Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык. Литературное наследие Великобритании XIX в.. Практикум для бакалавров укрупненных групп направлений подготовки «Науки об обществе», «
.pdf
In 1843 Dickens wrote his novel The Life and Adventures of Martin
Chuzzlewit, a story about a man’s struggle to survive on the ruthless American
frontier. The book was published the following year.
Over the next couple of years, Dickens published two Christmas stories.
One was the classic A Christmas Carol, which features the timeless protagonist
Ebenezer Scrooge, a curmudgeonly old miser, who, with the help of a ghost,
finds the Christmas spirit.
During his first U. S. tour, in 1842, Dickens pointed his opposition to
slavery and expressed his support for additional reform. His lectures, which
began in Virginia and ended in Missouri, were so widely attended that ticket
scalpers started gathering outside his events. Biographer J. B. Priestly wrote that
during the tour, Dickens “had the greatest welcome that probably any visitor to
America has ever had”.
“They flock around me as if I were an idol”, bragged Dickens, a known
show-off. Although he enjoyed the attention, he didn’t like to show his private
life.
On his second tour to U. S., he made a charismatic speech promising
to praise the United States in reprints of American Notes for General
Circulation and The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit.
Back at home, Dickens had become so famous that people recognized him
all over London as he strolled around the city collecting the observations that
would serve as inspiration for his future work.
In 1845 after Dickens had toured the United States once, he spent a year
in Italy writing Pictures from Italy. Over the next two years he published, in
installments, his first major novel, Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son.
The novel’s main theme is how business tactics affect a family’s personal
finances.
From 1849 to 1850 Dickens worked on David Copperfield, the first work
of its kind; no one had ever written a novel that simply followed a character
through his everyday life. In writing it, Dickens tapped into his own personal
experiences, from his difficult childhood to his work as a journalist.
Although David Copperfield is not considered Dickens’ best work, it was his
personal favorite. It also helped define the public’s expectations of a Dickensian
novel.
During the 1850s, Dickens suffered two devastating losses: the deaths of
his daughter and father. He also separated from his wife during that decade.
Consequently, his novels began to express his darkened worldview. In Bleak
31
House, published in installments from 1852 to 1853, he deals with the hypocrisy
of British society. It was considered his most complex novel to date. Hard
Times (published in 1854) takes place in an industrial town at the peak of
economic expansion. In it, Dickens focuses on the shortcomings of employers as
well as those who seek change. Also among Dickens’ darker novels is Little
Dorrit, a fictional study of how human values come in conflict with the world’s
brutality.
Coming out of his “dark novel” period, in 1859 Dickens published A Tale
of Two Cities, a historical novel that takes place during the French Revolution.
He published it in a periodical he founded, All the Year Round. His next
novel, Great Expectations (1860–1861), focuses on the protagonist’s lifelong
journey of moral development. It is widely considered his greatest literary
accomplishment. A few years later, Dickens produced Our Mutual Friend,
a novel that analyzes the psychological impact of wealth on London society.
In 1865 Dickens was in a train accident and never fully recovered. Despite
his fragile condition, he continued to tour until 1870. On June 9, 1870, Dickens
had a stroke and, at age 58, died at Gad’s Hill Place, his country home in Kent,
England. He was buried in Poet’s Corner at Westminster Abbey, with thousands
of mourners gathering at the beloved author’s gravesite. Scottish satirical writer
Thomas Carlyle described Dickens’ passing as “an event worldwide, a unique of
talents suddenly extinct”. At the time of Dickens’ death, his final novel, The
Mystery of Edwin Drood, was left unfinished.
Famous quotations by Charles Dickens:
True love believes everything, and bears everything, and trusts every-
thing.
I will honor Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year.
Have a heart that never hardens, and a temper that never tires, and a
touch that never hurts.
There is a wisdom of the head, and a wisdom of the heart.
A day wasted on others is not wasted on one’s self.
The pain of parting is nothing to the joy of meeting again.
The whole difference between construction and creation is exactly
this: that a thing constructed can only be loved after it is constructed; but a thing
created is loved before it exists.
No one is useless in this world who lightens the burden of it to anyone
else’.
Charity begins at home, and justice begins next door.
