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According to the table, the unemployment rate is lower for women
than for men. In part this 5) _______ reflect the fact that employment in the
declining heavy engineering industries had traditionally been predominately
male, so men are worst hit by redundancies in steelworks and shipyards.
It is 6) ___________ that the discrepancy between male and female
workers is smaller than the table suggests, because unemployed women are
less 7)______ than unemployed men to register as unemployed. Hence, the
true unemployment rates for women are 8) _______ to be higher than the
table suggests.
Useful language
As can be seen from the chart/diagram/table/graph …
According to Table 1/Figure 6/Chart 3 …
It can be seen from the chart/table/figure/graph that …
From Table 1 /the table/ data/ results/ information it can be concluded/
estimated/ inferred that …
4. Look at the table below. It shows that most of Western Europe
and the United States have had high unemployment since 1980. Write a
paragraph describing the information in the table. Use quantity
qualifications instead of percentage figures.
Table 6.2. Unemployment rates (%).
Countries 1972 1982 1992
Source: OECD, Economic Outlook
UK
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
France
EC
USA
Norway
Sweden
4.0 11.3 10.1
8.0 13.5 17.2
6.3 8.4 11.0
2.2 11.4 5.6
2.8 8.1 10.3
3.2 9.4 10.1
5.5 9.5 7.4
1.6 2.6 6.2
2.7 3.2 5.0
151
When we divide something into groups, classes, categories, etc. we are
classifying those items. The classification is normally made according to a
criterion or several criteria (standards or principles on which judgements are
based).
CLASSIFICATION
A classification must provide the reader with three kinds of
information, although not necessarily in this order:
1. the item (or items) being classified — i.e. the members of the
class
2. the class to which the items (members) belong
3. the basis (or bases) for classification.
A good example is:
According to the type of ownership of the means of production,
economic systems may be classified into three categories: a free market
economy, a command economy and a mixed economy.
Another example is:
Prices are divided into equilibrium and disequilibrium depending on the
correlation between quantity supplied and quantity demanded.
Disequilibrium prices can be further subdivided into floor and ceiling prices.
5. Table 6.3 describes groupings of unemployment made on the
basis of three different criteria. The passage below summarizes the
information in the table. Complete the sentences making use of
classification language presented below.
Table 6.3. Classification of unemployment
Criteria
Unemployment
voluntary involuntary
1. the way
people are
behaving
152
Do better by being unemployed than by
accepting the job
would like
to work
but cannot
find a job
2. source
of the
problem
frictional structural cyclical
the labor market
does not operate
perfectly in matching
workers and jobs
composition of
the labor force
does not respond
completely to the
new structure of
job opportunities
recession
phase
of the
business
cycle
3. features
of workers
groups
wait
unemplo
yment
waiting
for jobs
search
unemploy
ment
searching
for jobs
There are two basic types of unemployment. According to the way
people in the labor market are behaving, unemployment 1) ____________
into voluntary and involuntary unemployment. Depending on the second
criterion, i.e. 2)___________, unemployment 3)___________ into three
categories: frictional, structural and cyclical. Frictional unemployment can
be further 4)___________ into wait and search unemployment on the basis
of 5) ______________ .
criterion/criter
ia
basis/bases
features
characteristics
categories
classes
groups
types
Nouns Verbs
sorts
orders
divisions
members
sub-categories
subclasses
sub-groups
sub-orders
sub-divisions
Useful language
to classify
to categorize
to group
to divide into
to put into
to fall into
to place in
to distinguish between
to differentiate
between
to sub-classify
to sub-group
to sub-divide
kinds
X may be classified according to … / on the basis of … / depending
on …
The classification is based on …
153
Note the possible sequence:
… may be divided …
… may be sub-divided …
… may be further sub-divided …
6. Without looking at the table again draw a diagram of
unemployment.
7. Now draw a diagram for the subject, or part of it, that you are
studying. Write a brief description of the classification or
organizational (showing hierarchy) diagram, making sure that it is
clear what the criteria are.
CHECKLIST TO UNIT 6
1. How many approaches to unemployment are known?
2. What is the old-style classification based on?
3. What types of unemployment are differentiated according to the
source of the problem?
4. Why is it difficult to distinguish between frictional and structural
unemployment?
5. What do economists mean by cyclical unemployment?
6. What does the modern approach to unemployment emphasize?
7. Why is it important to distinguish between voluntary and
involuntary unemployment?
8. Why is it difficult to determine the full employment unemployment
rate?
9. How is the unemployment rate calculated?
10. What is the labor force?
11. Why is unemployment regarded as an economic problem?
12. What is the “GNP gap”?
13. What did Arthur Okun quantify?
14. What does Okun’s law indicate?
15. What are the private and social effects of unemployment?
16. What can you say about the labor market flows?
17. Do women face lower unemployment rates than men?
154
GLOSSARY
cease v.
conducive adj.
currently adv.
dead-end adj.
deficient adj.
discourage v.
discrepancy n.
drain n.
drop out v.
elusive adj.
expand v.
generate v.
hire v.
idle adj.
idleness n.
instantaneously adv.
lay-off v.
make-up n.
malady m.
obsolete adj.
overstate v.
partially adv.
part-time adj.
quit (one’s job) v.
obsolete adj.
recession n.
redundant adj.
reemployable adj.
regard v.
respond v.
retirement n.
reveal v.
sack v.
sacrifice v.
salable adj.
severe
adj.
