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Файл:Экономика. Понятия, принципы, проблемы. Учебное пособие
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6. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). Prove
your point of view:
Statement T F
1. The fact that economic generalizations are abstract
renders them impractical and useless.
2. Unlike accounting, corporation finance and marketing,
economics is not primarily a how-to-make-money area
of study.
3. Macroeconomics explains the behavior of individual
households and business firms; microeconomics is
concerned with the behavior of aggregates or the
economy as a whole.
4. The primary objective of economic science is to help
business persons operate their firms profitably.
5. The basic goals of American capitalism are always
complementary in that the achievement of any one goal
simultaneously furthers the attainment of other basic
goals.
VOCABULARY
1. Look through the text (p. 5) again and find the words which
mean the same:
a) money or property that you use to start a business or invest to earn
more money (1);
b) a group of people living together in a certain area (1);
c) important and directly connected to what is being discussed or
considered (2);
d) the system by which a country’s trade, industry and money are
organized (2);
e) based on what is true or reasonable (3);
f) to direct one’s attention to something (4);
g) to show something clearly from high above (4);
h) a continuing rise in prices (5);
i) a decrease in the amount of money being used in a country, esp. as
a result of government policy and intended to cause lower prices (5);
j) a condition of great comfort (5).
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2. Match the words which are very close in their meaning. Use the
words in the left-hand column to make sentences of your own:
1) objective, purpose
2) to affect
3) entire
4) essential
5) to gain
6) to examine
7) stark
8) major
9) specific
10) wants
11) steadiness
a) to influence
b) necessary
c) to achieve
d) to study
e) whole
f) goal
g) particular
h) needs
i) main
j) stability
k) absolute
3. Match the words having the opposite meaning. Use the words
in the left-hand column to make sentences of your own:
1) luxury
2) high
3) wrong
4) particular
5) upswing
6) input
7) limited
8) spiritual
9) equitable
10) scarcity
11) deflation
a) unfair
b) plentiful
c) output
d) correct
e) poverty
f) general
g) downswing
h) abundance
i) material
j) low
k) inflation
4. Read the text and insert the missing words from the list below.
WHAT DOES ECONOMICS ANALYZE?
1
Every group of people must 1)______ three basic problems of daily
living: what goods and services to produce, how to produce these goods and
services, and for whom to produce these goods and services.
2)______ is the study of how society decides what, how, and for
whom to produce.
1
D. Begg. Economics. London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1998. P. 2.
12
Goods are physical 3)______ such as steel and strawberries. Services
are such 4) ______ as massages or live theatre performances, consumed or
enjoyed only at the instant they are produced. In rare cases society may find
that some of the questions about what, how, and for whom to produce have
already been answered; until the arrival of Man Friday, Robinson Crusoe
can ignore the 'for whom' question. In general, 5) ______ however, must
answer all three questions.
By emphasizing the role of society, our definition places economics
within the 6)______ sciences, the sciences that study and explain human
behavior. The subject matter of economics is human behavior in the
7)______, exchange, and use of goods and services. The central 8)______
problem for society is how to reconcile the conflict between people's
virtually limitless 9)_____ for goods and services, and the 10)______ of
resources (labor, machinery, and raw materials) with which these goods and
services can be produced.
In answering the questions what, how, and for whom to produce,
economics explains how 11)_____ resources are allocated between
competing claims on their use.
Economics is about human behavior, yet we describe it as a 12)______
rather than a subject within the arts or humanities. This reflects the way
13)______ analyze problems, not the subject matter of economics.
Economists aim to develop 14)______ of human behavior and to test them
against the 15)______. This does not mean that economics ignores people
as 16)______. Moreover, good economics retains an element of art, for it is
only by having a feel for how people actually behave that economists can
focus their analysis on the right issues.
a) production, b) science, c) scarcity, d) economists, e) facts, f) solve,
g) economics, h) commodities, i) individuals, j) activities, k) society,
l) economic, m) desires, n) scarce, o) theories, p) social
5. These pairs of words are often confused. Read and translate the
sentences paying attention to the difference in their meaning:
effective – efficient
relative – relatives
effect – affect
economic – economical
human – humane
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Someone or something that is
effective works well and produces
the result that was intended.
Their efforts to improve the
economy were very effective.
We have found an effective way of
increasing sales.
You need effective communication
within the organization.
After his money troubles, he’s now
living in relative comfort.
A period of relative economic
stability wasn’t long.
The advertising campaign did not
have much effect on sales.
Any change in lifestyle will have
an effect on your health.
Economic growth is slowing
down.
Such projects offer social and
economic benefits to our local
communities.
The accident was caused by
human error, not by a fault in the
machine.
