Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Химические добавки в растворы и бетоны. Монография
.pdf
Ʉ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ɞɥɹ «ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ» ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-1 – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ – ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ –15 °ɋ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ
ɋɉ15-1 ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 24211, EN 934-2.
ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-1 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɢ «ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ» ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ
ɦɢɧɭɫ 150 °ɋ
ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ: ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɧɟɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ
–15 °ɋ.
ɍɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-1 ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-1 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –15 °ɋ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨ –5 °ɋ 1,0–1,5
ɞɨ –10 °ɋ 1,5–2,5
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ 3,0–3,5
ȼ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-1 ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚ-
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ – ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-1 – 12 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɠɢɞɤɨɣ –
6 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-2 – ɷɬɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤ-
ɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ 0
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ
ɋɉ15-2 ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 24211, EN 934-2.
ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-2 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɟɧɢɟ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɢ «ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ» ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɟ
ɧɢɠɟ –150 °ɋ
ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ: ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟ-
71
ɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ;
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –15 °ɋ.
ɍɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-2 ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-2 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɟ
ɧɢɠɟ –15 °ɋ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨ –5 °ɋ 1,0
ɞɨ –10 °ɋ 1,5
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ 2,0
ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-2 ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨ-
ɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ15-2 – 12 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ20 – ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɡɨɬɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ –20 °ɋ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ
ɉ20 ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 24211.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ20 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ»
ɢ «ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ» ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –20 °ɋ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ: ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –20 °ɋ.
ɍɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ20 ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ20 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –20 °ɋ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
72
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ20 ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ; ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨ –5 °ɋ 0,5–1,0
ɞɨ –10 °ɋ 1,0–1,5
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ 3,0–3,5
ɞɨ –20 °ɋ 4,0–4,5
ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ20 ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ20 – 12 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɪɟɦɢɭɦ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɡɨɬɨɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ –25 °ɋ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ɞɥɹ «ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ» ɢ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 24211.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɪɟɦɢɭɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɢ «ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ» ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ: ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɪɟɦɢɭɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɪɟɦɢɭɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ. ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɪɟɦɢɭɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ; ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 20 %.
73
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨ –5 °ɋ 0,5–0,9
ɞɨ –10 °ɋ 0,9–1,2
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ 1,2–1,5
ɞɨ –20 °ɋ 1,5–2,0
ɞɨ –25 °ɋ 2,0–2,5
ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɪɟɦɢɭɦ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɪɟɦɢɭɦ – 12 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ25-1 – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ
0 ɞɨ –25 °ɋ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ25-1 ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 24211.
ɉɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ25-1 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ
«ɬɟɩɥɵɯ» ɢ «ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ» ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ: ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ
ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ25-1 ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧ-
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ.
ɧɵɯ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ25-1 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɞɨ –5 °ɋ 1,0
ɞɨ –10 °ɋ 1,5–2,0
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ 2,5–3,5
ɞɨ –20 °ɋ 3,5–4,5
ɞɨ –25 °ɋ 5,0–6,0
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
74
ȼ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ25-1 ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ – ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɣ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɉ25-1 – 12 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ – 6 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ25-2 – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ –25 °ɋ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ25-2 ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 24211.
ɋɭɩɟɪɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ25-2 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ «ɬɟɩɥɵɯ»
ɢ «ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ» ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –250 °ɋ
ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ: ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ;
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ.
ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ25-2 ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ25-2 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ –25 °ɋ. ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢ-
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠ-
ɨɞ
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨ –5 °ɋ 1,0–2,0
ɞɨ –10 °ɋ 2,0–3,0
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ 3,0–4,0
ɞɨ –20 °ɋ 4,0–5,0
ɞɨ –25 °ɋ 5,0–6,0
ɉɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ25-2 ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ʉɪɢɨɩɥɚɫɬ ɋɉ25-2 – 6 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
ɉɨɥɢɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɆɉ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸ-
ɳɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ, ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɟɜɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ
ɥɢɝɧɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ: ɫɦɟɫɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɝɢɛɢɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
75
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɉɨɥɢɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɆɉ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ-ɜɨɞɨɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ (ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ) ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ȽɈɋɌ 24211.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ
ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (–25 °ɋ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɉɨɥɢɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɆɉ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ: ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɞɨ –20 °ɋ; ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɟ; ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ); ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɚɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨ –5 °ɋ ɞɨ –10 °ɋ 1,0–2,0
ɞɨ –10 °ɋ ɞɨ –15 °ɋ 2,0–3,0
ɞɨ –15 °ɋ ɞɨ –20 °ɋ 3,0–4,0
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɉɨɥɢɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɆɉ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧɧɭɸ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ (10–20 %)
ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ 1–2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɞɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɪɨɤ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɉɨɥɢɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɆɉ – 6 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɏɢɞɟɬɚɥ (ɏɢɞɟɬɚɥ Ƚɉ-9
ɞɟɦɬɚ, Ɂɢɦɧɹɹ ɉ-3 (–20 °ɋ)) ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨ –30° (Ɂɢɦɧɹɹ ɉ-3 (–30 °ɋ)).
ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-
ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɏɢɞɟɬɚɥ Ɂɢɦɧɹɹ ɉ-3
(–30 °ɋ):
t = 0…(–5 °C) – 5–6 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ;
t = –5…(–10 °C) – 6–8 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ;
t = –15…(–20 °ɋ) – 10–12 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ;
t = –20…(30 °C) – 12–15 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɈɈɈ Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɋɄɌ – ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ (Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, Ɋɟɫ-
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ).
76
Ʌɢɝɧɨɩɚɧ Ȼ-4 – ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 40 % ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨ –180 °ɋ. Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ 2–5 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ȺɄɆ-20 ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭ-
ɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɞɨ –20 °ɋ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɷɮɢɪɨɜ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ «ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬ».
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ «ȺɄɆ-20 ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ» ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɜ %,
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ
Ⱦɨ –5 °ɋ 1,0–1,5
Ⱦɨ –10 °ɋ 1,5–2,0
Ⱦɨ –15 °ɋ 2,0–3,0
Ⱦɨ –20 °ɋ 3,0–4,0
ȺɄɆ-30 Ȼɚɡɢɫ
– ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ
ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɞɨ –30 °ɋ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ «ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬ».
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ «ȺɆɄ-30 Ȼɚɡɢɫ» ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0,9–
1,5 % ɩɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ –
ɩɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ.
1,8 %
ȺɄɆ-30 ɍɥɶɬɪɚ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸ-
ɳɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɞɨ –30 °ɋ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ «ȺɆɄ-30 ɍɥɶɬɪɚ» ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 0,85–
1,2 % ɩɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ
–
1,8 % ɩɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ «ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬ».
ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɆ – ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɞɨ –25 °ɋ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɢɥɟɧɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧɫɭɥɶɮɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ «ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬ ɉɆ» ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɠɢɞɚ-
ɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ
77
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɨɤ: 1–2,5 % ɩɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ –15 °ɋ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɭ ɜ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 1,5 %. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ «ɋɭɩɟɪɩɥɚɫɬ».
Ȼɟɧɨɬɟɯ ɉɆɉ-1 – ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ) ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɨ –25 °ɋ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ 30 %
ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 28 ɫɭɬɨɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ; ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɉ1 ɞɨ ɉ4 ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ
ɫɪɨɤɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ «ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ» ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 28 ɫɭɬɨɤ.
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ 95 % ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
ȼɢɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ
ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɤɝ/ɦ
Ⱦ = ȼ – Ⱦɫɜ, (4.1)
3
, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɝɞɟ ȼ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɥ/ɦ3;
– ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ) ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨ-
Ⱦ
ɫɜ
ɛɚɜɤɢ ɜ 1 ɥ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɝ/ɥ [27].
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ Ⱦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (4.1), ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɋ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ
ɋ = Ⱦ – 100/ɐ, (4.2)
ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, %:
ɝɞɟ ɐ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1 ɦ3 ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɤɝ.
78
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɜ ɩɚɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ [27] ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ 1 ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ:
1)
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɵ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨ-
ɲɟɧɢɟɦ ȼ/ɐ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,5 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.1
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɚ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɵ ɫ ȼ/ɐ > 0,5 – ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ;
2)
ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɥɚɧɞɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɋ
Ⱥ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6 %, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
3
ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɵɯ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɉ,
ɏɄ + ɏɇ, ɉɄ + Ɇ, ɇɇɄ + Ɇ, ɇɇɏɄ + Ɇ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɬɥɚɧɞɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɋ
Ⱥ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 6 % ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɇɇ ɢ ɏɄ + ɇɇ.
3
Ʉɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ – ɷɬɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ
ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ
ɧɚ ɦɨɪɨɡɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ»
ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ (ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ
ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɧ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ» ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚɯ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɢ (3–5 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɞɨ –20 °ɋ). Ɍɚɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ «Ƚɢɞɪɨɡɢɦ-1» ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɤ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 2 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ –20 °ɋ, ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ «Ʌɢɝɧɨɩɚɧ
Ȼ-4» ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ –15 °ɋ,
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3,5–4 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ
79
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɬɜɨɪɚ (¨
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɝɞɟ Ʉ
Ɍ
) ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
3
¨Ɍ3 = Kɤpic, (4.3)
– ɤɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ;
ɤɪ
ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫ-
i – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ;
ɫ – ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɧɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɋɚɭɥɹ.
ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɨɥɢ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɹɫɶ
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɤɜɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɦɟɥɤɢɟ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚɤɨɧ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦ ɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (4.3) ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɡɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ (ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ) ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ 10 °ɋ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɥɶɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ:
80
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]