переставать (делать что-л ),
прекращать(ся); бросать привычку
способствующий, благоприятный
в настоящее время, ныне
бесперспективный, безнадежный
недостаточный, недостающий, неполный
обескураживать, лишать силы духа,
удручать
расхождение, несходство, различие
истощение, утечка, расход
выбывать, выпадать
труднодостижимый
увеличивать(ся) (в объеме), расширять(ся)
производить, генерировать, делать
нанимать, предоставлять работу,
приглашать на работу
бесполезный
безделье
, праздность
мгновенно
увольнять
состав, структура, характер, облик
заболевание, болезнь
ненужный, вышедший из употребления
преувеличивать
частично
не полностью занятый
уволиться с работы
вышедший из употребления, устарелый
спад, снижение (производства, цен и т.д.)
уволенный по сокращению штатов
имеющий право на получение нового места
работы в случае увольнения
расценивать, считать, рассматривать
отвечать,
реагировать
выход в отставку; уход на пенсию; отход
от дел
выявлять, обнаруживать, показывать
увольнять с работы (сленг)
приносить в жертву,
пользующийся спросом
крупный, ощутимый
155
shade (into) v.
slack n.
stagnant adj.
stock adj.
temporary adj.
understate v.
unrest n.
vague a.
violent adj.
voluntarily adv.
warrant v.
незаметно переходить
спад деловой активности, затишье
(в торговле), дефицит, нехватка
застойный, застоявшийся
стандартный, шаблонный, типовой
временный
преуменьшать
беспорядки, волнение, недовольство
смутный, неясный, туманный,
неопределенный
бурный, неистовый, интенсивный
добровольно, свободно, по собственному
желанию
обосновывать, оправдывать
156
CONTENTS
Unit 1. WHAT IS ECONOMICS? ………………………………………… 160
Reading ………………………………………………………………
Comprehension check ………………………………………………..
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………...
Word building ………………………………………………………..
Grammar ……………………………………………………………..
Discussion ……………………………………………………………
Writing ……………………………………………………………….
Checklist ……………………………………………………………...
Glossary ……………………………………………………………...
Unit 2. THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM OF ECONOMICS ………...
Reading ………………………………………………………………
Comprehension check ………………………………………………..
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………...
Word building ………………………………………………………..
Grammar ……………………………………………………………..
Discussion ……………………………………………………………
Writing ……………………………………………………………….
Checklist ……………………………………………………………...
Glossary ……………………………………………………………...
Unit 3. SUPPLY AND DEMAND …………………………………………..
Reading ………………………………………………………………
Comprehension check ………………………………………………..
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………...
Word building ………………………………………………………..
Grammar ……………………………………………………………..
Discussion ……………………………………………………………
Writing ……………………………………………………………….
Checklist ……………………………………………………………...
Glossary ……………………………………………………………...
157
Unit 4. MARKET POWER …………………………………………………
Reading ………………………………………………………………
Comprehension check ………………………………………………..
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………...
Word building ………………………………………………………..
Grammar ……………………………………………………………..
Discussion ……………………………………………………………
Listening ……………………………………………………………...
Writing ……………………………………………………………….
Checklist ……………………………………………………………...
Glossary ……………………………………………………………...
Unit 5. THE ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT …………
Reading ………………………………………………………………
Comprehension check ………………………………………………..
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………...
Word building ………………………………………………………..
Grammar ……………………………………………………………..
Discussion ……………………………………………………………
Listening ……………………………………………………………...
Writing ……………………………………………………………….
Checklist ……………………………………………………………...
Glossary ……………………………………………………………...
Unit 6. Unemployment ………………………………………………………
Reading ………………………………………………………………
Comprehension check ………………………………………………..
Vocabulary …………………………………………………………...
Word building ………………………………………………………..
Grammar ……………………………………………………………..
Discussion ……………………………………………………………
Listening ……………………………………………………………...
Writing ……………………………………………………………….
Checklist ……………………………………………………………...
Glossary ……………………………………………………………...
158
Электронное учебное издание
НИКУЛЬШИНА Надежда Леонидовна,
ГЛИВЕНКОВА Ольга Анатольевна
ЭКОНОМИКА:
ПОНЯТИЯ, ПРИНЦИПЫ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ
Учебное пособие
Редактор З.Г. Чернова
Инженер по компьютерному макетированию Т.Ю. Зотова
Подписано в печать 20.05.2012.
Формат 60 × 84/16. 9,3 усл. печ. л. Заказ № 280
Издательско-полиграфический центр ФГБОУ ВПО "ТГТУ"
392000, г. Тамбов, ул. Советская, д. 106, к. 14
159
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