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Unit 4. POLICE WORK (IV)
Warm up Activities
1. What do you think of a police trick with a ‘good’ and a ‘bad’ cop? What
do you think of rude or corrupted policemen? What are the reasons of police
brutality and corruption?
Reading
2. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary. Then explain the
word(s) in bold and try to remember them all.
The Victims of Police Torture
In Russia some ordinary people somehow get caught up in the criminal justice
system as petty offenders, criminal suspects, or witnesses who might incriminate
others. There is no clear ethnic preference as to who is subjected to torture - nor are
victims likely to be political. Meet one of the victims - Sergei Mikhailov from
Arkhangelsk
The case of death-row prisoner Sergei Mikhailov, whose innocence appears to
have been irrefutably proven but who still languishes in jail, reveals the importance
given to confessions in Russia. It appears that once a confession-based conviction is
obtained, the resistance to reopening or reviewing the case becomes extraordinarily
high, even in the face of dramatic new evidence.
Following the murder and rape of a ten-year-old girl in the provincial town of
Velsk in Arkhangelsk province in October 1994, police detained twenty-one-year-old
Sergei Mikhailov for ten days in December 1994 for petty hooliganism. Denied
access to a lawyer, Mikhailov claimed that police beat him over the course of these
ten days and threatened to throw him into a so-called “pressing room”, where cell
mates who are police trustees would beat and rape him. While still in
incommunicado detention, Mikhailov confessed to the murder. After Mikhailov was
granted access to a lawyer, he withdrew his confession. In April 1995, the
Arkhangelsk Province Court tried the case and sentenced Mikhailov to death, based
largely on his confession. The Supreme Court confirmed the sentence on appeal.
In November 1996, a murder almost identical to the one for which Mikhailov
had been convicted occurred in Velsk. In the course of the investigation, police
arrested Alexander Kozlov, who confessed not only to the second but also to the first
murder.
Instead of immediately starting proceedings to correct a miscarriage of justice
against Mikhailov, the Arkhangelsk procuracy tried to obscure its mistake. Although
the procuracy's special investigator concluded in July 1997 that Mikhailov had been
wrongly convicted and recommended that the sentence be overturned, the head of
the procuracy in Arkhangelsk, Alexander Apanasenko, refused to send this
conclusion to the Procuracy General in Moscow. By then, a journalist had written
several critical articles about the case, and the newspaper, Pravda Severa, also hired a
32
lawyer for Mikhailov. In November, Apanasenko appointed a second special
investigator, who reached the same conclusions as his colleague. Once again,
Apanasenko refused to send the conclusions to Moscow. During this time,
Mikhailov's lawyer had written five complaints to the Procuracy General, which
finally demanded to receive the case materials.
Subsequently, the Procuracy General appointed its own special investigator, Dmitrii
Buianov, to the case, this time from neighboring Vologda province. In August 1998, this
investigator told a representative of Human Rights Watch that he was absolutely
convinced of Mikhailov's innocence. Shortly thereafter, he presented his conclusions to
the head of the Vologda procuracy, who sent them to the Procuracy General in Moscow.
Inexplicably, the Procuracy General considered Buianov's conclusions insufficient to
request the Supreme Court to overturn Mikhailov's conviction. It sent the case back to
Vologda in October 1998, claiming “not all witnesses had been questioned.” In January
1999, Buianov submitted his next conclusion to the Procuracy General, which found it
insufficient and returned it to him once more in April 1999. As of this writing, Buianov
had sent the results of his latest investigation into the case, but the Procuracy General
had not taken a decision yet.
Meanwhile, Mikhailov continues to be held on death row at the Arkhangelsk
pre-trial detention centre, where he has been for almost four and a half years.
According to his lawyer, Mikhailov has tried to commit suicide several times. Both his
lawyer and the special investigator Human Rights Watch spoke to expressed deep
concern about his mental stability. As a death-row prisoner, Mikhailov does not have the
right to receive visitors, except for his lawyer. From April 24, 1995 to July 1, 1997,
Mikhailov had no exposure to sunlight, as death-row prisoners did not have the right to
recreation. Human Rights Watch representatives met with Mikhailov briefly in August
1998, thanks to the special investigator from Vologda province. However, the
representatives were forced to break off the meeting because prison authorities insisted
that a guard be present at all times. Mikhailov appeared extremely distraught and
depressed. Due to President Boris Yeltsin's initiative to commute the sentences of all
remaining death row prisoners in June, Mikhailov's sentence was changed to twenty-five
years of imprisonment. He is currently awaiting transfer to a labour colony. (Moscow
News)
