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ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɥɸɥɶɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɚ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɨ 5 ɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɧɨɤ.
Ɉɱɢɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ.
6.7. Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ
ȼɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɟ-
ɥɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɥɚɯ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɟɣ. ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ: ɩɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ; ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ; ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɭɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ
ɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɭɤɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɝɢ ɫɢɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɶɹ,
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɜɢɛɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ.
ɉɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ: ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ,
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɯ, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ
ɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɭ, ɨɬ ɫɩɢɧɵ ɤ ɝɪɭɞɢ; ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ z, ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɟɱɚ ɤ ɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɥɟɱɭ.
ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ: ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ
ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ (6 ɞȻ); ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ, ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
ɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɨɦ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,7 Ƚɰ
ɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɋɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɞɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 20...30 Ƚɰ, ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ – 1,5...2 Ƚɰ.
Ɋɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ 60 ɢ 90 Ƚɰ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɭ ɝɥɚɡɧɵɯ ɹɛɥɨɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨ-
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ.
ȼɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɢɛ-
Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɨ ɫɢ-
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ; ɝɨ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ-
101
ɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ 3...3,5 Ƚɰ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɞɹ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ 4...6 Ƚɰ.
ȼɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ) ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ
ɩɪɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɵ, ɚ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ, ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɥɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ: ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɣ. ȼɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ – ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɥɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
ɦɟɲɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ.
ɍ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɵ ɭɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɨɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨ 40 %, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ – ɩɨɬɟɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ
ɝɥɚɡɚɯ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɨɣ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɚ ɬɨɥɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ
ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɚɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɨɜ, ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ.
ȼɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ
ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɥɱɤɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɛɭɥɶɞɨɡɟɪɢɫɬɨɜ, ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɷɤɫɤɚɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɥɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨ-ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɠɚɥɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɛɨɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬɚ, ɛɟɫɫɨɧɧɢɰɭ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɵɫɬɪɭɸ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ. ȼ
ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɢɡɤɨ- ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɢ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ȼɢɱ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ – ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ. Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɥɸɞɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ. Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɚɡɦɵ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɤɢɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɥɟɱɢɣ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɹ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɢ
ɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ.
102
Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ,
ɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ – ɫɩɚɡɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ.
ɋɪɨɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɵ (ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ) ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ. ɍ
ɮɨɪɦɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɛɭɪɢɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɢɯɬɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ
ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 8...10 ɥɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɤɥɟɩɤɚ, ɨɛɪɭɛɤɚ), ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ (30...125 Ƚɰ), ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ, ɧɟɪɜɧɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ, ɤɨɫɬɧɨ-ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ 12...15 ɥɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ,
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɠɚɥɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɸɳɢɟ, ɥɨɦɹɳɢɟ, ɬɹɧɭɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɧɨɱɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ
ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ, ɛɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɲɭɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɲɭɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɍɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫ-
ɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ Ʉ ɞɥɹ ɲɭɦɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
Ʉ
= (Lɲ-80)0,025+1,
ɲ
= (20-Ɍɨ)0,08+1,
Ʉ
ɬɨ
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɲɭɦɚ; Ʉɬɨ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɝɞɟ Ʉ
ɲ
Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ (ȼȻ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ; ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ (ȼȻ) ɧɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ
ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ,
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢ
ɞɪ.). Ʌɢɰɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɱɚɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɸɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɚɥɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
103
Ƚɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɜɢɛɪɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ), ȽɈɋɌ 12.1.012–90 «ɋɋȻɌ. ȼɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ». Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ: ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɥɢɰ ɜɢɛɪɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɢɛɪɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɦɚɲɢɧ.
ɉɪɢ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɛɪɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ (ɢ ɢɯ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɢ L
) ɢɥɢ ɜɢɛɪɨɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ
v
ɱɚɫɬɨɬ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ – ɜ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɡɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ D ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Lv ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.1.
Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɵɲɢɦɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɫɥɵɲɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɪɟɞ.
Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 16 Ƚɰ...20 ɤȽɰ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɯɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɦɢ, ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 16 Ƚɰ – ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɦɢ, ɜɵɲɟ 20 ɤȽɰ – ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ.
ɍɯɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɵɲɢɦɵɯ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ
ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ: ɧɢɠɧɹɹ – ɩɨɪɨɝ ɫɥɵɲɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ – ɩɨɪɨɝ ɛɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 1...5 ɤȽɰ.