Every one makes mistakes
sometimes – we’re only human.
Something that is efficient works
well and produces good results by
using the available time, money,
supplies etc. in the most effective
way.
The new machine is far more
efficient than the old one.
She is a quick efficient worker.
It is more efficient to recycle waste
products.
My uncle and aunt are my closest
living relatives.
We spent the week visiting
relatives.
The important decision will affect
the company’s future.
Competition affects the price.
If you have got a large family, it is
more economical to travel by car
than by train.
It is not a very economical method
of heating.
They write letters demanding
humane treatment of prisoners.
It was a humane gesture.
WORD BUILDING
The following word formation table shows the most common noun
and adjective endings, prefixes and suffixes. You may use it for reference.
14
Noun (people) Abstract noun Adjective
-or investor
-er manager
-ist economist
-ian politician
WORD FORMATION TABLE
-ment payment
-tion consideration
-sion permission
-(i)ty necessity
-ance importance
-ence intelligence
-ry misery
-ness business
-al approval
-age shortage
-ism racism
-dom freedom
-ive subjective
-ical practical
-(i)ous famous
-ful useful
-less useless
-y happy
-ar popular
-ised centralised
-ly costly
-ic economic
-ing interesting
-ed interested
-able/-ible available
Prefixes Miscellaneous suffixes Verbs
un- unfair
in- inequality
im- impractical
ir- irrational
il- illegal
dis- dishonest
mis- misbehave
over- overproduction
-hood childhood
-ship leadership
-proof waterproof
-en strengthen
-ate educate
-ify clarify
-ve behave
-ise/-ize criticize
en- encourage
un- undo
re- rewrite
dis- disagree
de- destabilize
1. Use the table above to help you to complete the sentences
below:
1. A person who manages a company is a ___________ .
2. People who do not have home are described as ________________ .
3. If someone is very poor, they are living in _____________ .
4. The opposite of understand is _________________ .
5. Someone who shows great skill is described as ______________ .
6. If you ask someone to explain something, they'll give you an
_________.
15
2. Identify the nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs in the
following groups of words. Use the appropriate ones in the sentences
below. Choose the correct form of the word:
A
a) economy, b) economics, c) economic, d) economical, e) economize,
f) economist, g) economically, h) uneconomic
1. Backward farming methods made grain production _______ .
2. To _________ means to use money or fuel very carefully.
3. The study of the way goods and services are produced and sold and
the way money is managed is referred to as ________ .
4. Politically and ___________ the country is going through
enormous changes.
5. ________ geography is one of the obligatory subjects at our
University.
6. An expert in economics, especially one who advises government,
department, business or organization is called an __________ .
7. It would be more ___________ to switch the machine off at night.
8. Do you know three of the fastest-growing ______ in the AsiaPacific region?
B
a) production, b) product, c) producer, d) productive, e) productivity,
f) produce, g) pro`duce, h) unproductive
1. They ________ over 250 cars a week.
2. Do you know one of the world’s leading oil __________?
3. The system we have now is the __________ of years of research.
4. When will the new range of computers go in full ____________?
5. ___________ land is not good for growing crops on.
6. This is a new production method that has led to high _________?
7. What is the factory ________ capacity?
8. Fruit, vegetables and other things that farmers grow are called
______.
C
a) employ, b) employment, c) employee, d) unemployment, e) employer,
f) unemployed
1. Some theatres give discounts for the ________ .
2. ________ is unfortunately growing in the country.
3. In the USA today one out of six workers is a government
__________ .
4. Volkswagen is one of the biggest _____ in Germany.
5. The company ______ a thousand people.
6. In the post-World War II period __________ in the United States
has increased from 57 million in 1947 to 115 million n 1988.
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3. What meaning do you think these prefixes give to the word
that follows? Can you think of some more examples?
macroworld minibus
megastar microcomputer
Put the following nouns in one or more columns in the table below
adding an appropriate prefix:
economics, electronics, biology, operation, climate, screen, organism,
wave, cruise, surgery, pizza, film, bar, computer, processor, break, byte,
watt, recession, phone, second, store, element.
mega
very large
(one million)
macro
large
things of the same kind
mini
smaller than other
micro
extremely small
4. The words in bold type in the following sentence can be used to
form other words with different grammatical functions. Fill in the
numbered spaces in the table below. The first one has been done for
you. Then complete the text below it.
The scientist was dismissed by his employer for making the wrong
decision:
Concrete
noun
Abstract
noun
Verb
“Positive”
adjective
“Negative”
adjective
scientist 1) science 2) 3)
/ 4) to dismiss
employer 5) 6) 7) 8)
/ decision 9) 10) 11)
My (12) __________ in public relations didn’t last
long, as I was not only weak and (13) __________ in
my dealings with clients, but also hopelessly (14)
___________ in my research methods.
EMPLOY
DECIDE
SCIENCE
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GRAMMAR
Functions of the verb to be.
