhanced check-in
facilities and somewhere pleasant in which to wait for flights.
With regard to the issues which most annoyed people, the lack of children’s facilities and wireless Internet access were two of the main concerns. Another was the
way in which airports deal with flight delays. The better airports have found ways to
cope with this, ranging from television lounges to children’s activity areas. Delayed
passengers seem to appreciate small details such as comfortable seating and the
availability of a wide range of refreshments - anything to relieve the utter boredom of
waiting for a delayed flight. Affected passengers were less likely to complain if their
children were amused and they were able to find inexpensive cafes and restaurants.
The airports which came out worse seemed to have aloof staff with little interest in
communicating with passengers.
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СЕМИНАР 16
СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЕМЫ ПЕРЕВОДА:
МЕТАФОРИЧЕСКИЕ ЕДИНИЦЫ
Вопросы
1. Полный перевод.
2. Добавление и опущение.
3. Замена.
4. Структурное преобразование.
5. Традиционное соответствие.
6. Параллельное именование метафорической основы.
Литература
1. Казакова Т.А. Практические основы перевода. English↔ Russian: учебное пособие. - СПб.: Лениздат; Изд-во "Союз", 2002. — С. 237-259.
2. Влахов С., Флорин С. Непереводимое в переводе. - М.: Междунар. отношения, 1980.
Задание 1. Сопоставьте следующие примеры переводов метафоры с английско-
го языка на русский, определяя переводческие приемы и комментируя степень
их эффективности.
1. The cat sat bolt upright on the seat opposite ours, staring out the window, pretending not to eavesdrop on our conversation.
Кот сидел неподвижно, как часовой, уставившись в окно, и притворялся,
что не подслушивает нашу беседу.
2. Gradually there appeared out of the mists shapes more visible perhaps to the imagination than the sight: magic castles rising from the foam — the ruined but majestic
walls of ancient temples.
Постепенно из тумана проступали очертания не столько видимых, сколько
воображаемых форм: волшебные замки, рожденные, словно Афродита из пены,
— величественные руины древних храмов.
3. It would require more than unsuitably clad, garrulous crowds to rob the Valley of
the Kings of its grandeur.
Нужно нечто более серьезное, чем толпы крикливо одетых, болтливых тури-
стов, чтобы лишить величественную Долину Царей ее великолепия.
4. The clouds on Emerson's noble brow cleared.
Чело Эмерсона, напоминавшее ненастный день, прояснилось.
5. You are the bravest little woman I know, Amelia, and that stiff upper lip of yours is
a credit to the whole British nation.
49
Ты самая отважная из всех женщин, с которыми я знаком, Амелия, а твоя
упрямая верхняя губка — просто воплощение британского национального характера.
6. Years had passed since I last beheld the plain of Amarna, yet in eternal Egypt a
decade is no more than the blink of an eye.
Много лет прошло с тех пор, как я в последний раз побывал на плоскогорьях
Амарны, хотя для вечного Египта десятилетие значит не больше, чем мгновение
ока.
7. Any artefact made of or covered with gold could start the gossip mills grinding
and lead to the usual exaggeration.
Любая вещь, сделанная из золота или хотя бы позолоченная, запускалась в
мельницу пересудов и кривотолков и выходила оттуда в преувеличенном виде.
Задание 2. Выделенные в следующих предложениях метафорические единицы
проанализируйте, выберите соответствующие переводческие приемы и переведите на русский язык.
1. I passed a crocodile of choir boys, in starched collars and peculiar caps, on their
way to Tom Gate.
2. "Before I met my husband, I'd never fallen in love. I'd stepped in it a few times."
(Rita Rudner)
3. Criss-cross about the world he travelled with them, waxing in wickedness like a
Hogarthian page boy.
4. She was entrancing, with that fragile beauty which in extreme youth sings out for
love and withers at the first cold wind.
5. I went there full of curiosity and the faint, unrecognised apprehension that here, at
last, I should find that low door in the wall, which opened on an enclosed and enchanted garden, which was somewhere, not overlooked by any window, in the heart
of that grey city.
6. Long hours of work in her youth, authority in middle life, repose and security in
her age, had set their stamp on her lined and serene face.
7. Here was planted the seed of what would become his life's harvest.
8. A nightmare distorted the images of the evening into horrific shapes.
9. Everything was black and dead-still in the quadrangle; only at the quarter-hours the
bells awoke and sang over the gables.
10. He could tell her nothing new of the wonders of his presentation and knighthood;
and his civilities were worn out like his information.
Задание 3. Следующий текст построен на развернутой метафоре. Определите
совокупность приемов для представления метафорических единиц в их соотношении на русском языке и переведите текст.
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