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ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɂəɉɊɂɄɅȺȾɇɕɏɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂɃɂɆȿɇɂɄȿɃɇɋȺ
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɧɚɭɤɢ
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤɫɬɚɬɟɣɩɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
29 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 2016 ɝ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
2016
ɍȾɄ330
ȻȻɄ
ɉ
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɧɚɭɤɢ: ɋɬɚɬɶɢɢɞɨɤɥɚɞɵ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ Ⱦɚɬɚ ɢ
ɉ
ɦɟɫɬɨɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɆɨɫɤɜɚɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹɝɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɅɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ʉɟɣɧɫɚ – Ɇ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ©ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬª2016. – 10ɫ
ISBN 978-5-9909261-3-4
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ«ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ» ɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 29 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ ɝ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɫɬɚɬɶɢɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ.
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜɩɨɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ
ɍȾɄ
ȻȻɄ
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ
Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɧɟɫɭɬɚɜɬɨɪɵ
ISBN
978-5-9909261-3-4 © Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ Ʌɉɗɂ ɢɦ Ʉɟɣɧɫɚ
2016
ʠʝʓʔʟʕʏʜʗʔ
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Ȼɟɥɢɤɨɜȼ.ȼ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɮɨɪɦɵɨɰɟɧɤɢɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɡɚɺɦɳɢɤɚɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɛɚɧɤɨɦɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ-ɉ©Ɉɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɦɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜɧɚ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟɩɨɬɟɪɢɩɨɫɫɭɞɚɦɩɨɫɫɭɞɧɨɣɢɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɧɟɣɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢª.............................................................................5
ȻɨɥɨɬɢɧɆ.ɋ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ……………
ɁɟɣɧɚɥɨɜȺɋȽɪɢɛɨɟɞɨɜɚɈȽȼɪɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶɝɪɭɲɟɜɨɣ
ɦɟɞɹɧɢɰɵPsylla pyri /ɢɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɡɚɳɢɬɵ««««««««««««««««
ɄɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɚɈȺ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɵɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢɜɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚ………………………
ɄɨɫɨɥɚɩɨɜɚɆȼɋɜɨɛɨɞɢɧȼȺ Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɚɭɤ……………………………………………………
Ʉɢɪɨɜɚɂȼ ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣɩɨɞɯɨɞɤɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ………………….
ɄɭɱɟɪɊȼɊɨɥɶɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɨɝɨɫɬɢɥɹɜɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢɢ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɚɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ««««««
Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜɂ.Ɉ.Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɚɥɨɝɨɛɢɡɧɟɫɚɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɝɨɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ……………………………………
ɊɭɦɵɧɫɤɚɹɆȼɄɪɭɲɟɥɶɧɢɰɤɚɹȺɋ ɋɚɣɬɤɚɤɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ««
ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜȺȺɋɚɜɢɧɚɆȼɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɂȺ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɵɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚɜɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣɧɚɭɤɢ«««««««
ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜȺȺɋɚɜɢɧɚɆȼɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɂȺ
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢɢɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ«««««««««««««««««««««««
8
13
20
27
32
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ɌɢɦɟɪɢɧɚȺȿɉɟɬɭɯɨɜȼȾɋɦɟɧɚɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɜ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɫɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ«««««««««
7
3
Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜɚɂ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɬɪɭɞɚɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚɜɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ…………………………………………………………….85
ɎɟɞɨɬɨɜɚɆ.Ⱥ.ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɣɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ……………………………………………………………
92
ɏɨɞɨɜȺȻɇɚɞɛɚɜɤɢɤɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚɛɚɧɤɚɤɚɤɮɚɤɬɨɪɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ««««««««««««««««««««
98
4
Ȼɟɥɢɤɨɜȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪȼɚɥɟɪɶɟɜɢɱ
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɮɨɪɦɵɨɰɟɧɤɢɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɺɦɳɢɤɚɢɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɞɥɹɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɛɚɧɤɨɦɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ-ɉ©Ɉɩɨɪɹɞɤɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɦɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜɧɚɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟɩɨɬɟɪɢɩɨ
ɫɫɭɞɚɦɩɨɫɫɭɞɧɨɣɢɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɧɨɣɤɧɟɣɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢª
ɎȽɈȻɍȼɉɈ©Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɩɪɢɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
ɊɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɎɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢªe-mail: vovabelikov@gmail.com
Belikov Vladimir
Standardized forms of evaluation of the borrower's financial position
and debt service to verify compliance with the requirements of the
bank 254-P "On the order of formation of the credit organizations of
reserves for possible loan losses on loans and similar debts"
Financial University under the Government of the Russian
Federation, e-mail: vovabelikov@gmail.com
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ Ȼɚɧɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɵ ɇɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ –
ɭɬɪɚɬɚ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɬɚɤɤɚɤɦɧɨɝɢɟɛɚɧɤɢɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɜɨɸɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɭɸ
ɛɚɡɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ
ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɚɧɤɚ ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɚɭɞɢɬɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɹ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɚɭɞɢɬ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɬ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɣɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɶɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɣɪɢɫɤɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɹɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɣɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ– ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɚɭɞɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɹɜɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟɜɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɣɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
5
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɨɥɧɨɬɚ
Ɂɚɩɪɨɫɢɬɶɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɭɫɬɚɬɶɢɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɫɱɟɬɚɦɭɱɟɬɚ
Ɂɚɩɪɨɫɢɬɶɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɣɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɶ
ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɟ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɨ-ɫɚɥɶɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɫ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɧɚɨɬɱɺɬɧɭɸɞɚɬɭ
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɭɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɨ
ɫɫɭɞɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢɩɨɫɱɟɬɭɭɱɟɬɚɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯɢɧɟɩɪɨɫɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɯɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜɢ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɱ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɟ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɡ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ
ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɨ-ɫɚɥɶɞɨɜɨɣɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɣɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ ɉɢɫɶɦɚ-ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɥɢɰɚɦ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɦ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ ɫɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ȼ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
x ɧɨɦɟɪɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ
x ɫɭɦɦɚɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɩɨɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ
x ɜɚɥɸɬɚɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ
x ɧɟɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɧɵɣɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɩɨɫɫɭɞɟɧɚɨɬɱɟɬɧɭɸɞɚɬɭ
x ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɚɹɫɬɚɜɤɚ
x ɞɚɬɚɧɚɱɚɥɚɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ
x ɫɪɨɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɨɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɪɨɥɨɧɝɚɰɢɢ
x ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɩɨɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɦɭɫɱɟɬɭ
x ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɩɨɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɭ
x ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɚɹɫɬɚɜɤɚɩɨɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɭ
x ɫɭɦɦɚɧɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜɩɨɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɭ
6
Ɂɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸɧɟɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹɤɫɟɤɰɢɢɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɧɨɛɭɞɟɬɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɩɪɢ
ɚɭɞɢɬɟɞɪɭɝɢɯɫɟɤɰɢɣ
ɉɨɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɨɬɜɟɬɨɜɨɬ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɛɭɞɟɬ
ɡɚɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɪɤɢ Ⱥɭɞɢɬɨɪ ɫɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɫɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ.–ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɩɨɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɢɫɶɦɚɦ-ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɧɚɨɬɱɺɬɧɭɸɞɚɬɭ
