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Файл:Cross-Cultural Communication Overcoming the Differences. Учебное пособие
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Unit 4. School is Cool Around the World
61
What I know
What I want to know
What I learnt
B. Work in groups of 4. Read texts A-D and guess the meanings of highlighted
words. Complete the third column with information about your country.
Education in four European countries
Each country in Europe has a different education system and curriculum.
And these have evolved over the centuries, based mainly on changing economic,
cultural, social, and political conditions. So, what does the education system look
like in Poland today? And how is this different from that of England, Germany,
and Spain?
Polish educational
law clearly states that
the core curriculum
must contain teaching content and
skills tailored to specific stages of
education. Based on this, school
evaluation criteria and examination
requirements are created. The
curriculum itself, however, is selected
by specific teachers, based on approval
by the principal. However, the
Ministry of Education determines
which subjects are taught in Polish
schools.
The latest regulation came into force at
the end of 2017.
B. Education in Great Britain
The compulsory
education system in
Great Britain consists
of four stages: primary school,
secondary school (equivalent to
already closed junior high schools),
high school, and higher education.
Children start learning at the age of
five.
Primary school consists of two levels:
Key Stage 1 and 2. The program itself
includes English, math, nature, history,
and physical education, among other
subjects. The subjects are thus similar
to those in the Polish education
system.
Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming the Differences
62
The first, early school stage consists of
eight classes: primary school. The
timetable contains about twenty hours
of classes per week. It includes Polish,
mathematical, technical, artistic, and
music classes.
From the fourth grade, a specific
division into subjects, i.e., Polish,
physical education, or geography, is
introduced. Pupils finish school with
an eight-grade exam aimed at
assessing the knowledge acquired at
this stage of education.
Secondary education covers general
high schools, as well as technical and
vocational schools. Students can
choose some of the subjects they will
take. At the end of high school, they
must pass the matriculation
examination. This is one of the most
important stages of education –
obtaining positive results in high
school facilitates further education at
universities and colleges.
Recently, the Polish education system
has undergone major changes, i.e., in
2019, junior high schools – three-year
schools, intended for students aged 12
to 14 – were eliminated. In 2019, as
part of the 2017 educational system
reform in Poland, they disappeared
completely from the Polish school
system, which is currently two-tier –
primary school and high school. The
process of closing down junior high
schools took place gradually.
At this stage, there aren’t specific
grades – parents only receive a
description showing the strengths and
weaknesses of the student, along with
data on their learning progress.
Students take standardized exams, but
regardless of the results, move on to
the next level of education.
From ages of 11 to 14, children attend
secondary school. Here, they start to
get graded. Unlike Polish schools, the
UK has a letter system. "A" means the
highest rating, "F" the lowest. This
stage ends with an obligatory state
exam.
The last level of compulsory British
education is high school. The
curriculum already includes fewer
subjects, and the focus is mainly on the
classes with which students want to
pursue further education in colleges.
Education ends with an exam
comparable to the Polish Matura,
called the GCSE (General Certificate
of Secondary Education).
Unit 4. School is Cool Around the World
63
C Education in Spain
Education in Spain has
two basic levels:
educación primaria
(primary school) and educación
secundaria (secondary school). The
first stage of education is divided into
three cycles: lower, medium, and
higher. During each of them, one
teacher supervises the students, and
teaches the basic principles of social
coexistence.
After completing the first level of
education, the student automatically
goes to high school (secondary
school). The first stage of educación
secundaria obligatoria mainly includes
lessons on elementary subjects, a
foreign language, as well as general
vocational education.
Students are assessed using points
collected from tests and activity in the
classroom. The number of points
determines the final assessment at the
end of the year. A school-leaving
certificate at this phase enables further
education in a high school
(bachillerato) or a vocational school
(ciclos formativos).
Bachillerato is designed to prepare
students to study at university or
college. The main focus here is on
lessons related to young people's
interests or future career plans.
Education ends with passing
D. Education in Germany
Education in Germany,
like most European
countries, starts in
primary school – Grundschule.
Children under the age of six start
school. The main aim of this stage of
teaching is for students to begin to
master writing and reading, as well as
basic math. After completing this
level, children receive a teacher's
recommendation based on their
learning and skills. This helps parents
choose the right high school for their
child.
After completing primary school in
Germany, students can choose from
further education in three institutions:
• Hauptschule: emphasizes
preparation for a specific profession.
After graduating, students receive a
Hauptschulabschluss, which enables
them to practice a craft or art ;
• Realschule: intended mainly for
people who are interested in the
economy or a specific job. The
curriculum here mainly includes
science and foreign languages;
• Gymnasium: most resembles a
Polish high school. The wide range of
subjects aims to prepare students for
college education. This stage of
education is completed with Abitur,
i.e., the matriculation exam.
Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming the Differences
64
the matriculation exam. The final
grade for the matura exam consists of
the results of the exam and an average
of all a student’s high school grades.
https://www.ourkids.net/pl-en/education-european-countries.php
С. Work in groups of four. Tell each other about the country you have read
according to the questions. Would you like to study in any of these countries?
