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Файл:Английский язык. Литературное наследие Великобритании XIX в.. Практикум для бакалавров укрупненных групп направлений подготовки «Науки об обществе», «
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Useful resources for reading about Rudyard Kipling:
http://www.biography.com/people/rudyard-kipling-9365581
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/rudyard-kipling
www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/
Comprehension assignments:
1. Give the brief summary of Kipling’s life.
2. Highlight the literary styles of the author.
3. Name Kipling’s most memorable works.
4. Write the brief summary of one of Kipling’s works.
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)
(Льюис Кэрролл)
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born on January 27, 1832 in Daresbury,
Cheshire, England, better known by his pen name, Lewis Carroll.
During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at home. The eldest boy in
a family of 11 children, Carroll was rather excelled in mathematics and won many
academic prizes. His ‟reading lists” preserved in the family archives testify to a
precocious intellect: at the age of seven, he was reading books such as The
Pilgrim’s Progress. He also suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by
most of his siblings – that often influenced his social life throughout his years.
At the age of twelve, he was sent to Richmond Grammar School at nearby
Richmond. At age 20, he was awarded a studentship (called a scholarship in other
colleges) to Christ College. Apart from serving as a lecturer in mathematics,
he was an avid photographer and wrote essays, political pamphlets and poetry.
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Charles Dodgson’s mother died in 1851, soon after he entered university.
His mother’s unmarried sister, Lucy Lutwidge (1805–1880), came to look after
the family and remained with them for the rest of her life.
Charles Dodgson’s father, Archdeacon Dodgson, died in 1868, after
which Fanny Dodgson assumed responsibility for running the family home with
the help of Aunt Lucy. The family moved from Croft Rectory to The Chestnuts
in Guildford.
In 1854 he obtained first-class honours in the Final Honours School of
Mathematics, standing first on the list, graduating Bachelor of Arts. He did not
always work hard, but was exceptionally gifted and achievement came easily to
him. He remained at Christ Church studying and teaching, but the next year he
failed an important scholarship. Even so, his talent as a mathematician won him
the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855, which he continued to
hold for the next twenty-six years. Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson was to
remain at Christ Church, in various capacities, until his death. Within the
academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson worked primarily in the fields of
geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational
mathematics, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name. Dodgson
also developed new ideas in linear algebra. His occupation as Mathematical
Lecturer at Christ Church gave him some financial security.
Between 1854 and 1856 his work appeared in the national publications,
The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines like the Whit by
Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this output was humorous, sometimes
satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. Sometime after 1850,
he did write puppet plays for his siblings’ entertainment, of which one has
survived, La Guida di Bragia.
In 1856 he published his first piece of work under the name that would
make him famous. A romantic poem called ‟Solitude” appeared in The Train
under the authorship of ‟Lewis Carroll”.
In the same year, 1856, a new dean, Henry Liddell, arrived at Christ
Church, bringing with him his young family, all of whom would figure largely
in Dodgson’s life and, over the following years, greatly influence his writing
career. Dodgson became close friends with Liddell’s wife, Lorina, and their
children, particularly the three sisters: Lorina, Edith and Alice Liddell. He was
for many years widely assumed to have derived his own ‟Alice” from Alice
Liddell. It has been noted that Dodgson himself repeatedly denied in later life
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that his ‟little heroine” was based on any real child. Carroll loved to entertain
children, and it was Alice, the daughter of Henry George Liddell, who can be
credited with his pinnacle inspiration. Alice Liddell remembers spending many
hours with Carroll, sitting on his couch while he told fantastic tales of dream
worlds. During an afternoon picnic with Alice and her two sisters, Carroll told
the first iteration of what would later become Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.
