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71
Georgian Britain In 1750 Henry Fielding set up the first detective force, later
known as the Bow Street Runners. His blind brother, John, was a magistrate, who was
said to be able to recognise the voice of any criminal who had appeared before him.
There were over two hundred crimes for which the penalty was death. Huge
crowds went to see public hangings like the ones at Tyburn, just outside London.
There were often stalls and side shows well.
Prisons were dirty and overcrowded. Murderers, lunatics, debtors and children
were all mixed together in dreadful conditions. Typhus, or ‘jail fever’, killed a lot of
prisoners each year. Many convicted criminals were kept in old ships before being
transported to prison camps in Australia.
Some people, like John Howard, a magistrate, tried to improve condition, but it
took over fifty years to replace all the old, unhealthy prisons.
Unit 2
• There are some more facts about the British Police System. Read the
text and translate it using a dictionary.
British Police System
There are about 60,000 police officers, men and women, in England, Wales and
Scotland, excluding London. They all have the same rates of pay and the same
conditions of service, and all are subject to the same code of discipline. All are
engaged in the enforcement of the law, the preservation of life and property, and the
prevention of crime. Each of them has to take the same personal oath of loyalty to the
Crown, in whose service they are; and each one, whatever his or her rank, has
virtually the same power and authority under the law.
Yet they form not one police force but many. For there are 155 different police
forces in the country, varying in size from sixteen in Scotland to over 3,000 in
Lancashire and 20,000 in the Metropolitan Police District. Each of these forces is a
separate body, independent of the others, and each operates only within its own area,
under the command of its Chief Constable, and is administered by its own local
police authority.
The crimes of treason,
rebellion, riot, murder and most
kinds of stealing were all punished
by death. Since modern police
methods such as fingerprinting had
not been invented, it was hard to
prove a criminal was guilty so
people were sometimes made to
confess to crimes by torture. The
rack was widely used instrument
of torture.
72
From the point of view of organization and operation, there is little difference
between a county police force and a borough police force, but there is a difference
between the police authorities in the two types. The police authority of a county force
is composed of justices of the peace and county councillors in equal numbers. The
police authority of a borough force is known as the Watch Committee, and consists of
borough councillors elected by the borough council. In the case of combined police
forces, the usual pattern is that the police authorities of the constituent forces elect
members to form a combined police authority, in proportion to the populations
concerned.
The powers and responsibilities of Standing Joint Committees* and combined
police authorities differ from those of *Watch Committees in certain matters.
Although the local police authority is responsible for the administration and
maintenance of its force, the central government nevertheless plays an important part.
And it is the Home Secretary who is generally responsible to Parliament for country
as a whole.
Although he has no responsibility for the actual operations of individual forces,
he must see that they are efficient. This he does in three ways. In the first place he
makes regulations, with the approval of discipline. In the second place, his
department maintains certain common services for the benefit of all forces in such
matters as training, radio-telephony and scientific investigation. And in the third
place, he maintains control over the establishments of the forces, their efficiency and
standards of housing and accommodation, through an inspectorate.
* Standing Joint Committee – объединенный комитет, действующий
постоянно
* Watch Committee – наблюдательный комитет
• Match the English and the Russian equivalents.
oath of loyalty
применение закона
a borough police force
мировые судьи
the enforcement of the law
советники графства
approval
городская полиция
justices of the peace
клятва на преданность
constituent
одобрение
county councillors
составная часть
73
Unit 3
• Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
A Brief History of Constables in the English Speaking World
Fifteen centuries ago, in 438 A.D. the Roman Emperor Theodosius appointed the
chief of his royal stables comes stabuli - "Master of the Stable." This is the origin of
the word “constable” in the English language. The office of constable was introduced
into British common law following the Norman invasion of the British Isle in 1066
A.D. The constable was responsible for keeping the militia and armaments of the
king, and those of the individual villages, in a state of preparedness for the protection
of the village communities throughout England. The office eventually became an
integral arm of the military throughout Britain. During the reign of King Stephen,
(1135-1154) the office of Lord High Constable was established, and those who filled
this position became the King's representatives in all matters dealing with the military
affairs of the realm.