ɉɨɪɨɝ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0 ɞȻ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ 1000 Ƚɰ, ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ
100 Ƚɰ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɭɯɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɭɜ-
ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɡɜɭɤɚɦ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ. Ȼɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɡɜɭɤ ɫ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ 140 ɞȻ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ 200 ɉɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ 100 ȼɬ/ɦ
2
. Ɂɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɭ ɞɢɫɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ (ɫɥɚ-
ɛɚɹ ɛɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɯɟ, ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɫɚɧɢɹ, ɳɟɤɨɬɚɧɢɹ).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.1
Ƚɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 12.1.012–92
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɢɛɪɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɞȻ, ɜ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ
ȼɢɞ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ, Ƚɰ
1 2 4 8 16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000
Ɉɛɳɚɹ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ:
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ
1132 1123 1114 1108 1107 1107 1107 – – – –
122 117 116 116 116 116 116 – – – –
– 117 108 102 101 101 101 – – – –
104
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 6.1
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɢɛɪɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɞȻ, ɜ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ
ȼɢɞ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ, Ƚɰ
1 2 4 8 16 31,5 63 125 250 500 1000
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
– 108 99 93 92 92 92 – – – –
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ,
ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɦɚɲɢɧ,
– 100 91 85 84 84 84 – – – –
ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɸ
ȼ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ,
ɡɞɪɚɜɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ,
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ
– 91 82 76 75 75 75 – – – –
ɛɸɪɨ,
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ
Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ
– – – 115 109 109 109 109 109 109 109
6.8. Ɂɚɳɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ
ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɥɵɲɢɦɨɝɨ ɡɜɭɤɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ.
ɉɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ: ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ – ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ 1,12ǜ10
ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ – ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤ.
ɇɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ,
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ, ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɍ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɫɬɟɧɢɸ, ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɭɸ ɝɢɩɨɬɨɧɢɸ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɐɇɋ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟ, ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɪɟɡɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɵ ɫ ɭɱɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɭɥɶɫɚ, ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɫɩɚɡɦɵ ɜ
ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ, ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ, ɠɟɥɱɧɨɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɟ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜɟɝɟɬɨ-
ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɞɢɫɬɨɧɢɹ ɫ ɠɚɥɨɛɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ
4
... 1,0ǜ105 Ƚɰ; ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ – 1,0ǜ105…1,0ǜ109 Ƚɰ;
ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ
105
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚ ɛɟɫɫɨɧɧɢɰɭ.
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɬɹɯ ɪɭɤ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɜɨɣ
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ
.
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɤɢ – ɜɟɝɟɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɚɹ (ɚɧɝɢɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ) ɢɥɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɧɟɜɪɨɩɚɬɢɹ ɪɭɤ.
Ƚɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ȽɈɋɌ 12.1.001–89.
Ƚɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɞȻ) ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦɢ 12,5... 100 ɤȽɰ (ɬɚɛɥ. 6.2).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.2
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ
ɬɪɟɬɶɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫ, ɤȽɰ
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞȻ
12,5 80
16 80(90)
20 100
25 105
31,5–100,0 110
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɢɛɪɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ (ɬɚɛɥ. 6.3).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.3
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜɢɛɪɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɟɟ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɨɤɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫ, ɤȽɰ
8–63
125–500
1000–31 500
ɉɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɢɛɪɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɦ/ɫ
-3
5ǜ10
8,9ǜ10-3
-2
1,6ǜ10
ɍɪɨɜɧɢ ɜɢɛɪɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɞȻ
100
105
110
106
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚ 5 ɞȻ
ɧɢɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.3, ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ.
ɂɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤ – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɧɢɠɟ 16...20 Ƚɰ.
ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ
ɲɭɦɨɦ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ – ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɟɣ.
ɉɪɢ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ 110...150 ɞȻ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ: ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɐɇɋ, ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ,
ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɠɚɥɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɢ, ɝɨɥɨɜɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɨɤ, ɡɜɨɧ ɜ ɭɲɚɯ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ; ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ,
ɜɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɱɢ; ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ –
ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ 105 ɞȻ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɭɦ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɱɟɦ
Ƚɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɋɇ 2274–80. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ
ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ʋ 42-128-4948–89.
ɢɧɮɪɚɡɜɭɤ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
ɫɨɧɥɢ-
6.9. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɢ
ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɠɨɝɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɬɟɥɚ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ,
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɜ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɸ, ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɪɚɜɦɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɦɵɲɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɭɞɨɪɨɝɚɦ, ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɮɢɛɪɢɥɥɹɰɢɟɣ – ɯɚɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ
ɨɠɨɝɢ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɠɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɮɬɚɥɶɦɢɢ.
ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɮɢɛɪɢɥɥ). Ʉ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɜɦɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ
ɠɢɜɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɪɭ-
107
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɠɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟ-
ɭ
ɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ.