Vocabulary Exercises
3. Match the Russian to the English equivalents.
to reveal
томиться в
тюрьме
access
темнить, делать
неясным
irrefutably
признание
виновным
to obscure
недостаточный,
несоответствующий
conviction
показывать,
обнаруживать
incommunicado
содержание под
стражей без права
переписываться и
общаться
to languish in jail
неопровержимо
insufficient
доступ
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4. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list then make sentences using
the completed phrases.
to confirm, a confession-based, to review, criminal, torture, confession, wrongly,
to reach, mental, colony, suicide, a miscarriage
………….suspects
to withdraw one’s………
………….victims
……………the case
…………conviction
…………... the sentence
………… convicted
to correct………………
……….the same conclusions
to commit……………..
a labour……………………..
………… stability
5. Fill in the correct prepositions.
1 to languish….. jail; 2 …..the face…..dramatic new evidence; 3 to be
changed…..twenty-five years…..imprisonment; 4 to have no exposure…..sunlight; 5
to force…..break…..the meeting; 6 access…..a lawyer; 7 to confess…..the murder.
6. Read the article again and find the words which mean:
- to cause severe suffering to smb.
- to say, that a person is guilty of doing
wrong
- a person who has charge of property in
trust
- to take out or away
- to say “no”
- to choose for a post
- that cannot be explained
- extremely upset
Speaking
7. Make notes under these headings. Use your notes to talk about the
Mikhailov’s case. In conclusion answer the question: Has anything changed in
the criminal justice system of Russia since that time?
• Introduction
34
• The main points of the “Mikhailov’ case”
• The new evidence of the case
• The actions taken by the head of the procuracy
• Buianov’s conclusion
• Mikhailov’ physical state and rights
• Conclusion
Reading
8. One of the police officials responds to the article about the police
corruption. Read it, then discuss afterwards.
Bad Cops, Good Cops
There had been found some “bad cops” everywhere. Every move they made,
kilometre for kilometre, meter per meter, will be investigated. If even one bad apple were
discovered anywhere in our ranks, it would be his last day on the job, and, to be sure, he
would get his just deserts, this employee. But I think that if this sort of thing were to
happen, it would be an isolated incident. I'd like to point out that the Motor Vehicle
Inspectorate personnel, in particular, by giving protection to the city department and the
city, made it possible for police officers to arm themselves quickly and take the offensive.
I'd like to remember the people in those soldier shirts - the very same shirts as I
wear - who defended the city with their bodies and bore the brunt of the first attack.
I'd like both the politicians and the citizens of Russia, so to speak, to know that the
police in all parts of Russia are prepared to take up arms in defence of the population
whenever terrorism rears its head.
9. Give the English equivalents to the word(s)
…………………
приняли на себя
первый удар
...………………
последний день
службы
…………………
быстро
вооружиться
...………………
вынесли всю
тяжесть
…………………
с оружием в руках
...………………
работники ДАИ
…………………
единичный
случай
...………………
в наших рядах
…………………
защитив горотдел
и город
...………………
встать на защиту
населения
…………………
cвоей грудью
защитили город
...………………
правосудие
воздаст ему
должное
Writing
35
• Study the following information.
An argumentative composition is a piece of formal writing. There are quite a
few types of argumentative compositions such as: outlining advantages and
disadvantages of the question under discussion, expressing the writer's personal
opinion with supporting arguments and providing solutions, expressing for and
against arguments and discursive essays.
You should use a different paragraph for each point you make. Begin each
paragraph with a key sentence which sums up the point you are going to make. Give
examples to support your point of view.
Before starting to write your composition you should first make a plan. Here are
the plans for the four types of argumentative.
Advantages /
Disadvantages
expressing opinions
/ providing
solutions
For and against
discursive essays
state topic
state
opinion/problem
state topic
state topic
advantages
Point 1 / Suggestion
1
arguments for
one point of view
(e.g. scientific)
disadvantages
Point 2 / Suggestion
2
arguments against
another point of
view (e.g. moral)
a third point of view
(e.g. social)
balanced
consideration/
opinion
restate opinion/best
option and reason
balanced
consideration
give own opinion
Useful Tips for Argumentatives
• use formal style - do not include colloquial English
• do not use short forms
• write well developed paragraphs
• avoid strong feelings (don't say: nobody does this, or it is impossible to disagree
with me)
• use generalisations (e.g. people say/believe/consider) but do not use
overgeneralization (e.g. everybody believes that...)