Authority for local law-enforcement derived primarily from the Statute of
Winchester (1285), which, although essentially a codification of much earlier
measures, encompassed instructions on the communities' obligations regarding the
possession of weapons and maintenance of the king's peace. As a precaution against
violent assaults, robberies and other unlawful acts, there were provisions concerning
watch keeping. The statute specifically gave the power to constables and watchmen
to arrest suspicious strangers, who were to be kept under guard until further
investigation by the justices or, as was the norm by the fourteenth century, at gaol
delivery. Two constables in each hundred (a subdivision of counties), who were
responsible to the county keepers of the peace, were entrusted with the inspection of
arms and on two occasions each year were to check that the watchmen were armed
according to their competence. They held the titles of capitales constabularii et
custodes pacis—“constable of hundreds and keepers of peace.”
The enforcement responsibilities accorded constables and bailiffs after the Black
Death brought their duties into the economic sphere. The Ordinance (1349) and
Statute of Labourers (1351) appointed them to control the movement, conduct and
service arrangements of labourers and servants within their jurisdiction. Workers who
left the village could be arrested.
From the medieval epoch until the nineteenth century, the primary proactive
system of organized policing in the English speaking world, aside from the modern
professional “thief takers” in London, was the watch and ward - patrols, usually at
night, composed of citizens under the supervision of the High Constable, a countylevel appointment. Under the concept of the watch and ward, also known as the
parish watch, every citizen was compelled under penalty of law, to serve as a
volunteer night sentry or watchman a certain number of days a year.
Until the 1830's, this is the way the 'police' functioned in most of the English
speaking world.
stable – конюшня
74
office – должность
militia - народное ополчение
integral – неотъемлемый, целый
realm – королевство, государство
codification – сведение в устав
encompass – объединять
gaol delivery – разгрузка тюрьмы путем рассмотрения в суде дел
заключенных, содержащихся в ней в ожидании суда
bailiff – судебный пристав, заместитель шерифа
parish – подразделение графства
• Answer the following questions.
1. What is the origin of the word “constable” in the English language?
2. What was the constable responsible for?
3. Did Lord High Constable become the King's representative in all matters
dealing with the military affairs of the realm?
4. What instructions did the Statute of Winchester contain?
5. The statute specifically gave the power to constables and watchmen to arrest
suspicious strangers, didn’t it?
6. What functions did constable of hundreds and keepers of peace have?
7. Why were constables and bailiffs appointed to control the economic sphere?
8. What was the primary proactive system of organized policing in the English
speaking world like?
Unit 4(1)
Scotland Yard
• Read the article about Scotland Yard and match the questions (a-e) to
the numbered spaces (1-5), as in the example.
1. f) Where is Scotland Yard situated?…………………………………………
Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London.
Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of
Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over
740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, which possesses
its own separate police force.
2. ………………………………………………………………………………
One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard's crime detection and
emergency service has been the «999 system». On receipt of a call the 999 Room
operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police
car, which is contacted by radio. Almost instantly, a message is also sent by
teleprinter to the police stations concerned, so that within seconds of a call for
75
assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene and all neighbouring
police stations have been notified.
3. ………………………………………………………………………………
Apart from the 999 Room, one of the most interesting places in Scotland Yard is
the Map Room. Here is the Central Crime Map, the Deaths by Violence Map, the
Accidents Map and the Vehicles Recovered Map.
4. ………………………………………………………………………………
An old-established section of the Metropolitan Police is the Mounted Branch,
with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are
particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, for they are accustomed to military
bands.
5. ………………………………………………………………………………
An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used
as an experiment in 1938. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One
dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, whereas the same search
would take six men an hour.
There is also the River Police or Thames Division, which has its own crime
investigation officers who handle all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.
6. ………………………………………………………………………………
There are two other departments of Scotland Yard — the Witness Room (known
as the Rogues' Gallery) where a photographic record of known or suspected criminals
is kept, and the Museum, which contains murder relicts, forgery exhibits and coining
moulds.
7. ………………………………………………………………………………
The name «Scotland Yard» originates from the plot of land adjoining Whitehall
Palace where, in about the 14th century, the royalty and nobility of Scotland stayed
when visiting the English Court. The popular nickname of the London policeman
«bobby» is a tribute to Sir Robert Peel, and whose Christian name attached itself to
members of the force.
a) Where is a photographic record of known or suspected criminals kept?
b) What does the name «Scotland Yard» originate?
c) Why is the London policeman called «bobby»?
d) What is one of the most interesting places in Scotland Yard?
e) How does “999 system” work?
f) How are the dogs used?
g) Where is Scotland Yard situated?
h) What is an old-established section of the Metropolitan Police?
Unit 4(2)
• Read the text about the work of the Metro police unit in Moscow and
discuss if it is typical for the police force in Russia.
Using Metro is Dangerous!