When Alice arrived home, she exclaimed that he must write the story for her. He
fulfilled the small girl’s request, and through a series of coincidences, the story
fell into the hands of the novelist Henry Kingsley, who urged Carroll to publish
it. The book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland was released in 1865. It gained
steady popularity, and as a result, Carroll wrote the sequel, Through the
Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There (1871). It is said that he caricatured
himself as the Dodo in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, referring to his
difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but this is one of the many ‟facts‟ often
repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains. By the time of his death,
Alice had become the most popular children’s book in England, and by 1932 it
was one of the most popular in the world. In 1876 Dodgson produced his next
great work The Hunting of the Snark, a fantastical ‟nonsense‟ poem exploring
the adventures of a bizarre crew of tradesmen and one beaver, who set off to
find the snark. The Hunting of the Snark displays his wonderful ability in the
genre of literary nonsense.
Besides writing, Carroll created a number of fine photographs. His
notable portraits include those of the actress Ellen Terry and the poet Alfred
Tennyson. Carroll created a number of fine photographs. He also found
photography to be a useful entrée into higher social circles. During the most
productive part of his career, he made portraits of notable persons. He also
photographed children in every possible costume and situation. He even had
established his own studio on the roof of Tom Quad (where he created around
3000 images).
Over the remaining twenty years of his life, throughout his growing
wealth and fame, his existence remained little changed. He continued to teach at
Christ Church until 1881. The two volumes of his last novel, Sylvie and Bruno,
were published in 1889 and 1893, but this work was not appreciated by
contemporary readers; it achieved nothing like the success of the Alice books,
with disappointing reviews and sales of only 13,000 copies. The only known
occasion on which he travelled abroad was a trip to Russia in 1867 with an
ecclesiastical purposes together with the Reverend Henry Liddon. He recounts
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the travel in his ‟Russian Journal”, which was first commercially published in
1935.
Shortly before his 66th birthday, Lewis Carroll caught a severe case of
influenza, which led to pneumonia. He died on January 14, 1898, leaving an
enigma behind him. He is buried in Guildford at the Mount Cemetery.
Famous quotations by Lewis Carroll:
I can’t go back to yesterday – because I was a different person then.
One of the secrets of life is that all that is really worth the doing is
what we do for others.
‟But I don’t want to go among mad people”, said Alice. ‟Oh, you
can’t help that”, said the cat. ‟We’re all mad here”.
‟Begin at the beginning”, the King said, very gravely and go on till
you come to the end: then stop.
Who in the world am I? Ah, that’s the great puzzle.
If everybody minded their own business, the world would go around a
great deal faster than it does.
‟I don’t think... then you shouldn’t talk”, said the Hatter.
Popular works by Lewis Carroll:
La Guida di Bragia, a Ballad Opera for the Marionette Theatre (around
1850)
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865)
Facts (1865, poem)
Rhyme? And Reason? (also published as Phantasmagoria) (1865)
Pillow Problems (1865)
Sylvie and Bruno (1865)
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1865)
Three Sunsets and Other Poems (1898)
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (includes
‟
Jabberwocky” and ‟The Walrus and the Carpenter”) (1871)
The Hunting of the Snark (1876)
A Tangled Tale (1880)
What the Tortoise Said to Achilles (1895)
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Useful resources for reading about Lewis Carroll:
http://www.biography.com/people/lewis-carroll-9239598#alice-and-litera
ry-success
http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/aboutcharlesdodgson/life/lifefamil
y.html
Comprehension assignments:
1. Give the brief summary of Carroll’s life.
2. Highlight the literary styles of the author.
3. Name Carroll’s most memorable works.
4. Write the brief summary of one of Carroll’s works.
Sir Walter Scott
(Сэр Вальтер Скотт)
Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), Scottish writer and poet and one of the
greatest historical novelists, playwright. Scott was born on August 15, 1771,
in Edinburgh as the son of a solicitor Walter Scott and Anne, a daughter of
professor of medicine. An early illness left him lame in the right leg, but he
grew up to be a man over six feet and great physical endurance. Scott’s interest
in the old Border tales and ballads had early been awakened, and he devoted
much of his leisure to the exploration of the Border country. He was an
obsessive collector of stories, and developed an innovative method of recording
what he heard at the feet of local story-tellers using carvings on twigs, to avoid
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the disapproval of those who believed that such stories were neither for writing
down nor for printing. He attended Edinburgh High School and studied at
Edinburgh University arts and law. His reading included chivalric romances,
poems, history and travel books. He was given private tuition by James Mitchell
in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of
Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters.