• Do not use strong personal expressions (e.g. I think) - use milder language (e.g. In
my opinion, I believe etc)
• use linking words (e.g. therefore, although, however etc)
• use sequencing (e.g. firstly, secondly, lastly)
• make reference to other sources (e.g. The government claims that...)
• give examples - not personal thoughts
36
• do not refer blindly to statistics unless you are certain of a source (don't say:
Statistics have recently shown that I am right. Which statistics?)
• abandon clichéd introductions. Write something more original (Don't write: This
topic has been important since ancient times. When? Too vague)
• use quotations or paraphrasing of quotations
• use an advanced level of vocabulary
One way of adding vitality to your composition is by using quotations - giving
the actual words spoken or by paraphrasing - giving the meaning of what was said.
In an argumentative essay quotations are particularly useful for the first or last
sentence. For example a law protection essay could end with “Laws should govern
people and not on the contrary”or “Dura lex, sed lex” (Strict is the law, but a law)
or “The law is not something that can be changed at will”.
10a). Go through the table and say the sentences in as many ways as
possible as in the example:
e.g. Although killing endangered species is illegal, people will not stop hunting them.
Killing endangered species is illegal, yet people will not stop hunting them, etc.
Linking devices
To make
contrasting
points
although, yet, however,
nevertheless, in spite of, but, while,
despite, even if, even though, at the
same time
Killing endangered species is
illegal. However, people will not
stop hunting them.
To list points
firstly, in the first place, first of all,
to start with, secondly, thirdly,
finally
First of all, the government must
revise the out-of-date
environmental laws, which were
written twenty years ago.
To add more
points on a topic
what is more, furthermore, also,
apart from this/that, in addition to,
moreover, besides, too, not to
mention the fact that
Furthermore, programmes
showing violence and crime
should be banned.
To list
advantages/
disadvantages
one/another/one other/a further/the
main /the first/the greatest
advantage/disadvantage of...
Another disadvantage of
rehabilitation programme for
young offenders is that fact that
they know nothing about the
world around them.
To express
personal opinion
in my opinion/view, to my
mind/way of thinking, personally I
believe, it strikes me that, I feel
very strongly that, I am inclined to
believe that, it seems to me that, as
far as I am concerned
Personally I believe that if
young people had a proper
occupation they would not be
attracted to a life of crime.
37
To refer to other
sources
according to, with reference to
According to this report, since
the beginning of the year
Moscow has seen a considerable
increase in offences committed
in the city as compared to the
same period last year.
To conclude
finally, lastly, above all, all in all,
taking everything into account, on the
whole, all things considered, in
conclusion, as I have said, as was
previously stated, to sum up
In conclusion, he added that he
supported the idea of restoring
the so-called Narodnaya
Druzhina, neighbourhood-watch
squads.
To express
cause
because of, owing to, due to, for
this reason
I firmly believe that burglars
break into our houses because
of lack of security.
To express
effect
therefore, thus, as a result,
consequently, so, as a consequence
As a result of planned genocide
of the Armenian population of
Turkey, more than 1,5 million
people were massacred and
approximately 2 million people
were compelled to run away.
To emphasise
what you say
clearly, obviously, of course,
needless to say, in particular
Needless to say, that one of their
main functions of the police is
apprehending criminals and
would-be criminals.
To express
reality or to
refer to what
actually happens
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact,
in practice, the fact of the matter is
that
In theory the Sovereign is to be
an active party to the making of
laws, but in practice he has a
shadowy veto.
To express
difference
between
appearance and
reality
on the face of it, at first sight,
apparently
At first sight, the building
looked safe but after a detailed
inspection of the police it was
reported to be in need of major
structural repairs.
To state an
argument
against your
opinion
it is popularly believed that, people
often claim that, contrary to popular
belief, it is a fact that, people argue
that
It is a fact that some
unscrupulous policemen refuse
to register citizens’ complaints
on various pretexts.
To state other
people's
opinions
many people are in favour
of/against, some people argue that,
a lot of people think/believe
Many people are against death
penalty but they believe that
criminals should be punished
severely.
