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The science fiction historian John Clute describes Wells as ‟the most
important writer the genre has yet seen”, and notes his work has been central to
both British and American science fiction. In Britain, Wells’s work was a key
model for the British ‟Scientific Romance”.
He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1921, 1932, 1935
and 1946.
Wells visited Soviet Union for three times, where he met with Lenin and
Stalin. After these visits he wrote Russia in the Shadows.
Famous quotations by Wells:
It is always a much easier task to educate uneducated people than to
re-educate the mis-educated.
You are free to choose your own way of life, but you are not free to
choose the results.
There are many things to resist, but disease is not one of them.
You must lose a fly to catch a trout.
The best mirror is an old friend.
Go not for every grief to the physician, nor for every quarrel to the
lawyer, nor for every thirst to the pot.
Popular works by Wells:
The Time Machine (1895).
The Wonderful Visit (1895)
The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
The Wheels of Chance (1896)
The Invisible Man (1897)
The War of the Worlds (1898)
When the Sleeper Wakes (1899)
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
The First Men in the Moon (1901)
The Sea Lady (1902)
The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth (1904)
Kipps (1905)
A Modern Utopia (1905)
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In the Days of the Comet (1906)
The War in the Air (1908)
Tono-Bungay (1909)
The History of Mr Polly (1910)
The Sleeper Awakes (1910) – revised edition of When the Sleeper
Wakes (1899)
The New Machiavelli (1911)
Marriage (1912)
The Passionate Friends (1913)
The World Set Free (1914)
Bealby: A Holiday (1915)
Boon (1915) (as Reginald Bliss)
Joan and Peter: The Story of an Education (1918)
The Undying Fire (1919)
The Secret Places of the Heart (1922)
Men Like Gods (1923)
The Dream (1924)
The Shape of Things to Come (1933)
The Croquet Player (1936)
The Brothers (1938)
The Holy Terror (1939)
Babes in the Darkling Wood (1940)
Useful resources for reading about Wells:
http://hgwellssociety.com/
http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/
http://global.britannica.com/biography/H-G-Wells
Comprehension assignments:
1. Give the brief summary of Wells’s life.
2. Highlight the literary styles of the author.
3. Name Wells’s most memorable works.
4. Write the brief summary of one of Wells’s works.
62

Thomas Hardy
(Томас Харди)
Hardy was the eldest of the four children of Thomas Hardy, a stonemason
and builder, and his wife, Jemima. He grew up in an isolated cottage on the edge
of open heath land. Though he was often ill as a child, his early experience of
rural life, with its seasonal rhythms and oral culture, was fundamental to much
of his works. His mother Jemima was well-read, and she educated Thomas until
he went to his first school at Bockhampton at age eight. For several years he
attended Mr. Last’s Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester. Here he
learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential. Because Hardy’s family
lacked the means for a university education, his formal education ended at the
age of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect.
Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London in 1862;
there he enrolled as a student at King’s College London. He won prizes from the
Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. Hardy
was in charge of the excavation of the graveyard of St. Pancras Old Church prior
to its destruction when the Midland Railway was extended to a new terminus at
St. Pancras.
In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of
St. Juliotin Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford,
whom he married in 1874. In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into Max Gate,
a house Hardy had designed himself and his brother had built. Although they
later became estranged, her subsequent death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on
him and after her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked
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with their courtship; his Poems 1912–1913 reflect upon her death. In 1914
Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his
junior. However, he remained preoccupied with his first wife’s death and tried to
overcome his remorse by writing poetry. In 1910 Hardy had been awarded the
Order of Merit and was also for the first time nominated for the Nobel Prize in
Literature. He would be nominated for the prize in eleven more years.
In his novel Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) Hardy first introduced
the idea of calling the region in the west of England, where his novels are set,
Wessex. Wessex had been the name of an early Saxon kingdom, in approximately the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful
enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career.
Over the next twenty-five years Hardy produced ten more novels.
From 1898 until his death in 1928 Hardy published eight volumes of
poetry; about one thousand poems were published in his lifetime. Moreover,
between 1903 and 1908 Hardy published The Dynasts, a huge poetic drama in
3 parts, 19 acts, and 130 scenes. Using the Napoleonic wars to dramatize his
evolving philosophy, Hardy also pioneered a new kind of verse. It is considered
The Dynasts is ‟neither a poem, nor a play, nor a story. It is a shooting-script‟.
Though little read today, The Dynasts presents Hardy’s idea of ‟evolutionary
meliorism”, the hope that human action could make life better.
Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on
the lives of those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to marriage, education and religion, that limited people’s
lives and caused unhappiness. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is
seen in Hardy’s works.
Hardy became ill within December 1927 and died at Max Gateon
11 January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed. His
funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, his executor, Sir Sydney
Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in the abbey’s famous Poets’
Corner. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford
with Emma, and his ashes in Poets’ Corner.