The Passive.
The Gerund versus the verbal noun.
Function Distribution Example Translation
As a notional verb
the verb to be is
used to say that
something exists
or stays in a
particular place
FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB TO BE
To be is
followed
by a noun
preceded
by
preposition
Our offices are
on the third
floor.
There is a small
problem that we
need to discuss.
Наши офисы
находятся на
четвертом
этаже.
Есть небольшая
проблема,
которую нам
нужно
обсудить.
As a modal verb
the verb to be is
used to denote an
arrangement or
agreement, part of
a plan, weakened
order
To be is
followed
by the
Infinitive
We are to finish
the report today.
You are to stay
here until I send
for you.
Мы должны
(нам предстоит)
закончить отчет
сегодня.
Ты должна
оставаться
здесь, пока я не
вызову тебя.
As an auxiliary
verb the verb to be
has only a
grammatical
meaning and is
used in progressive
verb tenses or in
To be is
followed
by Present
Participle
or Past
Participle
He is thinking
of selling his
car.
The house was
built long time
ago.
Он думает о
продаже своего
автомобиля.
Дом был
построен очень
давно.
passive forms
As a link verb the
verb to be is used
in a compound
nominal predicate.
To be is
followed
by an
adjective or
pronoun, or
He is very busy
now.
She is a wellknown
journalist.
Сейчас он очень
занят.
Она – хорошо
известный
журналист.
numeral.
18
1. Find examples of the use of the verb to be where it is:
a) a notional verb c) a modal verb
b) an auxiliary verb d) a link verb
1. All businesses are affected by the state of the economy.
2. The job of economists employed by large corporations is to gather and
interpret economic information upon which rational decisions can be made.
3. Their profits are falling now.
4. Economically, the country is in a very healthy state.
5. The Prime Minister is to pay an official visit to this country next
month.
6. In a period of economic recession the level of unemployment is high.
7. To generalize is to abstract or purposely simplify.
8. When economists say that the average household earned an income
of about $32,000 in 1988, they are generalizing.
9. Like astronomy, economics is primarily a non-experimental science.
10. The Marketing Director’s office is on the second floor.
THE PASSIVE
Form
Present Simple am/is/are produced/done
Past simple was/were produced/done
Present Perfect has/have been produced/done
Past Perfect had been produced/done
Present Progressive am/is/are being produced/done
Past Progressive was/were being produced/done
The passive is used
1) when the action is more
important than the person doing it.
2) when we don’t know who did
something or, on the contrary, it is
obvious from the context of the
My car is serviced regularly.
Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
A lot of money was stolen in the
robbery.
She was arrested for speeding.
sentence who did it.
3) in reporting the news, scientific
writing and other kinds of writing
where we are more interested in
The factory was set alight during the
weekend and two million pounds’
worth of damage was caused.
events and processes than in the
person doing the action.
19
2. Complete the sentences using one of the verbs in the box in the
correct passive form:
a) test, b) distribute, c) check, d) employ, e) discuss, f) use, g) ground,
h) make, i) call.
1. Rational business decisions ________ on the basis of
systematization and interpretation of economic information.
2. In economics the production, exchange, and consumption of goods
and services ______________ from the viewpoint of society as a whole
rather than from the standpoint of one’s own bankbook.
3. The validity of hypotheses _____________ by systematic and
repeated examination of relevant facts.
4. The general knowledge of economic behavior ______ in
formulating policies.
5. The existing economic principles and theories _____________
against the changing economic environment.
6. The relationship between the price of a product and the quantity
consumers buy _____ the law of demand.
7. Good theories ___________ on facts and therefore realistic.
8. Income is unequally _________ within each country as well as
between countries.
9. Both inductive and deductive methods ____________ by
economists.
10. The area ________ badly _________ by pollution this month.
3. Put the verb into the correct form, active or passive, to fit the
meaning of the sentences.
1. Economics (attempt) to find laws or principles.
2. Further reform of our tax system (need).
3. We (need) high quality steel for these components.
4. In 1988 the USA (produce) $4862 billion of goods and services.
5. Real facts often (contradict) the theory.
6. Adam Smith (consider) to be a great scientist who (make)
extraordinary contributions in economics.
7. The macro-micro distinction doesn’t imply that every topic can
(label) as “macro” or “micro”; many topics in economics (root) in both.
8. Statistical tables (design) as a readily accessible source of
information.
9. In economics problems usually (examine) from the social, rather
than from the personal point of view.
10. Economic principles (state) in terms of statistical probabilities.
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