Why/Why not? Discuss the highlighted words.
1. How many stages of education are there in the country?
2. What subjects do students learn?
3. What exams and when do students take?
4. Is system of school education in Russia similar to the system in this
country?
5. What new information have you learnt?
Watching &Listening
1. Look at the picture. Does this picture represent school life? Why/ why not?
Do you think students feel the same in other countries? What can be done to
improve it? Should schools in different countries have similar educational
standards, race and gender policy, rules, etc.?
2. You are going to watch a video about PISA – Programme for International
Student Assessment. Check the meanings of the following words: assessment,
participate, contribute, scale, approve, rank, thrive, innovative. Create your own
phrases with them, for example: contribute money to the project.
Unit 4. School is Cool Around the World
65
3. Watch the video “How does PISA work?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPMCQrs2j6Y. How are these numbers
important for the project?
4. Watch the video one more time. Choose one correct option.
1. Who designs the tests?
a) scientists in Paris;
b) experts from around the world;
c) each country itself.
2. What do tests assess?
a) Abilities of students use their school knowledge in real life
b) Their knowledge on all school subjects.
c) What subjects they are best in.
3. Which subject is NOT tested?
a) collaborative problem solving;
b) reading;
c) language.
4. Participation of the countries is
a) obligatory;
b) only if they wish;
c) possible only once but 3 years in a row.
5. Students who participate
a) are chosen randomly among 7-grade students and older;
b) have to pass exams and be in their last year of studying;
c) have an interview and can be of any age.
6. Tests are anonymous and taken in
a) English;
b) in mother tongue;
c) in a language they usually study.
7. Students can get their results after the tests.
a) Yes.
b) No.
c) On demand.
8. Assessment results show
a) the countries which need help;
b) typical mistakes ;
2000 80 15 3
Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming the Differences
66
c) countries with the most effective educational systems.
9. The best educational system
a) is the system which shows the best results of average students;
b) gives an opportunity to advanced students;
c) helps weaker students improve their grades.
10. Results of PISA are collected and analyzed
a) to help countries learn from each other;
b) to rank countries from the best to the worst;
c) to show where the cleverest students are.
5. Read an abstract from PISA Report 2018 about Russian students’ result in
main subjects. Is it surprising for you? Do you agree with it? From your
point of view, what can be done to improve results in Russia next time?
In reading literacy, the main topic of PISA 2018, 15-year-olds in Russian
Federation score 479 points compared to an average of 487 points in
OECD countries. Girls perform better than boys with a statistically significant
difference of 25 points (OECD average: 30 points higher for girls).
On average, 15-year-olds score 488 points in mathematics compared to
an average of 489 points in OECD countries. Boys perform better than girls
with a statistically significant difference of 5 points (OECD average: 5 points
higher for boys).
In Russian Federation, the average performance in science of 15-year-
olds is 478 points, compared to an average of 489 points in OECD
countries. Girls perform better than boys with a non statistically significant
difference of 1 points (OECD average: 2 points higher for girls).
Socio-economic status explains 13% of the variance in reading
performance in Russian Federation (OECD average: 12%).
Unit 4. School is Cool Around the World
67
The average difference between advantaged and disadvantaged students
in reading is 96 points, compared to an average of 89 in OECD countries.
However, 12% of disadvantaged students are academically resilient
(OECD average: 11%).
https://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?plotter=h5&primaryCountry=RUS
&treshold=5&topic=PI
Writing
rts
1. Look at different types of
charts. What are their functions?
2. Look at the text from ex. 5.
What tense is used to give data
about Russia? What tenses can be
used if the facts are in the past/there
is a connection between the past
and the present?
3. Look at the phrases below. Put
them into correct column in the
table.
the
of) ...
... is as big as ...
table
pie
chart
bar
chart
Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming the Differences
68
line
graph
up/grows by ...
down/sinks by
change/remains stable
the ...
So, we can say ...
1. Look at the graph about
two teenagers and the
amount of books they have
read. Add the necessary
information to the text.
The graph is taken
from the school
newspaper
”The School”
Unit 4. School is Cool Around the World
69
This graph shows……. It is taken from……..
There are…. ….. in the chart. The …. graph shows……, the ….. one deals with
…. In ….. there was an enormous growth. In the following days the total growth
went down to... From that time on …… has been gradually… .
So, we can say that ….. I was really surprised by …
2. Look at the graph with trends in performance in reading, mathematics and
science in Russia. What kind of graphs are there? Write a description of the
diagrams. Use the phrases from ex. 3.
3. Check the text using the checklist.
I have mentioned
1. what the graphs shows
2. the resource of the graph
3. what the scales show
4. the changes in data
5. the conclusion
Cross-Cultural Communication: Overcoming the Differences
70
Project work
Make a short presentation about Russian school education. Use one of the
text as from Reading section as an example. Present it to the class. Do you
think school education in Russia is effective? Would you like to change
anything about it? If yes, what?
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