76
Internal-Affairs Minister Rashid Nurgaliev has ordered Vladimir Pronin, head of
the Moscow City Police Department, to launch thorough investigations into
numerous cases of alleged wrongdoings by the Metro police unit.
The order followed a series of press reports accusing the Metro police unit of
committing a raft of crimes, including raping, extortions and inflicting physical harm
on people that refuse to succumb to their demand. And, the issue became worse
earlier this week, when a reporter investigating the allegations was accidentally shot
in the head near one of the Metro stations in the city centre. The reporter has since
been in coma.
“These allegations have formed the basis of several publications in the press. I
implore you to personally and objectively look into these allegations once again and
report to me and the general public,” Nurgaliev said after listening to Pronin’s
preliminary report on the issues today.
“It is necessary for the public to know the real picture of what really happened,”
Nurgaliev said. “We need to take up all citizens’ complaints about cases of power
abuse, examine them objectively and then make the results of our investigations
known to the public,” he said, according to Interfax.
launch – начинать
raft - множество
inflicting physical harm – нанесение физического ущерба
succumb – уступить, подчиниться
allegation – заявление, голословное утверждение
• Read the article again and circle the correct answer:
1. Rashid Nurgaliev has ordered
to launch thorough investigations.
to obscure the cases.
2. The order followed a series of press reports accusing the Metro police unit of
investigating the serious political murdering.
committing a raft of crimes.
3. A reporter investigating the allegations
was accidentally detained.
was accidentally shot.
4. The Minister asked
to look into these allegations once again and report to him and the general
public.
to look into these allegations once again and report only to him.
5. The results of our investigations
must be known to the public.
must remain secret for ordinary people.
Unit 5
77
Attack in the Railway Station
• Read the text below and then decide whether the sentences below are
true, false, or not found in the text.
Three men chased a mugger into East Putney station, London, after he punched
and kicked an elderly woman, but were turned back at the barrier because they had no
tickets, it was stated at the Central Criminal Court yesterday.
They were refused use of a telephone to call the police, so they bought platform
tickets, went into the station and caught the attacker, a youth of 17. One of the
pursuers had to go outside to make a 999 call.
Mr. Justice Melford Stevenson said the incident deserved to be brought to the
attention of the railway authorities. He sent the mugger to jail for five years.
Terry Tailor earlier had admitted assaulting Mrs. Margaret Percy, aged 67, with
intent to rob her.
1. Three men were stopped by the police for trying to catch a train without
tickets.
True
False
Not in the text
2. Barriers are mostly used to prevent crimes at East Putney station.
True
False
Not in the text
3. An old lady was attacked and injured near a railway station in London.
True
False
Not in the text
4. The railway staff didn’t let the pursuers make an emergency call.
True
False
Not in the text
5. According to the Judge, railway authorities deserve more attention in
emergencies.
True
False
Not in the text
6. Terry Tailor confessed that he had robbed someone before.
True
78
False
Not in the text
Units 6
Kinds of crimes
• Read the articles and match them to the headings below.
A Diamonds are Gang's Best Friends B Going for Gold
C Murder She Wrote D Bathhouse Sniper Shot
E Contract Killings of Businessmen
• Name the types of the crime, then decide what punishment is appropriate
for each of the following crimes?
In Novgorod some gold contraband dealers were arrested. Evidence led
members of the task force to the Prioksky Non-ferrous Metals Factory, which is in
the city of Kasimov in the Ryazan Oblast. In connection with the larceny case
involving the precious metals factory here agents of the Economic Crimes
Subdivision of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ryazan Department of
Internal Affairs, and counterintelligence agents have already found a cache of gold
bars, weighing 19 kilograms and valued at 800 million rubles, ready to be smuggled
out.
Extremely poor accounting and monitoring at the factory allowed the theft of
precious metals to take place over a long period of time. The thieves were even
breaking through walls to smuggle gold from the factory! And judging from
everything, this isn't the only enterprise where gold is poorly guarded. During the
first 11 months of this year, several hundred kilograms of gold, valued at around 7.5
billion rubles, were confiscated by Internal Affairs agents.
