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Файл:Английский язык в профессиональной деятельности для судовых электромехаников. Практикум для СПО
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frozen — заклиненный;
defective — неисправный;
grounded — замкнутый на землю;
winding — обмотка;
does not run — не работает;
properly — правильно;
reversed phase — обратная фаза, противофаза;
incorrect — неверный, неправильный;
become — становиться, делаться;
excessively — чрезмерно;
hot — горячий;
tight — туго зажатый (затянутый);
single — одинарный;
loose — ослабить.
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UNIT 5. ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1. Read and translate the text.
The main reasons of electrical traumatism
and means of protection against it
The main reasons of electrical traumatism on board ships are the following:
rough infringement of Rules of both shipboard electrical maintenance and
electrical safety;
live-line maintenance without observing protective measures;
imperfection of operation manual of electrical mechanisms (those of deck
machinery, engine-room etc.);
imperfection of construction of wiring accessory;
faultiness and imperfection of portable accessory and portable tools;
lack of uniformity in the choice of voltages of start regulating equipment
control circuits;
unsatisfactory condition of the mains electrical insulation;
ill-timed elimination of the troubles and damages of the electrical equipment
occurred;
formal instructing on safe methods of work.
The use of electrical energy on board ships is not only associated with the
danger of electric shock hazard of an operating personnel but also with possible fires.
Under normal conditions a thermal effect of an electric current is rated, i.e. the
heating of conductors and current-leading parts of the electrical equipment is
calculated so that it not exceeds fixed rates.
If the Rules of shipboard electrical maintenance and safety are not observed, if
damages occur and the environmental conditions (dampness, dust, chemically active
substances affect the electrical equipment, its normal state is broken. On electrical
sets there emerge short — circuits, overloads, large transient resistances, arc and
spark discharges, which can also cause fires.
To protect operating personnel of electrical sets against electric shock hazard
there exist principal and additional protective means.
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Principal protective means are those the insulation of which is reliable enough
to withstand a working voltage of an electrical set an makes it possible to touch
hot — line current-leading parts. On electrics sets with voltage up to 1 000 V the
above — mentioned means are the following: insulating gloves, tools equipped with
insulated handles, voltage indicators, insulating and clip-on instruments.
Additional protective means are not designed to ensure protection against
electric shock hazard, but against a pace voltage and detrimental effect of an electric
arc and the products of its burning. Such means are the following: insulating galoshes
and high overshoes, insulating rubber rugs, insulating stands.
There are also auxiliary protective means designed for individual protection of
an operating personnel against light, thermal and mechanical effects. They are
protective glasses, gas-masks, special gauntlets etc.
1.1. Learn new words and expressions:
rough infringement — грубое нарушение;
shipboard electrical maintenance — обслуживание судового электрообо-
рудования;
electrical safety — электробезопасность;
live-line maintenance — работа на линии под напряжением
с непосредственным прикосновением к токоведущим частям;
operation manual — инструкция по эксплуатации;
protective measures — защитные мероприятия;
wiring accessory — электроустановочная арматура;
faultiness — неисправность;
portable accessory — переносная арматура;
start regulating equipment control circuits — цепи управления
пускорегулирующей аппаратуры;
formal instructing — формальный инструктаж;
electric shock hazard — опасность поражения электрическим током;
operating personnel — оперативный (эксплуатационный) персонал;
fixed rates — установленные нормы;
withstand a working voltage — выдерживать рабочее напряжение;
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hot-line current-leading parts — токоведущие части, находящиеся под
напряжением;
insulating gloves — изоляционные перчатки;
tools equipped with insulated handles — инструменты с изолированными
рукоятками;
insulating and clip-on instruments — изоляционные и токоизмерительные
клещи;
pace voltage — шаговое напряжение;
insulating galoshes and high over-shoes — изоляционные (диэлектрические)
галоши и боты;
insulating rubber rugs — изоляционные резиновые коврики;
insulating stands — изолирующие подставки;
protective glasses — защитные очки;
gas-mask — противогаз;
special gauntlets — специальные рукавицы.
1.2. Answer the questions.
1. Is the thermal effect of an electric current rated under normal conditions?
2. In what way is the heating of conductors and current-leading parts calculated?
3. What happens if the rules of shipboard electrical maintenance and safety are
not observed?