In March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his father’s office to become
a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of
Adam Ferguson, the son of Professor Adam Ferguson who hosted literary
salons. Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and
introduced him to James Macpherson’s Ossian cycle of poems. During the
winter of 1786–1787 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these
salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print
illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the
poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by
Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the
university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy and Universal
History in 1789–1790. After completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer
in Edinburgh. As a lawyer’s clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in
1792.
At the age of 25 he began to write professionally, translating works from
German, his first publication being rhymed versions of ballads by Gottfried
August Bürger in 1796. He then published an idiosyncratic three-volume set of
collected ballads of his adopted home region, The Minstrelsy of the Scottish
Border. This was the first sign from a literary standpoint of his interest in Scottish
history.
On a trip to the Lake District with old college friends he met Charlotte
Genevieve Charpentier (or Carpenter), daughter of Jean Charpentier of Lyon in
France, and ward of Lord Downshire in Cumberland, an Episcopalian. After three
weeks of courtship, Scott proposed and they were married on Christmas Eve 1797
in St Mary’s Church, Carlisle. They had five children, of whom four survived by
the time of Scott’s death, most baptized by an Episcopalian clergyman.
In 1799 he was appointed sheriff depute of the county of Selkirk. In 1797
Scott married Margaret Charlotte Charpenter. After their third son was born in
1801, they moved to a spacious three-storey house built for Scott at 39 North
Castle Street. This remained Scott’s base in Edinburgh until 1826, when he
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could no longer afford two homes. From 1798 Scott had spent the summers in a
cottage at Lasswade, where he entertained guests including literary figures, and
it was there that his career as an author began.
Scott’s father, also Walter (1729–1799), was a Freemason, being a
member of Lodge St. David, No. 36 (Edinburgh) and Scott also became a
Freemason in his father’s Lodge in 1801, albeit only after the death of his father.
As a poet Scott rose into fame with the publication of The Lay Of The Last
Minstrel (1805) about an old border country legend. It became a huge success
and made him the most popular author of the day. It was followed by Marmion
(1808), a historical romance in tetrameter. The Lady In The Lake appeared in
1810 and Rokeby in 1813. Scott’s last major poem, The Lord Of The Isles, was
published in 1815.
In 1806 Scott became clerk to the Court of Session in Edinburgh. To
increase his income, he started a printing and publishing business with his friend
James Ballantyne. The enterprise crashed and Scott accepted all debts and tried
to pay them off with his writings.
In the 1810s Scott published several novels. From this period date such
works as Waverley (1814), dealing with the rebellion of 1745, which attempted
to restore a Scottish family to the British throne. Scott continued with Guy
Mannering (1815) and Tales Of My Landlord (1816). Rob Roy (1817) a portrait
of one of Scotland’s greatest heroes, sold out its edition of 10 000 copies in two
weeks.
Prince Regent granted Scott the title of baronet, and in March 1820 he
received the baronetcy in London, becoming Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet.
In 1820 Scott was created a baronet. In 1813 Scott was offered the position
of Poet Laureate. He declined, and the position went to Robert Southey.
A few years later he founded the Bannatyne Club, which published old
Scottish documents. Scott visited France in 1826 to collect biographical material
for the Life Of Napoleon Bonaparte, which was published in 9 volumes in 1827.
In 1826 his wife, Lady Scott, died, and the author himself had a stroke in
1830. Next year Scott sailed to Italy. After his return to England in 1832 he died
on September 21. Scott was buried beside his ancestors in Dryburgh Abbey.
