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a) The opening of the letter (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam / Dear Mary)
b) The topics in the letter (e.g. when formal, they should be only facts)
c) The language used (e.g. formal or informal)
d) The closing of the letter and the name at the end of it (Yours sincerely, Peter
Brown / Love, Peter etc)
10a). Formal and informal letters are laid out differently. Find the
differences in the following layouts.
Formal letter when you
do not know the name
of the recipient
Semi formal letter
showing respect for the
recipient with whom you
are on friendly terms
Informal letter
2, Swan St.,
Brighton,
England
15th March, 1996
(your address)
The Manager of
The Hilton Hotel,
112, Sean Rue,
Pans,
France.
(the recipient's address)
Dear Sir/Madam,
Yours faithfully,
Allan Dobbins
5, Castle St.,
Glasgow
17th June, 1996
(your address)
Dear Mr/Mrs Smith,
Love/Regards/Best
wishes/Yours, Anna
33, Stuart Ave.,
Cults,
Aberdeen.
5th August, 1996
(your address)
Dear John,
Love/Regards/Best
wishes/Yours,
Mary
Note: In a formal letter when you know the name of the recipient, you should
include their name and title in their address e.g. Mr Jones, Personnel Manager, Asda
Stores Ltd., 10, Burnbank St., Edinburgh.
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Style in formal and informal letters
Formal letters
Semi-Formal or Informal letters
Salutation: Dear Sir / Madam,
• formal style - impersonal - language not
too direct
• complex sentence structure - frequent
use of Passive Voice - single word verbs
- non colloquial English - advanced
vocabulary
• each paragraph develops one specific
area
• only facts, no use of literary devices
• no use of short forms
Name: Yours
sincerely,
Peter Brown
Salutation: Dear Mary,
• short, zappy style (abbreviations)
• use of slang or colloquial English - use
of idioms - phrasal verbs
• pronouns are often omitted
• chatty, use of literary devices
• use of short forms
Name: Best wishes / Love / Yours
/ Regards,
Peter
10b). Put an F for formal and an I for informal language. Give reasons.
1. I thought I'd drop you a line to let
you know ...
2. I am writing to inquire about ....
3. I would appreciate an early reply.
4. Why not pop up here to see us?
5. Do get in touch.
6. Well, I think that's all for now.
7. I am sorry to inform you that ...
8. I am writing in connection with ...
9. I hope the matter will receive your
prompt ...
10. I've been meaning to write to you
for ages.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
11. Currently I am working at ...
12. I feel I must protest about ...
13. Why don't you come to dinner
...
14. I'd love to see you again.
15. Thanks for the invitation.
16. Please indicate whether you will
be able ...
17. Your presence is required at ...
18. I look forward to ...
19. I'm looking forward to ...
20. Drop in for coffee sometime ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
10c). There is an advertisement in The Weekly Times. Read it.
Join the police force!
Are you a person who doesn’t enjoy the thought of being behind a desk from 9
to 5, answering the phone and making coffee? If that’s the case, you may join the
police force. The police offer excellent opportunities for graduates and are keen to
promote intelligent young people within the service. You’d start by serving a
minimum of two years as a constable, mostly patrolling the streets. You should be
prepared for shift work which will play havoc with your social life. But if you cope
with all the challengers you will be ready for promotion, first to sergeant and then to
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inspector. This is a position of leadership that involves a lot of difficulties. Also
you’ll have a lot of responsibility, however the police service is very noble and
necessary.
10d). Read the two models and find out which
model:
- uses an impersonal style
- includes only facts
- omits pronouns
- uses examples of the passive voice
- is an example of colloquial English
- includes advanced vocabulary
- uses short forms
- contains literary devices
- uses short, zappy style
MODEL 1
Dear Ms Johnson,
I am writing in response to your
request for advice on choosing a career.
The profession of a policeman is
both noble and rewarding, however
there are also negative aspects that have
to be considered. Most importantly a
lifelong commitment of very hard work
is required. A policeman must be
prepared to work long hours, often
under stressful condition. You are
encouraged to pursue a career of a
policeman if it interests you, but
consideration of other options is also
recommended. Forensic Science, for
example, is a profession within the
medical field and jurisprudence which
can be equally rewarding, yet less
stressful than patrolling streets or
investigating difficult cases.