Shortly after Hardy’s death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters
and notebooks, but twelve documents survived, one of them containing notes
and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s, and research into these has
provided insight into how Hardy used them in his works. In the year of his death
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Mrs. Hardy published The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891, compiled
largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries, and biographical memoranda,
as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years.
Hardy’s birthplace in Bockhampton and his house Max Gate, both in Dorchester, are owned by the National Trust.
Famous quotations by Thomas Hardy:
Fear is the mother of foresight.
Happiness was but the occasional episode in a general drama of pain.
Beauty lay not in the thing, but in what the thing symbolized.
People go on marrying because they can’t resist natural forces,
although many of them may know perfectly well that they are possibly buying a
month’s pleasure with a life’s discomfort.
Love is a possible strength in an actual weakness.
I shall do one thing in this life – one thing certain – that is, love you,
and long for you, and keep wanting you till I die.
A man’s silence is wonderful to listen to.
Popular works by Thomas Hardy:
Novels:
The Poor Man and the Lady (1867, unpublished and lost)
Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School (1872)
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
The Return of the Native (1878)
The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character
(1886)
The Woodlanders (1887)
Wessex Tales (1888, a collection of short stories)
Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891)
Life’s Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories)
Jude the Obscure (1895)
Desperate Remedies: A Novel (1871)
The Hand of Ethelberta: A Comedy in Chapters (1876)
A Laodicean: A Story of To-day (1881)
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Romances and Fantasies:
A Pair of Blue Eyes: A Novel (1873)
The Trumpet-Major (1880)
Two on a Tower: A Romance (1882)
A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories)
The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament (1897)
Drama:
The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
The Dynasts, Part 3 (1908)
The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagelin Lyonnesse
(1923)
Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
Poems of the Past and the Present (1901)
Time’s Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
Satires of Circumstance (1914)
Moments of Vision (1917)
Collected Poems (1919)
Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1923)
Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928)
Useful resources for reading about Thomas Hardy:
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/thomas-hardy
http://global.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hardy
https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/thomas-hardy
Comprehension assignments:
1. Give the brief summary of Hardy’s life.
2. Highlight the literary styles of the author.
3. Name Hardy’s most memorable works.
4. Write the brief summary of one of Hardy’s works.
66

Gilbert Keith Chesterton
(Гилберт Кит Честертон)
Gilbert Keith Chesterton better known as G. K. Chesterton, was an English writer, theologian, poet, philosopher, dramatist, journalist, orator, literary
and art critic, biographer, and Christian apologist. Chesterton is often referred
to as the “prince of paradox”. Time magazine pointed his writing style with
popular sayings, proverbs, allegories, carefully turning them inside out.
Chesterton was born on 29 May 1874 in Campden Hillin Kensington,
London, the son of Marie Louise (Grosjean) and Edward Chesterton. He was
baptized at the age of one month into the Church of England, though his
family themselves were irregularly practicing Unitarians. According to his
autobiography, as a young man Chesterton became fascinated with the
occultand, along with his brother Cecil, experimented with Ouija boards.
Chesterton was educated at St. Paul’s School, then attended the Slade
School of Artin order to become an illustrator. The Slade is a department
of University College London, where Chesterton also took classes in literature,
but did not complete a degree in either subject. In 1895 Chesterton left
University College without a degree and worked for the London publisher
Redway, and T. Fisher Unwin, where he remained until 1902. During this
period, he also undertook his first journalistic work, as a freelance art and
literary critic. In 1902 the Daily Newsgave him a weekly opinion column,
followed in 1905 by a weekly column in The Illustrated London News, for
which he continued to write for the next thirty years. His writings to 1910 were
of three kinds. First, his social criticism, largely in his voluminous journalism,
was gathered in The Defendant (1901), Twelve Types (1902), and Heretics
(1905).
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In 1901 Chesterton married Frances Blogg, later he renewed his Christian
faith and the marriage helped him to pull himself out of his spiritual crisis. This
marriage lasted the rest of his life. Chesterton credited Frances with leading him
back to Anglicanism, though he later considered Anglicanism to be a ‟pale
imitation”. He entered full communion with the Catholic Churchin 1922.
Chesterton is well known for his fictional priest-detective Father Brown
and for his reasoned apologetics. Even some of those who disagree with
him have recognized the wide appeal of such works as Orthodoxy and The
Everlasting Man. In The Everlasting Man, a young atheist named C. S. Lewis
became a Christian. Chesterton, as a political thinker, cast aspersions on both
Progressivism and Conservatism, saying, ‟The whole modern world has divided
itself into Conservatives and Progressives. The business of Progressives is to
go on making mistakes. The business of the Conservatives is to prevent the
mistakes from being corrected. Chesterton routinely referred to himself as an
‟orthodox” Christian, and came to identify this position more and more
with Catholicism, eventually converting to Catholicism from High Church
Anglicanism. George Bernard Shaw, Chesterton’s ‟friendly enemy” according
to Time, said that he was a man of colossal genius.