4. What are the phenomena emerging on electrical sets that can cause fires?
5. What are the principal means protecting operating personnel against electric
shock hazard?
6. What are the additional means protecting operating personnel against a pace
voltage and detrimental effect of an electric arc?
7. What do you call the means designed for individual protection?
8. What are the auxiliary protective means?
1.3. Make sure you’ve grasped the content of the text given above.
1. Electrical traumatism is caused by:
a) electrical safety;
b) portable accessory;
c) formal instructing on safe methods of work.
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2. The use of electrical energy is connected with:
a) possible fires;
b) thermal effect of an electric current;
c) environmental conditions.
3. The normal state of shipboard electrical equipment is broken when:
a) you do not put on special gauntlets;
b) insulation can't withstand a working voltage;
c) damages occur.
4. When the normal state of shipboard electrical equipment is broken:
a) clip-on instruments are used;
b) protective glasses are put on;
c) arc and spark discharges emerge.
5. Principal protective means are those which:
a) protect against a pace voltage;
b) help to withstand a working voltage;
c) are designed for individual protection.
6. Additional protective means are those which:
a) protect against light, thermal and mechanical effects;
b) protect against the effect of an electric arc;
c) make it possible to touch hot-line parts.
2. Read and translate the text.
Some rules for safe practice and avoiding electric shocks
Electricity can be dangerous and even fatal for (hose who do not understand
the simple rules of safety. There are many fatal accidents involving by well-trained
personnel who violates the basic rules of personal safety.
Currents above 100 milliamperes or only one tenth of an ampere are fatal.
A workman who has contacted currents above 200 milliamperes may live to see
another day if given rapid treatment. Currents below 100 milliamperes can be serious
and painful. A safe rule: Do not place yourself in и position to gel any kind of
a shock.
Here are some rules that should be observed to avoid electric shocks:
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a) be sure of the conditions of the equipment and the dangers present before
working on a piece of equipment. Many sportsmen are killed by supposedly unloaded
guns. Many technicians are killed by supposed dead circuit;
b) never rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock systems to
protect you. They may not be working and may fail to protect when most needed;
c) never remove the grounding prong o f a three wire input plug. This eliminates
the grounding feature of the equipment making it a potential shock hazard;
d) do not work on a cluttered bench. A disorganized mess of connecting leads,
components and tools only leads to careless thinking, short-circuits, shocks and accidents.
Develop habits of systemized and organized procedures of work;
e) do not work on wet floors. Your contact resistance to ground is substantially
reduced. Work on a rubber mat or an insulating floor;
f) do not work atone. It’s just good sense to have someone around to shut off
the power, to give artificial respiration and to call a doctor;
g) work with one hand behind you or on your pocket. A current between two
members crosses your heart and can be lethal. A wise technician always works with
one bind;
h) never talk to anyone while working. Don't let yourself be distracted. Also,
don't you talk to anyone, if he is working on dangerous equipment. Don't be the cause
of an accident;
i) always move slowly when working around electrical circuits. Violent and
rapid movements lead to accidental shocks and short circuits.
2.1. Learn new words and expressions:
violate rules — нарушать правила;
personal safety — личная безопасность;
rapid treatment — неотложная мед. помощь;
interlock system — система блокировки;
grounding prong — заземляющий штырь;
three wire input plug — трехфазный входной штепсель;
work on a cluttered bench — работать в беспорядке;
contact resistance — контактное сопротивление;
artificial respiration — искусственное дыхание;
be distracted — отвлекаться;
violent and rapid movements — резкие и быстрые движения.
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2.2. Answer the questions.
1. In what case can electricity be dangerous and fatal?
2. What currents are fatal?
3. Why must a workman not rely on fuses, relays and interlock systems?
4. Why is it so important not to remove the grounding prong of a three wire
input plug?
5. What does a cluttered bench lead to?
6. Why is it so necessary for an electrician to work on a rubber mat?
7. Should an electrician work alone or have someone around?
8. Why is it important for an electrician to avoid violent and rapid movements?
2.3. Translate into English:
a) убедитесь в том, что оборудование исправно;
b) никогда не убирайте заземляющий штырь трехфазного входного штепселя;
c) всегда двигайтесь медленно, когда работаете в окружении электрических
цепей;
d) ни с кем не разговаривайте во время работы;
e) не работайте в одиночку;
f) попытайтесь вспомнить правила эксплуатации электрооборудования и
техники безопасности;
g) никогда не работайте на мокром полу.