To introduce the
other side of the
argument
opponents of this view say,
however there are people/those who
oppose... claim that
Moscow's subway is relatively
reliable and safe during all
hours of operation. However
there are people who claim that
38
travellers should be alert to theft
or assault while riding public
transportation.
To express
balance
while, on the one hand, on the other
hand, whereas
On the one hand, some believe
that we should “make the
punishment fit the crime”.
To give
examples
for example, for instance
A parent who cheats on his or
her taxes, for example, cannot
expect a child to see criminal
activity as something to be
avoided.
To make general
statements
as a rule, generally, in general, as a
general rule, on the whole
Generally the British police do
not carry firearms, except in
Northern Ireland.
To make partly
correct
statements
up to a point, to a certain extent, to
some extent, in a way, in a sense
Russian organized crime is a
problem that is certainly not
unique to Russia but that appears
to be a serious problem to a
certain extent in the USA.
To express limit
of knowledge
to the best of my knowledge, for all
I know, as far as I know
As far as I know, Russian
princes and mobs used death
penalty very freely and often in a
very cruel way.
To rephrase
that is to say, in other words
In other words, cities with a
higher rate of unemployment and
poverty do not necessarily also
have a higher crime rate.
To bring up
other points or
aspects
as far as ... is concerned, regarding,
with regard to, as for
As far as the war on drugs is
concerned, the Ministry of
Internal Affairs is making
progress.
To imply that
nothing else
needs to be said
anyway, at any rate, in any case
Anyway, children should be
taught that crime is bad.
Accepting the
situation
as it is, under the circumstances,
things being as they are
Under the circumstances, the
situation with the drug antipropaganda has to be improved.
Expressing opinions
Use the introduction and conclusion to express your own personal opinion. Use
phrases such as "in my opinion" and "I believe" rather than the more emotional "I think".
Remember to include examples and reasons in order to support your opinion. You
should begin with your weakest points, if necessary grouping two or three minor points
in one paragraph. The last paragraph should contain the most powerful argument. Make
39
sure when expressing a conflicting viewpoint to say why it is wrong. Here is the outline
to express opinions.
Introduction:
State your opinion clearly without using too many personal opinion
words.
Main body:
para. 2 Give the first point supporting your opinion.
para. 3 Give the second point supporting your opinion.
para. 4 Give the last point supporting your opinion.
Conclusion:
Re-state your opinion, using different words.
10b). Read the following advertisement.
Choose any topic you like and express your opinion on one of the topics in
written form.
1. Distinction between allowed and forbidden.
2. Reasons for corruption. Remedies against corruption.
3. Corruption, police corruption and organized crime.
4. Police brutality and abuse of authority.
5. Police prejudice and discrimination.
6. Police excessive use of deadly force.
7. Police misuse of confidential information.
8. Political cover-ups. Police crimes.
We are against of a corrupt judiciary!
A serious impediment to the success of any anti-corruption
strategy is a corrupt judiciary. Unfortunately, evidence is steadily and
increasingly surfacing of widespread corruption in the courts in many
parts of the world.
To confront the problem, the UN is taking a variety of
approaches. It is examining judicial corruption in detail and seeking to
identify means of addressing it, both in higher and lower levels of court
systems. It’s very important for us to know your opinion! Join us taking
part in the conference concerning the corruptions in our society.
40
Just for fun
Work with a partner. Discuss ways of solving the problems below.
Unit 5. CRIME (I)
Warm up Activities
1. What kinds of criminal offences do you know? List at least five of them.
2. Match the words with the definitions.
theft
taking somebody by force and demanding money for their
return
shoplifting
action of stealing
mugging
stealing things from people’s pockets
arson
killing somebody for political reason or for payment
burglary
stealing objects from shops while posing as a customer
kidnapping
taking control of a plane using force and forcing the pilot to
change course
terrorism
making false currency, signatures, documents or paintings
pickpocketing
carrying illegally drugs into another country
assassination
giving something in order to influence or persuade a person
hijacking
illegally setting fire to property
How can you take away three matches and leave a total of seven
triangles?
Draw these six lines. Then add five other lines and make nine.
The picture shows a small island in the middle of a deep lake. The
lake is 300 metres across. There is a tree on the island, and another tree
on the land. A woman wants to go from the land to the island. She can't
swim. She has a rope that is 350 metres long. How can she reach the
island?
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