It is needed to uncover the reasons why gold is stolen. They include strategic
government gold reserves, the bad economy, inflation, laws yet to be passed, and, in
our opinion, criminal loyalty. Isn't it strange that the number of larcenies is growing,
yet the criminal code statutes are becoming more lenient?
the Prioksky Non-ferrous Metals Factory - Приокский завод цветных
металлов
counterintelligence agents – контраразведчики
extremely poor accounting and monitoring at the factory - плохой учёт и
контроль на заводе
laws yet to be passed - непринятые пока законы
the criminal code statutes are becoming more lenient - статьи уголовного
кодекса становятся мягче
79
• Find the words in the text below that mean:
- standing out
- gloomy
- separate room in, esp. in a hospital
- hens, ducks, geese, etc.
- time just before anything
- choosing smb.
- harm, damage
More and more often the Russian criminal chronicle is being filled with reports
about terrorist acts committed against prominent businessmen. Sometimes this is
explained by infighting in Mafia organizations, sometimes law enforcement agencies
are accused of inaction, sometimes it is said that entrepreneurs are too insulated from
real life, that society has become too stratified. Whatever the case, this problem needs
to be resolved.
The past year ended rather ominously for the million inhabitants of Chelyabinsk.
In December, there were five so-called "contract killings," five out of the total 13
recorded for the whole year.
Doctors from the hospital emergency room sombrely joke that the clinic reminds
them more and more of a military hospital. Indeed, the armed guards in the corridors
and wards are a sign of times. Now there are more and more patients who are
winding up on the operating table with injuries that surgeons describe as "of a
criminal nature."
These days doctors are fighting in the emergency room for the life of Sergei
Yashin, president of the firm NEC, who was recently elected General Director of the
Chelyabinsk Aviation Enterprise. Yashin received a gunshot wound to the head, and
his post-operative condition is extremely critical. But more fortunate, of course, is
Andrei Kosilov, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Atlant Investment
Fund. In general it's not a secret to anybody today that work connected with the bond
market, work connected with privatisation, causes specific problems.
In the evening of the very same day that they shot Andrei Kosilov, Mikhail
Lezhnev, president of the poultry company Raves and a candidate for the State
Duma, was killed in a suburb of Chelyabinsk on the steps of his cottage by sniper
shots to the head.
This was perhaps the most talked about murder that occurred in December, and,
on the eve of the elections, many were quick to connect it with politics. However,
members of an investigation task force are not in a hurry to draw any conclusions.
The political theory is not the principal one. It's not being ruled out. It's being
checked out. But the principal is considered to be the business theory.
And experienced investigators haven't lost hope that sooner or later they'll be
successful. After all, they were able to find the contractors and executioners in this
year's seven contract killings. But where is the guarantee that new shots will not be
heard and that there will be no new victims among the Ural entrepreneurs?
80
infighting - разборка
to be accused of inaction быть обвиненным в бездействии
are too insulated from real life - слишком плотно отгородились от реальной
жизни
society has become too stratified - слишком велико расслоение в обществе
to find the contractors and executioners - найти заказчиков и исполнителей
• Read the article and match the following sentences as true (T) or false
(F).
1. The body of a murdered woman was found in one of the homes in Moscow. …..
2. The murdered woman was the sister of one of the physicians. …..
3. One of the murderers jumped from the balcony and disappeared. …..
4. Anna Ichko received a gunshot wound to her head. …..
5. There was the disorder in this apartment. …..
6. There was really no political motive here. …..
7. Sergei Mironov can’t do his work well because of this misfortune. .….
Today the body of a murdered woman was found in one of the homes along
Moscow's Rublevsk Highway. It turns out that the murdered woman, Anna Ichko,
was the mother-in-law of one of the Russian Federation president's attending
physicians.
One of the murderers leaped from the balcony and disappeared at the same time
relatives were trying to open the door to her apartment this morning. Anna
Alexandrovna Ichko, born in 1926, received two knife wounds. The unidentified
assailants entered apartment number 5 of house 20 on Rublevsk Highway for reasons
unknown.
Everything has been simply raked from the cupboard - everything is lying
around here and throughout the whole apartment the very same thing has happened.
The crime that occurred here, they think, most likely was done with the intention of
robbery.
They assumed that she most likely had some kind of orders or medals that have,
for example, value for numismatists [coin collectors]. According to the investigation which hasn't detected any political motives for the crime or attempts to intimidate the
president's doctor by murder - what occurred became possible because of the elderly
woman' s trusting nature toward her uninvited guests, who, it appears, became falling
down drunk in the apartment last night.
Vladlen Vtorushin visited the crime scene today. Sergei Mironov, the director of
the medical center that is taking care of the president is a strong person who will be
able to cope with this misfortune, and that there is no need to replace him. (Originally
published in Excerpts From Russian News)
assume - предполагать
to intimidate - запугать
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