3. Read and translate the text.
Safety precautions and safe practices
Because of the possibility of injury to personnel, the danger of fire, and the
possibility of damage to material, all repair and maintenance work on electrical equipment
should be performed only by authorized and assigned persons.
When any electrical equipment is to be overhauled or repaired, the main
switches or cutoff switches in each circuit from which power could possibly be fed
should be secured in the open position and tagged. The tag may read: «This circuit
was ordered open for repairs and shall not be closed except by direct order». The
name given is usually the name of the person directly in charge of the repairs.
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After the work has been completed the tag or tags should be removed by the
same person.
The covers of the fuse boxes and junction boxes should be kept securely closed
except when work is being done. Safety devices such as interlocks, overload relays,
and fuses should never be altered or disconnected except for replacements. Safety or
protective devices must never be changed or modified without specific authorization.
Fuses should be removed and replaced only after the circuit has been reenergized.
When a fuse blows, it should be replaced only with a fuse of the correct current and
voltage ratings. When possible, circuit should be carefully checked before the replacement
is made, since the burned-out fuse is often the result of a circuit fault.
Rules of the safe practices:
a) never rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock systems to
protect you;
b) never remove the grounding prong of a three-wire input plug;
c) do not work on a cluttered bench. A mess of connecting leads, components
and tools leads to short circuits, shocks and accidents;
d) do not work on wet floors. Work on a rubber mat;
e) don't work alone. Have someone around to shut off the power, to give
artificial respiration and to call the doctor;
f) work with one hand behind you or in your pocket;
g) never talk to anyone while working;
h) always move slowly when working around electrical circuits.
3.1. Learn new words and expressions:
safety precautions — меры предосторожности;
injury — повреждение; ранение; травма;
danger — опасность;
fire — пожар;
damage — повреждение; вред; ущерб;
maintenance — техобслуживание;
should — должен;
authorized — уполномоченный;
assigned — назначенный; имеющий предписание;
overhaul — производить полную проверку/ревизию и ремонт;
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repair — ремонтировать; чинить;
main switch — главный выключатель;
cutoff switch — рубильник;
be fed — поступать, подаваться/об электропитании;
be secured — надежно закрепляться;
be tagged — обозначаться/снабжаться биркой;
tag — ярлык; бирка; этикетка; табличка;
read — гласить/о вывеске, табличке;
except — за исключением;
order — приказ; распоряжение; указание;
in charge — ответственный;
complete — завершать; заканчивать;
should be removed — должны быть сняты/убраны;
(the) same — тот же самый;
cover — крышка;
fuse box — блок плавких предохранителей;
junction box — распределительная коробка;
securely — надежно;
safety devices — предохранительные устройства;
such as — такие как;
interlock — блокировочное устройство: предохранитель;
overload relay — реле перегрузки; реле максимального тока;
alter — переделывать; изменять;
disconnect — отключать; разъединять;
replacements — сменные детали/части;
modify — видоизменять; модифицировать;
authorization — санкция, разрешение;
replace — заменять;
deenergize — отключать подачу электропитания;
blow — сгореть/о предохранителе;
correct — соответствующий; правильный;
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current — электрический ток;
voltage — напряжение;
rating — номинальное значение; характеристика;
carefully — осторожно;
check — проверять;
rule — правило;
safe practices — безопасная технология техника безопасности;
never — никогда;
rely — полагаться (на);
relays — реле;
remove — снимать;
grounding prong — штырек заземления;
three —wire input plug — трехштырьковый штепсель;
clutter — приводить в беспорядок;
bench — верстак; монтажный стол;
mess — беспорядок; неразбериха;
connecting lead — соединительный провод;
tool — инструмент;
lead — вести, приводить (к);
shock — поражение электрическим током;
accident — несчастный случай;
wet — мокрый;
rubber mat — резиновый коврик;
alone — один;
to shut off — отключать;
give artificial respiration — сделать искусственное дыхание;
call — вызывать; звонить;
pocket — карман;
talk — разговаривать, беседовать;
move — двигаться;
slowly — медленно.
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