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨɩɢɫɟɦ
ɲɬɭɤ
Ɉɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ
ɲɬɭɤ
48
58
ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɧɟɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɫɭɞɬɵɫ ɪɭɛ
8 529 343
9 114 779
ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
83%
ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
94%
ɉɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɫɭɞɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
x ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɬɢ
ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ
x ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭȻɚɧɤɚɜɵɩɢɫɨɤɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɜɵɞɚɱɭɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ
ɢɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɚɹɨɰɟɧɤɚɢɬɨɱɧɨɟɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶɤɪɟɞɢɬɵɩɨɩɭɥɚɦ
Ɋɚɡɛɢɜɤɚɩɨɩɭɥɚɦɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɜɞɜɚɷɬɚɩɚ
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɢɫɫɭɞɧɚɹɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɭɥ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɨɜ Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɸɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢȻɚɧɤɚ
ɆɋɎɈ,$6ɋɬɨɪɨɧɚɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣɫɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɟɫɥɢ
- ɷɬɚɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɢɥɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɱɟɪɟɡɨɞɧɨɝɨɢɥɢɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸɢɥɢɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɟɸɥɢɛɨɜɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɷɬɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣɞɨɥɢɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ
7
- ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɥɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɟɣɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɧɚɷɬɭɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ
- ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɞɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
- ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣɆɋɎɈ,$6
- ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɦɆɋɎɈ,$6
- ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɢɥɢɟɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɉɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɚɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɢɫɶɦɚɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɵ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɶɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɐȻɊ ɨɬ ʋ 254-ɉ ©Ɉ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ
ɩɨɬɟɪɢɩɨɫɫɭɞɚɦɩɨɫɫɭɞɧɨɣɢɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɧɨɣɤɧɟɣɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢª
ɫɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢɢɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
2. Ɇɭɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɋɒȺɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɚȿȼȻɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɟɞɟɥɨɊɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚȾɨɧɭ ɝ
3. ɐȻ ɊɎ ɢ Ƚɚɡɩɪɨɦɛɚɧɤ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ
ɦɨɲɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɢɄɨɦɦɟɪɫɚɧɬɴ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
03.03.2016
Ȼɨɥɨɬɢɧ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ
ȽȻɈɍȼɉɈ©Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɥɟɫɚª,
e-mail: mikhail_bolotin@bk.ru
Bolotin Mikhail S.
MONETARY HISTORY IN RUSSIA
GBOU VPO «Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyiy universitet lesa»,
e-mail: mikhail_bolotin@bk.ru
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɜɫɟɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɜɊɨɫɫɢɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦȼɫɬɚɬɶɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ
ɨɛɡɨɪɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟɫɥɨɜɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɟɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɪɭɛɥɶɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɞɟɧɟɝ
8
Abstract: The monetary system of Russia is the basis for the
country's economy. In this regard the holding of a retrospective analysis of
formation of monetary relations in Russia is the most interesting and
relevant. The article provides a brief overview of the history of money
circulation in Russia.
Keywords: currency, the ruble, the history of money.
ȼ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵɤɚɭɪɢɲɤɭɪɤɢɤɭɧɢɰɵ – ɤɭɧɵɢɨɠɟɪɟɥɶɹ
ɢɡɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ– ɝɪɢɜɧɚ
ɋ VIII ɜ ɩɨ IXɜɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɩɟɣɤɚ ɢɡ
ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɫ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɹɦɢ ɞɢɪɯɟɦɵ Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ ɱɟɤɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ
ɏɚɥɢɮɚɬɟɩɨɫɥɟɱɟɝɨɩɪɢɜɨɡɢɥɢɫɶɜɄɢɟɜɫɤɭɸɊɭɫɶɝɞɟɨɧɢɢɫɬɚɥɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɭɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɝɚɬɚ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɤɭɧɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɚɧɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɚɦɨɣɦɟɥɤɨɣɦɨɧɟɬɨɣɫɱɢɬɚɥɚɫɶɜɟɤɲɚɢɪɚɜɧɹɥɚɫɶɨɧɚɤɭɧɵ
ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɣ ɏɚɥɢɮɚɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬɱɟɤɚɧɢɬɶɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɟɦɨɧɟɬɵɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɱɟɝɨɜɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ – ɞɟɧɚɪɢɢ
ɗɬɢɦɨɧɟɬɵɢɦɟɥɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɣɫɥɨɣɫɟɪɟɛɪɚɧɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹȼɦɟɫɬɟɫɷɬɢɦɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹɱɟɤɚɧɤɚɦɨɧɟɬ
ɢɡ ɡɨɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ – ɡɥɚɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɗɬɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ
ɭɤɪɚɲɚɥɨɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨɤɧɹɡɹɤɢɟɜɫɤɨɝɨɢɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɟɪɛɚɢɥɢɡɧɚɤɚɊɸɪɢɤɨɜɢɱɟɣ
ȼ-ɝɨɞɚɯɧɚɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ ɤɪɚɫɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ©ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɟɚɫɟɟɝɨɫɪɟɛɪɨª
ȼ XII ɜɟɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ Ɋɭɫɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɤɚɧɤɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɥɢɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯɧɟɤɨɝɞɚɟɞɢɧɨɣɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ȼXIII ɜɟɤɟɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɩɟɪɜɵɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɟɤɨɩɟɣɤɢ
– ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɪɭɫɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɫ ɝɪɭɛɨ
ɨɛɪɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ > c @ ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɨɧɟɬɤɨɬɨɪɚɹɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɢɫɟɣɱɚɫ
9
ȼXIV ɜɟɤɟɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɨ-ɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨɢɝɚɢ
ɜ ɨɛɢɯɨɞ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɨɲɥɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ȿɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɞɟɥɢɥɢ
ɩɨɩɨɥɚɦɬɨɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ– ɩɨɥɬɢɧɚɧɚɱɟɬɵɪɟɱɚɫɬɢ- ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɤɌɚɤ
ɠɟɦɨɠɧɨɛɵɥɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶɢɧɚɛɨɥɟɟɦɟɥɤɢɟɦɨɧɟɬɤɢ– ɞɟɧɶɝɢ
ȼ ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɱɟɤɚɧɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɇɚ
ɦɟɥɤɨɣɞɟɧɝɟɢɡɫɟɪɟɛɪɚɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɥɫɹɜɫɚɞɧɢɤɫɦɟɱɨɦ– ɦɟɱɟɜɵɟɇɚ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɥɫɹ ɜɫɚɞɧɢɤ ɫ ɤɨɩɶɟɦ – ɤɨɩɟɣɧɵɟ
ɞɟɧɶɝɢ
ȼ ɦɚɪɬɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɯ
ɪɭɛɥɟɜɵɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɬɢɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɨɥɬɢɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɪɢɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ
ɪɚɜɧɵɯɤɨɩɟɣɤɚɦɩɹɬɚɱɤɭɢɚɥɬɵɧɭ
ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɢɡ-ɡɚɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢɫɟɪɟɛɪɚɫɬɚɥɢɱɟɤɚɧɢɬɶɦɨɧɟɬɵɢɡ
ɦɟɞɢ– ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹɩɥɢɬɚɩɨ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɲɢɪɢɧɵɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ
ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɝɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɥɫɹ ɤɪɭɝ ɫ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɟɪɛɨɦ ɚ
ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ ©ɐɟɧɚ ɪɭɛɥɶ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝª> c.
69].
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɵ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɫɹ
ɡɨɥɨɬɵɟɦɨɧɟɬɵɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɦɪɭɛ– ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥȼɷɬɨɬɠɟɩɟɪɢɨɞɞɥɹ
ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ɇɢɧɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶɞɨɪɨɝɢɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɞɟɧɶɝɢɧɚɛɨɥɟɟɞɟɲɟɜɵɟ
ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟɈɞɧɚɤɨɷɬɢɦɩɥɚɧɚɦɛɵɥɨɫɭɠɞɟɧɨɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɹɥɢɲɶɜ
ɝɨɞɭ
ȼɝɨɞɭɛɵɥɢɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɚɫɫɢɝɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯɨɬ
ɞɨɪɭɛɥɟɣɂɯɦɨɠɧɨɛɵɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɧɚɦɟɞɧɵɟɞɟɧɶɝɢɢɫ
ɷɬɨɣɰɟɥɶɸɛɵɥɨɫɨɡɞɚɧɨɛɚɧɤɚɜɆɨɫɤɜɟɢɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ I ɨɬ ɢɸɥɹ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɦ – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɥɚɬɟɠɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɪɭɛɥɶ ɤɭɪɫ ɚɫɫɢɝɧɚɰɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɫɹ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɪɭɛ ɤɨɩ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɛɢɥɟɬɨɜ
ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɟɤɚɫɫɵ
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɢɞɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ
ɞɟɧɟɝɚɫɫɢɝɧɚɰɢɢɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɟɢɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɟɛɢɥɟɬɵ
ɋɥɨɠɧɚɹɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɄɪɵɦɫɤɚɹɜɨɣɧɚɝɨɞɚ
ɜɨɣɧɚɫ Ɍɭɪɰɢɟɣ – ɝɨɞɨɜ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ
10
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