The annual Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction was created in 2010
by the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, whose ancestors were closely linked to
Sir Walter Scott. At £25,000 it is one of the largest prizes in British literature.
The award has been presented at Scott’s historic home, Abbotsford House.
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Famous quotations by Walter Scott:
For success, attitude is equally as important as ability.
Look back, and smile on perils past.
Teach you children poetry; it opens the mind, lends grace to wisdom
and makes the heroic virtues hereditary.
Unless a tree has borne blossoms in spring, you will vainly look for
fruit on it in autumn.
A lawyer without history or literature is a mechanic, a mere working
mason; if he possesses some knowledge of these, he may venture to call himself
an architect.
Popular works by Walter Scott:
Waverley (1814)
Guy Mannering (1815)
The Antiquary (1816)
The Black Dwarf and The Tale of Old Mortality – the 1st installment from
the subset series, Tales of My Landlord (1816)
Rob Roy (1817)
The Heart of Midlothian – the 2nd installment from the subset series,
Tales of My Landlord (1818)
The Bride of Lammermoor and A Legend of Montrose – the 3rd installment from the subset series, Tales of My Landlord (1819)
Ivanhoe (1820)
The Monastery and The Abbot – from the subset series, Tales from
Benedictine Sources (1820)
Kenilworth (1821)
The Pirate (1822)
The Fortunes of Nigel (1822)
Peveril of the Peak (1822)
Quentin Durward (1823)
St. Ronan’s Well (1824)
Redgauntlet (1824)
The Betrothed and The Talisman – from the subset series, Tales of the
Crusaders (1825)
Woodstock (1826)
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The Fair Maid of Perth – the 2nd installment from the subset series,
Chronicles of the Canongate (sometimes not considered as part of the Waverley
Novelsseries) (1828)
Anne of Geierstein (1829)
Count Robert of Paris and Castle Dangerous – the 4th installment from
the subset series, Tales of My Landlord (1832)
The Siege of Malta (1832)
Bizarro (1832) an unfinished novel (or novella)
Poetry:
Translations and Imitations from German Ballads (1796)
The Chase, an English-language translation of the German-language
poem by Gottfried August Bürgerentitled Der Wilde Jäger (1796)
The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802)
Ballads and Lyrical Pieces (1806)
Marmion (1808)
The Lady of the Lake (1810)
Rokeby (1813)
The Field of Waterloo (1815)
The Lord of the Isles (1815)
Harold the Dauntless (1817)
Plays:
Goetz of Berlichingen, with the Iron Hand: A Tragedy – an Englishlanguage translation of the German-language play by Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe (1773)
Mac Duff’s Cross (1823)
The Doom of Devorgoil (1830)
Auchindrane (1830)
Useful resources for reading about Walter Scott:
http://www.walterscott.lib.ed.ac.uk/
http://www.online-literature.com/walter_scott/
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/w/walter_scott.html
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Comprehension assignments:
1. Give the brief summary of Scott’s life.
2. Highlight the literary styles of the author.
3. Name Scott’s most memorable works.
4. Write the brief summary of one of Scott’s works.
Abraham “Bram” Stoker
(Брэм Стокер)
Stoker was born one of four brothers on 8 November 1847 in Clontarf, on
the north side of Dublin, Ireland. His parents were Abraham Stoker (1799–
1876), from Dublin, and Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley (1818–1901).
Abraham and Charlotte were members of the Church of Ireland Parish of
Clontarfand attended the parish church with their children, who were baptised
there. A sickly child Stoker spent his formative years mainly bedridden and was
unable to walk until he was seven years old. After his recovery, he grew up
without further major health issues, even excelling as an athlete (he was named
University Athlete) at Trinity College, Dublin, which he attended from 1864 to
1870. He graduated with honours as a B. A. in Mathematics. He was auditor of
the College Historical Society (‟the Hist”) and president of the University
Philosophical Society, where his first paper was on ‟Sensationalism in Fiction
and Society”. Stoker graduated in 1870 and followed in his Fathers footsteps
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