I hope you find this information
useful. Please contact me upon reaching
a decision.
Yours sincerely,
Bob Smith
MODEL 2
Dear Tracy,
Just got your letter and sat down
straight away to tell you what I think.
You know I've been a policeman for
years and it's been great, but sometimes I
wish I'd taken an easier road. Being a
policeman is like being on a powder keg:
you are constantly exposed to risk, you
work long hours, you worry about people
all the time, and nobody ever says thank
you. And one day you come home at night
and find out that your wife with your
children went away.
If you want to be a policeman, go for
it, but think about it first. Why don't you
study Forensic Science? It's interesting
and you don't have to work 24 hours a day
and come home every night with a
pounding headache from the stress.
Hope I've been helpful! Let me know
what you decide.
Love,
Teddy
10e). You’ve decided to join the police force. Write two letters (formal and
informal) asking for advice on choosing a career of a policeman.
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Just for fun
Across
* 1 3 8
1. Strength or power
2. Physical or mental anguish
3. The state of being free, esp. to enjoy political and
civil liberties
4. A statement of what is allowed, e.g. in a game or
procedure
Down
1. A person who swears that somebody is innocent
2. Difficulties or problems
3. A state in which everything is arranged logically
or
comprehensibly
2 1 6 7 * 5 * 4 * 9 * 3
* * 4
4. The founder of the Metropolitan Police force
5. A familiar, pet or derisory name given to a person
6. A special identifying set of clothes for the members of an
organization, such as soldiers
7. A violent lawless person
8. A person who lives by begging
9. An act prohibited and punished by law
Unit 2. POLICE WORK (II)
Warm up Activities
1. Write out only the words which are the names of crimes and the police
functions and services.
names of crimes
police functions and services
espionage
directing traffic regulations
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
………………………..
FBI agent, robbery, enforcing traffic regulations, victim, answering accident
calls, employee, conviction, fraud, aiding the sick, bribery, racketeering, helping find
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a lost child, rescue a lost pet, deserter, bankruptcy, recovering stolen property,
reporting fires, defendant, embezzlement, peacekeeping, extortion, prisoner, theft,
field officer, innocence
Reading
2. You are going to read a text about the police force in the United States.
Eight fragments have been removed from the text. Choose from them the one
which fits each gap.
… responsibility …
… the daylight hours...
… come into existence...
...the individual police
radio ...
… in personnel …
… to maintain public
order ...
… to increase …
… Service functions …
Police Force in the United States
Historians suggest that the first modern police in the United States did not
……………………. until 1833 in the city of New York.
The first municipal police agencies consisted of night watchmen whose
…………………… was to protect property during the evening and early morning
hours. Crime continued ……………………., however, and gradually there were
demands to hire men to provide similar protection during ……………………… as
well. Thus, by the 1830s and 1840s these two types of police were combined to form
a unified, more effective municipal police agency. The modern police departments
came into existence in the years following World War 1. Since 1920 municipal police
agencies have increasingly grown …………………… and responsibilities. Special
training and more selective recruitment practices have been developed to go hand in
hand with the use of such technological developments as the automobile,
……………………………, and the computer. The great part of police work does not
involve crime-fighting situations but rather consists of both service and peacekeeping
activities.
……………………….. include directing traffic and enforcing traffic
regulations, answering accident calls, aiding the sick, helping find a lost child or
rescue a lost pet, recovering stolen property, and reporting fires. These are all
services performed to assist the public.
Peacekeeping functions of the police are designed ……………………………. .
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3. Find the words in the text above that mean:
– people employed to guard buildings or property
– made one, united
– to give help or support
– a forceful request
– to ensure that a law or decision is obeyed
– to make or become greater in size, degree or frequency
Speaking
4. Read the text again and speak about the police force in the United States.
Reading
5. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary. Then explain the words
in bold and try to remember them.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice
General Investigation Division
The FBI, formally called the Bureau of Investigation, was created primarily to
handle criminal investigations for the Department of Justice.