32
Popular works by Charles Dickens:
Sketches by Boz (1836)
The Mudfog Papers (1837)
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (Monthly serial, April 1836
to November 1837)
The Adventures of Oliver Twist (February 1837 to April 1839)
Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of ’Eighty (February 1841 to
27 November 1841)
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (April 1838 to October
1839)
The Old Curiosity Shop (April 1840 to 6 February 1841)
Dombey and Son (October 1846 to April 1848)
David Copperfield (May 1849 to November 1850)
Bleak House (March 1852 to September 1853)
Hard Times: For These Times (April 1854 to 12 August 1854)
Little Dorrit (December 1855 to June 1857)
A Tale of Two Cities (April 1859 to 26 November 1859)
Great Expectations (December 1860 to 3 August 1861)
Our Mutual Friend (May 1864 to November 1865)
The Mystery of Edwin Drood (April 1870 to September 1870. Only six of
twelve planned numbers completed)
The Christmas books:
A Christmas Carol (1843)
The Chimes (1844)
The Cricket on the Hearth (1845)
The Battle of Life (1846)
The Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Bargain (1848)
The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit (Monthly serial, January
1843 to July 1844)
Our Mutual Friend (Monthly serial, May 1864 to November 1865)
Useful resources for reading about Charles Dickens:
http://www.dickens-online.info/
http://www.classicbookshelf.com/
http://dickens.fi/works.html
33
Comprehension assignments:
1. Give the brief summary of Dickens’s life.
2. Highlight the literary styles of the author.
3. Name Dickens’s most memorable works.
4. Write the brief summary of one of Dickens’s works.
Joseph Rudyard Kipling
(Джозеф Редьярд Киплинг)
Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay, India on December 30th in 1865.
His father John Lockwood Kipling was an artist and teacher of architectural
sculpture. His mother was one of the talented and beautiful Macdonald sisters,
four of whom married remarkable men. Kipling spent the first years of his life in
India, remembering it in later years as almost a paradise. Kipling fell in love
with the country and its culture. But at the age of five he was sent back to
England, because his mother wanted her son to receive a formal British
education. He attended school and lived with a foster family, the Holloways. He
was desperately unhappy. These were hard years for Kipling. Kipling and his
sister were placed with the widow of an old Navy captain named Holloway.
Mrs. Holloway was a brutal woman, who beat and bullied Kipling. His only
break from the Holloways came in December, when Kipling, who told nobody
of his problems at school or with his foster parents, traveled to London, where
he stayed with relatives for the month. The experience would colour some of his
later writing.
By the age of eleven, he was placed in a new school in Devon. There
Kipling flourished and discovered his talent for writing, eventually becoming
editor of the school newspaper. Near the end of his stay at the school, it was
34
decided that he lacked the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a
scholarship. In 1882 Kipling was told by his parents that they didn’t have
enough money to send him to college. Instead, they had him return to India.
It was a powerful moment in the young writer’s life. The sights and sounds,
even the language, which he’d believed he’d forgotten, rushed back to him upon
his arrival.
Kipling made his home with his parents in Lahore and, with his father’s
help, found a job with a local newspaper. Kipling was to be assistant editor of a
small local newspaper, the Civil & Military Gazette. The job offered Kipling a
good excuse to discover his surroundings. Kipling was a man of two worlds,
somebody who was accepted by both his British counterparts and the local
population. Kipling’s experiences during this time formed the backbone for a
series of stories he began to write and publish. They were eventually assembled
into a collection of 40 short stories called Plain Tales from the Hills, which
gained wide popularity in England. In addition to these tales, Kipling also
published a second collection of short stories, Wee Willie Winkie (1888) and
American Notes (1891), which chronicled his early impressions of America. In
1892 he also published his first major poetry success, Barrack-Room Ballads.
In March 1889 Kipling left India to return to England, determined to
pursue his future as a writer there. Kipling’s literary life in London brought him
to the attention of many people. One of them was a young American publisher
named Wolcott Balestier, who became friends with Kipling and persuaded him
to work on a collaborative novel Naulahka. But Balestier himself did not live to
see the book published. After the death of an American friend and literary
collaborator, Wolcott Balestier Kipling married Wolcott’s sister Carrie in 1892.
After a world trip the young couple decided to go to Brattleboro Vermont, where
much of Carrie’s family still resided. Kipling fell in love with life in the States,
and they decided to settle there. In the spring of 1891, the Kiplings purchased a
piece of land just north of Brattleboro and had a large home constructed, which
they called ‟The Naulahka”. Kipling seemed to adore his new life, soon the
Kiplings had their first child, a daughter named Josephine (born in 1893), and a
second daughter, Elsie (born in 1896). A third child, John, was born in 1897,
after the Kiplings had left America.