ɂɫɯɨɞ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɫɢɥɵ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɤɚ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ), ɩɭɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ
– ɨɬ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ.
Ɍɨɤ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɣ, ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɤɨɠɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ
ɩɪɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɤɨɠɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɨɠɢ
ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ 1 ɤɈɦ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɥɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɠɢ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɦ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬ ɨɦ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ.
ɇɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɇɟɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ, ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɝɨɥɨɞ, ɨɩɶɹɧɟɧɢɟ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɚ
ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.4.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.4
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
(ɩɭɬɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɪɭɤɚ – ɧɨɝɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 220 ȼ)
Ɍɨɤ, ɦȺ
0,6...1,5
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ, 50 Ƚɰ ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɥɟɝɤɨɟ
ɞɪɨɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ
2,0...2,5 ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ Ɍɨ ɠɟ
5,0...7,0 ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɭɞɨɪɨɝ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ Ɂɭɞ, ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
8,0...10,0
20,0..25,0
ɋɭɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ,
ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɢ, ɧɟɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ-
ɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɤ, ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪ
ɞɧɟɧɨ
ɋɭɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɪɭɤ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɟ
50,0...80,0 ɉɚɪɚɥɢɱ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ Ɍɨ ɠɟ
90,0...100,0
Ɏɢɛɪɢɥɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2–3 ɫ, ɩɚɪɚɥɢɱ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ
300,0 Ɍɨ ɠɟ, ɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
108
ɉɚɪɚɥɢɱ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɤɚ
Ɏɢɛɪɢɥɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ
Ɉɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɬ
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ
ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ
2–3 ɫ, ɩɚɪɚɥɢɱ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɤ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ. ȿɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɥɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɫ –
2 ɦȺ, ɩɪɢ 10 ɫ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ – 6 ɦȺ. Ɍɨɤ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɤɨɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɦ.
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ
(ɛɨɥɟɟ 500 ȼ) ɨɩɚɫɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ. ɂɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɥɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɝɨɥɨɜɚ – ɪɭɤɚ, ɝɨɥɨɜɚ – ɧɨɝɢ, ɪɭɤɚ – ɪɭɤɚ, ɧɨɝɚ – ɪɭɤɚ,
ɧɨɝɚ – ɧɨɝɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɟɧ ɬɨɬ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɣ
ɦɨɡɝ (ɝɨɥɨɜɚ – ɪɭɤɢ, ɝɨɥɨɜɚ – ɧɨɝɢ), ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ (ɪɭɤɢ – ɧɨɝɢ). ɇɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɥɚɝɚ (ɩɨɬ) ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȽɈɋɌ 12.1.038–82* ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɤɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɥɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɪɭɤɚ – ɪɭɤɚ, ɪɭɤɚ – ɧɨɝɚ) ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ (ɧɟɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɦ) ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 50 ɢ 400 Ƚɰ.
ɨɩɚɫɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ
6.10. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ – ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɯ,
ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ
ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ.
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ:
ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ – ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ, ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɵɟ; ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ – ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ; ɩɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ – ɧɚ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ, ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ, ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ, ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ; ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ – ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɩɚɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɲɭɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɪɟɱɟɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ. ɉɨɞɜɢɞɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ
ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɨ.
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɞ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɚɹ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ, ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɩɵɥɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭ-
109
ɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɤɚɬɵ: «ɇɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɥɸɞɢ», «ɇɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ», «ɇɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ» ɢ ɞɪ.
ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɦɢɝɚɸɳɟɣ) ɩɨɞɫɜɟɬɤɨɣ.
ɉɨɞɜɢɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ.
Ɍɪɚɜɦɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ (ɩɨɞ
ɭɝɥɨɦ 45° ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ) ɩɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ
ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɜɟɪɟɰ, ɧɢɲ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ.
Ɂɧɚɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ȽɈɋɌ 12.4.026–76*. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɢ ɜ ɰɟɯɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ (ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ –
ɷɬɨ ɦɨɥɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɜɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɦ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ – ɝɪɭɡ, ɩɪɢ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ – ɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɹɯ – ɜɨɫɤɥɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ.
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɤ – ɤɪɭɝ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɤɚɣɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɢ
ɱɟɪɧɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɫɢɧɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɫ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɤɚɣɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ ɢ ɛɟɥɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ – ɫɢɧɢɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ.
ɉɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɤ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɢ ɤɚɣɦɭ
ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ
ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ.
. ɉɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚɯ ɜ
6.11. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɠɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɜɨɞ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ; ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɵɦɨɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɟɟ
ɟɦ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
ɳɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪ,
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢ-
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɟ-
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