The FBI responsibilities continue to grow each year. The FBI handles over 180
different investigations including Federal criminal violations*, internal security
matters and civil inquiries* in which the Government has an interest.
Since 1945, over 95 percent of the cases investigated by its agents which came
before the courts have resulted in convictions*.
Special Investigation Division
Organized crime is a lawless empire involved in gambling, narcotics,
prostitution, extortion, etc. where easy money can be made. For years organized
crime operated behind a nearly impenetrable wall* built on fear, intimidation,
bribery and force.
Squads of highly trained FBI Agents are devoting their full efforts to bringing
the crime lords to justice. The objective is to collect sufficient evidence to build a
strong prosecutive case so gang leaders can be brought to justice.
Cooperation is vital in the fight against organized crime. The FBI works closely
with state and local enforcement agencies. This Division also supervises
investigations under the Security of Government Employees programme*.
Fugitive investigations often involve a great deal of manpower. In addition to
FBI fugitives, this Division directs the efforts of FBI Agents to locate and apprehend
escaped Federal prisoners, deserters from the Armed Forces.
Identification Division
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The largest collection of fingerprints in the world is maintained in the
Identification Division of the FBI. A dangerous fugitive, wanted in one state, may be
located through fingerprint identification after his arrest on a minor charge under a
different name by a police agency in another state. Fingerprints often are the only
means of identifying victims of various crimes.
Laboratory Division
The FBI Laboratory is the greatest criminological laboratory in the world.
During the first 35 years of its existence, this laboratory made approximately
4.000.000 scientific examinations. Today, this laboratory is a large complex of
scientific equipment, staffed with over 300 employees most of whom have technical
training. Included in this group are over 100 Special Agents with specialized training
in a wide range of scientific fields. Many crimes are solved and many defendants
convicted on the basis of material evidence submitted to the laboratory for
examination. Laboratory examinations on many occasions have proved the innocence
of persons suspected of having committed crimes.
Domestic Intelligence Division
The FBI fights against all elements which pose a threat to the security of the
people in the United States, to the Nation's security.
Files and Communications Division
Often some of the most valuable leads in an investigation already contained in
the files of law enforcement agencies.
A teletype network provides constant twenty-four-hour contact between FBI
headquarters and all Field Divisions. In addition, the FBI has a radio network,
completely independent of commercial facilities.
Crime Records Division*
The personnel of the Crime Records Department has the task of carefully
studying the information on crime poured into the Headquarters from the FBI's field
officer*, local police agencies and other sources.
Training Division
All FBI Agents are trained at facilities in Washington, D.C., and at the FBI
Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Today, the new Agents receive fourteen weeks of
instruction. Two week retraining courses are held periodically for all Agents.
Although the theory of the various branches of Law is taught, the greater emphasis is
placed on those practical skills and techniques.
The courses range from the Constitution and Federal Criminal procedure to
Investigative Techniques and the Collection, Identification and Preservation of
Physical Evidence. Thorough training is given in firearms and defensive tactics in
order that an agent may defend himself in those extreme situations where life may be
in danger. The Training Division also provides instructors for thousands police
schools conducted by local enforcement agencies in communities across the Nation.
18
Administrative Division
The Administrative Division's major responsibilities are to see that the
operations of the Bureau run smoothly and expenditures are kept within the limits of
the annual appropriation granted by Congress. Another duty of this Division is to
recruit and assign the personnel necessary to fulfil the various functions of the FBI.
Inspection Division
The staff is composed of experienced, competent men who periodically review,
inspect the total work performance of each field office and the headquarters staff. The
inspections have as their goal the improvement of management and investigative
practices.
Jurisdiction
Following are the matters within the FBI jurisdiction: Anti-Racketeering;
Atomic Energy Act; Bank Robbery and Embezzlement; Bankruptcy; Bribery;
Espionage; Extortion; Fraud Against the Government; Internal Security; Theft of
Government Property; etc.