His work during this time included The Jungle Book (1894), The Naulah-
ka: A Story of the West and East (1892) and The Second Jungle Book (1895),
among others. Kipling was delighted to be around children – a characteristic that
was apparent in his writing. His tales enchanted boys and girls all over the
English-speaking world. The Jungle Books are ranked among Kipling’s best
35
works. The adventures of Mowgli, the foundling child raised by wolves in the
Hills of India. The book was the cornerstones of Kipling’s reputation as a children’s writer and the most popular of all his works. The Mowgli stories and other,
unrelated works from the collection – such as Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White
Seal – have often been filmed and adapted into other media. By the age of 32,
Kipling was the highest-paid writer in the world. Because of the Kipling’s
quarrel with Carrie’s brother, he and his family left Vermont for a new life back
in England.
In the winter of 1899 Carrie, who was homesick, decided that the whole
family needed to travel back to New York to see her mother. But the journey
across the Atlantic was brutal, and New York was frigid. Both Kipling and
young Josephine arrived in the States gravely, ill with pneumonia. For days, the
world kept careful watch on the state of Kipling’s health as newspapers reported
on his condition. The New York Times reported a front-page story on his health.
Kipling did recover, but his beloved Josephine did not. The family waited
until Kipling was strong enough to hear the news, and even then, Carrie could
not bear to break it to him, asking his publisher, Frank Doubleday, to do so. To
those who knew him, it was clear that Kipling never recovered from her death.
He vowed never to return to America.
In 1902 the Kiplings bought a large estate in Sussex known as Bateman’s.
With its lush gardens and classic details, Kipling revered the new home. Here
Kipling found some of the happiness he thought he had forever lost, following
the death of Josephine. He was dedicated as ever to his writing. Kipling’s books
during his years at Bateman’s included Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906), Actions and
Reactions (1909), Debts and Credits (1926), Thy Servant a Dog (1930) and Limits and Renewals (1932).
The same year he purchased Bateman’s, Kipling published his Just So
Stories, which were greeted with wide acclaim and perhaps Kipling’s
best-remembered and best-loved work. The stories, written for his own children
and intended to be read aloud, deal with the beginnings of things: How the
Camel Got His Hump, The Elephant’s Child, The Sing-Song of Old Man
Kangaroo, The Cat That Walked by Himself and many others. In these works
Kipling painted rich, vivid word-pictures that honor and at the same time parody
the language of traditional Eastern stories such as the Jataka tales and The
Thousand and One Arabian Nights. The book itself was a in part a tribute to his
late daughter, for whom Kipling had originally crafted the stories as he put her
to bed.
36
In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. As much of Europe
braced for war with Germany, Kipling proved to be an ardent supporter of the
fight. In 1915 he even traveled to France to report on the war from the trenches.
He also encouraged his son John to enlist. It was for John that Kipling wrote one
of his famous poems – If.
In October of 1915 the Kiplings received word that John had gone
missing in France. The news devastated the couple. Kipling, perhaps feeling
guilty about his push to make his son a soldier, set off for France to find John.
But nothing ever came of the search, and John’s body was never recovered.
A distraught and drained Kipling returned to England to once again mourn the
loss of another child.
While the last two decades continued to see Kipling write, he never again
returned to the bright, cheery children’s tales he had once so delighted in
crafting. Health issues eventually caught up to both Kipling and Carrie, the
result of age, but also of grief.
Over his last few years, Kipling suffered from a painful ulcer, which
eventually took his life on January 18, 1936. Kipling’s ashes were buried
in Westminster Abbey in Poets’ Corner next to the graves of Thomas
Hardy and Charles Dickens.
Famous quotations by Rudyard Kipling:
Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind.
God could not be everywhere, and therefore he made mothers.
Never look backwards or you’ll fall down the stairs.
I always prefer to believe the best of everybody; it saves so much
trouble.
If history were taught in the form of stories, it would never be forgotten.
We’re all islands shouting lies to each other across seas of
misunderstanding.
Take everything you like seriously, except yourselves.
You must learn to forgive a man when he’s in love. He’s always a
nuisance.