Chesterton showed a great interest and talent for art. His writing shows a
vision that clothed abstract ideas in concrete and memorable images. Even his
fiction contained carefully concealed parables. Father Brownis perpetually
correcting the incorrect vision of the bewildered folks at the scene of the crime
and wandering off at the end with the criminal to exercise his priestly role of
recognition and repentance. For example, in the story The Flying Stars Father
Brown entreats the character Flambeau to give up his life of crime: ‟There is
still youth and honour and humour in you; don’t fancy they will last in that
trade. Men may keep a sort of level of good, but no man has ever been able to
keep on one level of evil. That road goes down and down. The kind man drinks
and turns cruel; the frank man kills and lies about it. Many men I’ve known
started like you to be an honest outlaw, a merry robber of the rich, and ended
stamped into slime”.
Chesterton loved to debate, often engaging in friendly public disputes
with such men as George Bernard Shaw. Chesterton and Shaw were famous
friends and enjoyed their arguments and discussions. According to his
autobiography, he and Shaw played cowboys in a silent film that was never released.
68

Chesterton was a large man, standing 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) and weighing around 20 stone 6 pounds (130 kg). His girth gave rise to a famous anecdote.
During the First World War a lady in London asked why he was not ‟out at the
Front”; he replied ‟If you go round to the side, you will see that I am”. On
another occasion he remarked to his friend George Bernard Shaw, ‟To look at
you, anyone would think a famine had struck England”. Shaw replied ‟To look
at you, anyone would think you have caused it”. P. G. Wodehouse once
described a very loud crash as ‟a sound like G. K. Chesterton falling onto a
sheet of tin”. Chesterton usually wore a cape and a crumpled hat, with a sword
stick in hand, tiny glasses pinched to the end of his nose, laughter blowing
through his moustache, and a cigar hanging out of his mouth. He laughed at his
own jokes and amused children at birthday parties by catching buns in his
mouth. He had a tendency to forget where he was supposed to be going and miss
the train that was supposed to take him there. It is reported that on several
occasions he sent a telegram to his wife Frances from some distant (and
incorrect) location, writing such things as ‟I Am in Market Harborough. Where
ought I to be?” to which she would reply ‟Home”.
Chesterton died of congestive heart failure on the morning of 14 June
1936, at his home in Buckinghamshire. His last known words were a greeting
spoken to his wife. He is buried in Beaconsfield in the Catholic Cemetery.
The Chesterton Society has proposed that he be beatified. He is remembered
liturgically on 13 June by the Episcopal Church (USA), with a provisional feast
day as adopted at the 2009 General Convention.
Chesterton’s writing style is always marked by humility, consistency,
paradox, wit and wonder. His writing remains as timely and as timeless today.
Famous quotations by Chesterton:
I do not believe in a fate that falls on men however they act; but I do
believe in a fate that falls on them unless they act.
The true object of all human life is play. Earth is a task garden; heaven
is a playground.
The cosmos is about the smallest hole that a man can hide his head in.
Courage is almost a contradiction in terms. It means a strong desire to
live taking the form of a readiness to die.
Journalism is popular, but it is popular mainly as fiction. Life is one
world, and life seen in the newspapers another.
69

You can never have a revolution in order to establish a democracy.
You must have a democracy in order to have a revolution.
Art consists of limitation... The most beautiful part of every picture is
the frame.
The whole object of travel is not to set foot on foreign land; it is at last
to set foot on one’s own country as a foreign land.
The only way of catching a train I have ever discovered is to miss the
train before.
Popular works by Chesterton:
The Ball and the Cross (1909)
The Club of Queer Trades (1905)
Daylight and Nightmare (1986)
Eugenics and other Evils (1917)
Heretics (1905)
The Disadvantage of Having Two Heads (1938)
The Everlasting Man (1925)
The Flying Inn (1914)
For Lovers Only (1929)
Four Faultless Felons (1930)
How I Found the Superman
Manalive (1912)
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1922)
The Man Who Was Thursday (1908)
The Napoleon of Notting Hill (1904)
The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond (1937)
The Poet and the Lunatics (1929)
The Return of Don Quixote (1927)
The Shop of Ghosts (1909)
The Sword of Wood (1928)
Tales of the Long Bow (1925)
Telegraph Poles (1911) from Alarms and Discursions
The Trees of Pride (1922)
Useful resources for reading about Chesterton:
http://www.chesterton.org/who-is-this-guy/
http://www.online-literature.com/chesterton/
http://www.poemhunter.com/gilbert-keith-chesterton/biography/
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