Federal criminal violation — нарушение федеральных законов
civil inquiries — расследование гражданских дел
have resulted in convictions — закончились осуждением обвиняемых
operated behind a nearly impenetrable wall — действовала за почти
непроницаемой стеной
the Security of Government Employees programme — программа по
обеспечению безопасности высших правительственных служащих
Crime Records Division — уголовный архив (отдел, где хранятся отчеты о
совершенных преступлениях)
the FBI's field officer — сотрудник ФБР, курирующий определенный регион
или сферу деятельности
Vocabulary Exercises
6. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:
организованная преступность; основанная на страхе, запугивании,
взяточничестве и силе; азартные игры, наркотики, проституция,
вымогательство; собрать достаточно улик; привлечь к суду; местные
правоприменительные органы; осуществлять надзор за расследованием;
обнаружить местонахождение и задержать убежавших из тюрьмы
заключенных;
разыскиваемый опасный беглец; посредством идентификации отпечатков
пальцев; единственное средство опознания потерпевшего; научные экспертизы;
специальные агенты с особой подготовкой; раскрыть преступления; осудить
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обвиняемого; на основе материальных улик; лабораторная экспертиза; доказать
невиновность лица; подозревать в совершении преступления;
картотека; наиболее ценные версии; обеспечивать постоянную связь;
изучать информацию о преступлениях; главное управление ФБР; курсы
переподготовки; практические навыки и техника; следственная техника; сбор,
идентификация и сохранение вещественных доказательств; тщательная
подготовка; огнестрельное оружие;
главные обязанности; набирать штат; выполнять различные функции ФБР;
опытные компетентные люди; совершенствование управления и практики
расследования.
7. Complete the sentences using the following words.
bribery, intimidation, fugitive, identify, convicted, leads, organized crime,
responsibilities, fingerprint, robbery, the collection, identification, preservation, to
handle
1. The FBI was created primarily ... criminal investigations for the Department
of Justice.
2. The fight against ... involves a great deal of efforts in the work of the FBI Special
Investigation Division.
3. To fight against a threat to the Nation's security is one of the … of the FBI.
4. In a number of crimes some of valuable ... in an investigation result from
information contained in the files of law enforcement agencies.
5. Many crimes are solved through ... identification.
6. The dangerous ... was located and arrested on the basis of the information of
the witnesses.
7. Laboratory examinations proved the innocence of the defendant suspected of
having committed...
8. Laboratory examinations of the fingerprints found on the murder victim
helped ... the murderer.
9. The gang leaders were ... on the basis of sufficient evidence collected by the
FBI Agents together with the officers of the local enforcement agency.
10. Practical skills and techniques are paid great attention to in the course of
training and retraining FBI Agents. The courses involve ... and ... of physical
evidence.
11. Organized crime is built on fear, ..., ... and force.
8. Give all possible word combinations.
crime (организованная, совершить, подозревать, бороться против,
раскрыть, доказать);
to handle (преступления, уголовные расследования, отпечатки пальцев,
информация, внутренняя безопасность);
fingerprints (ценные, идентифицировать, обращаться с, сохранить);
fugitive (установить местонахождение, задержать, разыскиваемый, найти,
арестовать);
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evidence (материальные, вещественные, достаточные, обеспечить,
идентификация, собрать, сохранение);
to fight against (рэкет, организованная преступность, хищение,
взяточничество, нарушение законности, азартные игры, мошенничество,
вымогательство);
investigation (тщательный, иметь дело, уголовное, надлежащее).
Speaking
9.a) Find in the text the answers to the following questions.
1. What does the FBI handle?
2. What are the main divisions of the FBI you can name?
3. What are the matters within the FBI jurisdiction?
4. In what way are the FBI Agents devoting their efforts to the fight against
organized crime?
5. Who directs the efforts to locate and apprehend fugitives, escaped Federal
prisoners, deserters from Armed Forces?
6. Where can valuable leads in an investigation be found very often?
7. Where is the largest collection of fingerprints in the world?
8. What is the value of fingerprints in a number of crimes?
9. On the basis of which evidence are many crimes solved and many defendants
convicted?
9.b) Read the text again then make notes under these headings. Use your
notes to talk about the FBI.
• The FBI, its composition
• The matters within its jurisdiction
• Special Investigation Division
• Identification Division
• Laboratory Division
• Domestic Intelligence Division
• Files and Communications Division
• Crime Records Division
• Training Division
• Administrative Division
• Inspection Division
• Jurisdiction
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