Popular works by Rudyard Kipling:
Departmental Ditties (1886, poetry)
Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
37
Soldiers Three (1888)
The Story of the Gadsbys (1888)
In Black and White (1888)
Under the Deodars (1888)
The Phantom’ Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales (1888)
Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888)
Life’s Handicap (1891)
American Notes (1891, non-fiction)
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry)
Many Inventions (1893)
The Jungle Book (1894): Первая книга джунглей.
Mowgli’s Brothers (1894)
Hunting-Song of the Seeonee Pack (1894, poem)
Kaa’s Hunting (1894)
Road-Song of the Bandar-Log (1894, poem)
Tiger! Tiger! (1894, short story)
Mowgli’s Song That He Sang at the Council Rock When He Danced on
Shere Khan’s Hide (1894, poem)
The White Seal (1894, short story)
Lukannon (1894, poem)
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1894, short story)
Darzee’s Chaunt (1894, Sung in Honour of Rikki-Tikki-Tavi) (1894,
poem)
Toomai of the Elephants (1894, short story)
Shiv and the Grasshopper (1894, The Song That Toomai’s Mother Sang to
the Baby) (poem)
Her Majesty’s Servants (1894, originally titled ‟Servants of the Queen”)
(short story)
Parade-Song of the Camp Animals (1894, poem)
The Second Jungle Book (1895): Вторая книга Джунглей.
How Fear Came (M) (1895, short story)
The Law of the Jungle (1895, poem)
The Miracle of Purun Bhagat (1895, short story)
A Song of Kabir (1895, poem)
Letting in the Jungle (1895, short story)
Mowgli’s Song Against People (1895, poem)
The Undertakers (1895, short story)
38
The King’s Ankus (M) (1895, short story)
The Song of the Little Hunter (1895, poem)
Quiquern (1895, short story)
Red Dog (1895, short story)
Chil’s Song (1895, poem)
The Spring Running (1895, short story)
The Outsong (1895, poem)
The Naulahka – A story of West and East (1892)
The Seven Seas (1896, poetry)
The Day’s Work (1898)
A Fleet in Being (1898)
Stalky & Co (1899)
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1899, non-fiction)
The Five Nations (1903, poetry)
Just So Stories for Little Children (1902)
How the Whale Got His Throat (1902)
How the Camel Got His Hump (1902)
How the Rhinoceros Got His Skin (1902)
How the Leopard Got His Spots (1902)
The Elephant’s Child (1902)
The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo (1902)
The Beginning of the Armadillos (1902)
How the First Letter Was Written (1902)
How the Alphabet Was Made (1902)
The Crab That Played With the Sea (1902)
The Cat That Walked by Himself (1902)
The Butterfly That Stamped (1902)
Traffics and Discoveries(1904, 12 collected short stories)
Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906)
The Brushwood Boy (1907)
Actions and Reactions (1909)
A Song of the English (1909)
Rewards and Fairies (1910)
A History of England (1911, non-fiction)
Songs from Books (1912)
As Easy as A.B.C. (1912, Science-fiction short story)
The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction)
39
Sea Warfare (1916, non-fiction)
A Diversity of Creatures (1917)
The Years Between (1919, poetry)
Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides (1923)
The Irish Guards in the Great War (1923, non-fiction)
Debits and Credits (1926)
A Book of Words (1928, non-fiction)
Thy Servant a Dog (1930)
Limits and Renewals (1932)
Tales of India: the Windermere Series (1935)
Something of Myself (1937, autobiography)
The Muse among the Motors (poetry)
‟
The Elephant’s Child’ (fiction)
Novels:
The Light that Failed (1891)
The Naulahka: A Story of West and East (1892) (with Wolcott Balestier)
Captains Courageous (1896)
Kim (1901)
Children’s books:
‟
Wee Willie Winkie” and Other Child Stories
The Jungle Book (short stories and poems)
The Second Jungle Book (short stories and poems)
‟
Captains Courageous”: A Story of the Grand Banks
Stalky Co (short stories)
Just So Stories for Little Children (short stories and poems)
Puck of Pook’s Hill (short stories and poems)
Rewards and Fairies (short stories and poems)
Toomai of the Elephants
Gunga Din
Mowgli Stories from ‟The Jungle Book”
The Elephant’s Child
The Beginning of the Armadillos
How the Camel Got His Hump
The Classic Tale of the Jungle Book
40
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]