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Файл:Химические добавки в растворы и бетоны. Монография
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Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɝɚɡ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɫɬɟ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɤɨɜɨ-ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɫɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɹɡɤɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɚɡɚ, ɧɨ
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
(ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɬɪɟɯɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɝɢɞɪɨɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ:
2Ⱥl + 3ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)
+ nɇ2O ĺ 3ɋɚɈȺl2O3nɇ2O + 3H2Ĺ.
2
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ 1 ɤɝ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ 1,254 ɥ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ 50 °ɋ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
1,48 ɥ.
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɭɸ ɩɭɞɪɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1,5 ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 200 °ɋ. ɇɟɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɭɸ ɩɭɞɪɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɩɭɞɪɵ, ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɉȺȼ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ 1:10:0,625 ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ.
Ʉ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ
ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ.
ɉɭɞɪɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɉȺɉ ɢ ɉȺɉ-1 – ɫɟɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ-
ɪɨɲɨɤ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɯ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ.
ɉɭɞɪɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɉȺɄ – ɬɨɧɤɨɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ,
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɣ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɭɞɪɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ.
ɉɟɪɝɢɞɪɨɥɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ – ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸ-
ɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɭ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɭ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ: ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɣ (FeSi
ɰɢɧɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɭɞɪɚ (Zn).
), ɩɟɪɟɝɢɞɪɨɥɶ (ɇ2O2), ɤɚɪɛɢɞ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɋɚɋ2),
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ȼ3,5–ȼ7,5 ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ:
1) ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 50–100 ɤɝ/ɦ
3
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɧɚ 5–10 % ɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ;
31
2) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɨɜ (ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ,
ɩɟɪɥɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ) ɢɥɢ ɡɨɥ Ɍɗɋ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ;
3) ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫ-
ɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɟ.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬɨɛɫɬɨɧɚ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, %
ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ
Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ, %
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɉɥɨɬɧɵɣ Ɂɨɥɚ ɢ Ɂɒɋ
ɋɇȼ
ɋ
ɋȾɈ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ:
1. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚɦ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ
ɦɟɥɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ – ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚɦ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɩɟɫɤɚ.
2. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɦɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ
ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ
ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
3. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɡɢɬɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɜɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɚ
ɳɟɛɧɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ 1,5–2 ɪɚɡɚ.
9–12 0,05–0,15 – –
12–15 – 0,08–0,15 0,15–0,25
9–12 0,1–0,15 – –
12–15 – 0,15–0,2 0,2–0,3
9–12 0,1–0,2 – –
12–15 – 0,15–0,3 0,25–0,4
ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɜ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɨɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ 30–35 %.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ.
32
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ (ɉȺɄ ɢɥɢ ɉȺɉ-1) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɚɡɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɝɨ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɫɬɨɦ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɸ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɪɨɤɢ ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɫɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ.
Ⱦɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɉȺɄ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,075–2,0 % ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ɍɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɞɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɭɞɪɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.3.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 1 ɦ
3
ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɍɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɭɞɪɵ, ɤɝ,
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɝ/ɦ3
300 350 500 600 700 800
ɉȺɄ, ɉȺɉ-1 0,750 0,690 0,535 0,470 0,360 0,300
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɫɬɨ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ, ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɪɟɡɤɭ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ («ɝɨɪɛɭɲɤɢ»).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ
ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ-ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ-ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɟɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ:
1) ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɩɟɧɨɣ (ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɵ, ɩɟɧɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɵ);
2) ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
33
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ɉɟɧɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɡɛɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɧɨɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɧɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɤɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɯ
ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɟɧɨɦɚɫɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ
ɜɨɞɨɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟ. ɗɬɨɬ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɨɬ ɩɟɧɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ,
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɧɵ Ʉ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.1) ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 6–10 ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ, 8–20 – ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ 15–40 – ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɧɨɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ:
V
U
ɩɩ
K
V
ɩɨ ɩɨ
, (2.1)
U
ɝɞɟ Vɩ, Vɩɨ, ȡɩ, ȡɩɨ – ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɋɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɦ
ɬɟɫɬɟ ɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɋ
ɩ
V
ɝɞɟ
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ;
ɰɬ
V
V
ɰɬ
,
– ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɩɟɧ
V
ɰɬ
VV
ɰɬ ɩɟɧ
ɩ
, (2.2)
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ
ɋ t 0,95, ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɋ = 0,8–0,85.
ɩɟɧɵ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɚɯ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 2–5 % (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɦɚɪɤɭ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɩɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɛɟɬɨɧɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ
ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ ɢɯ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɪ.
34
ɉɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɬɪɟɯɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɯɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ,
ɥɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 40 % C
S ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 % C3Ⱥ.
3
ɟɫ-
Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.4.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.4
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, %
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ, ɤɝ/ɦ3
ɞɨ 300 Ɂ00–450 ɛɨɥɟɟ 450
ɋɇȼ, ɋɇȼɄ, ɋȾɈ,
ɄɌɉ, ɈɌȽ1, Ɉɉ, ɋ
0,005–0,015 0,01–0,02 0,015–0,035
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ- ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ, ɬɜɟɪɞɟɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ, ɬɜɟɪɞɟɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 3–4 ɱ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɣ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ
Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ 1,5–3,5 % ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 1,5–2 ɪɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɟɦɭ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɢɨɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ.
35
ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [8] ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɝɞɟ R
R
ɨɬɧ
– ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ. ɟ. ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɨɬɧ
= 10
–3,5Ⱥ
, (2.3)
ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ;
Ⱥ – ɞɨɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɨɪ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɟ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ.
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ.
ɍɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ.
ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ.
ɉɨɥɢɝɢɞɪɨɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɵ 136-41 (ɛɵɜɲɢɟ ȽɄɀ-94) ɢ 136-157Ɇ (ɛɵɜɲɢɟ
ȽɄɀ-94Ɇ)
– ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɵ ɷɬɢɥɝɢɞɪɨɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ
ɷɬɢɥɞɢɯɥɨɪɟɢɥɚɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 30 °ɋ. ɇɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɝɪɟɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ɗɬɢɥɝɢɞɪɢɞɫɟɫɤɜɢɨɤɫɚɧ ɉȽɗɇ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣ-
ɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɝɢɞɪɨɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɵ. ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɸ. ɇɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɛɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ
ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɪ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨ 2,0 % ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ
C
S, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɉȺȼ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɛɟɬɨɧ-
3
ɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɚ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ. ɗɬɢ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɨɡɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ [4, 5].
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɩɨɥɢɝɢɞɪɨɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɵ, ɉȽɗɇ)
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɧɢɯ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɟ-
36
ɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 4 ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ 20–30 °ɋ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
6 ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 10–20 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ
ɱ.
10 °ɋ/
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɝɢɞɪɨɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ 100-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɵɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɸ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ [22]. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 30 °ɋ.
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.5.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.5
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, % ɨɬ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ, ɤɝ/ɦ3
ɞɨ 300 300–450 ɛɨɥɟɟ 450
ɉɨɥɢɝɢɞɪɨɫɢɥɨɤɫɚɧɵ,
ɉȽɗɇ
0,06–0,08 0,05–0,07 0,03–0,05
37
3. ȾɈȻȺȼɄɂ, ɊȿȽɍɅɂɊɍɘɓɂȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ȻȿɌɈɇɈȼ ɂ ɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɈȼ
3.1. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ-ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ-ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ
ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ, ɩɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ.
ȼ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɫɩɚɥɭɛɥɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ȼ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɌȼɈ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɧɚ 20
ɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɨ 50
–60 °ɋ. ȼ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
–30 %, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ 10
–15 %. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ-
ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ-ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ
ɛɟɬɨɧɨɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɛɟɡ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ-ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ
ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ɢ
ɛɟɬɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ «ɬɟɪɦɨɫɚ».
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ [24].
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ) ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɢ ɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ. Ʉ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ
ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɫɨɥɢ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ.
38
ɍɫɤɨɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɦ ɢɨɧɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ
Ⱥ = f(ɉɉ/ɉɊ), (3.1)
ɝɞɟ ɉɉ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ɜɫɟɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ:
m
n
m
ɉɉ §
ɋ
ɋ
A
K
= a
n
a
, (3.2)
A
K
ɝɞɟ ɉɊ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɉɊ = const).
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɨɧɵ (ɯɥɨɪɢɞ, ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɢɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ), ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɵ, ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ «ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ» ɤ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɮɚɡɵ; ɜɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɫɜɟɪɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)
ɢ ß-C
S.
2
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɦɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
, C3S
2
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ – ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ-
ɰɢɢ: 1) ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ; 2) ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɪɬɥɚɧɞɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ-ɝɢɞɪɚɬɵ: ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɨɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɯɥɨɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɧɢɬɪɨɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɦɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɦɧɹ, ɨɫɚɠɞɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɹɠɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɶɦɚɬɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɪɵ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɚɋl
, Ca(NɈ3)2, Ca(NɈ)2.
2
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɷɤɜɢɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ
ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɥɨɪɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɧɢɬɪɨ- ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɧɢɬɪɢɚɥɸɦɢɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɟɬ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɬɪɢɬɚ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ [10]. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɋ
Ⱥ ɢ C4AF ɫ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɮɨɪɦɢ-
3
ɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɟɪɧɚɯ ɜɹɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɨ-ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ.
ɋɨɥɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɢɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɢ ɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɋ
Ⱥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟ-
3
ɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ:
39
2ɋɚɈȺ1
ɋɚɏ2(10...12) ɇ2Ɉ
2Ɉ3
3ɋɚɏ2(14...32)ɇ2Ɉ,
2Ɉ3
4
2–
, CO
–
ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
3
ɝɞɟ X – ɚɧɢɨɧ ɋl
–
, NO
ɢ 3ɋɚɈȺl
–
, NO
3
2
–
, ɋɇ3ɋɈɈ– ɢ ɬ. ɩ., ɢɥɢ SɈ
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɤɥɢɧɤɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚɦɢ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɵ. ɋɨɥɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɶ:
3ɋɚɈȺl
ĺ3ɋɚɈȺl
ɝɞɟ
n = 1 ɢɥɢ 3;
ɬ = 10…12, ɢɥɢ ɬ = 14…31;
X – ɨɞɧɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɣ ɚɧɢɨɧ (ɋl
ɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ (SO
4
2–
, CO
+ nɋɚ(Oɇ)2 +2nNaX + mH2Ɉ ĺ
2O3
nɋɚX2mɇ2O+2nNaOH,
2O3
–
–
) ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
3
–
, NO
3
–
, NO
, ɋɇ3ɋɈɈ–) ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɢɥɢ 0,5 ɞɜɭɯɡɚ-
2
ȼ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɚɥɢɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɫɨɥɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ:
ɋɚɈɋɚɋl
CaOCa(NO
nɇ2O (n = 1...2) ɢ 3ɋɚɈɋɚɋl215ɇ2O;
2
3H2O ɢ CaOCa(NO3)2 (14...16)ɇ2O;
3)2
ɋɚɈCa(NO
(3...3,5)ɇ2O.
2)2
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɢɡ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ-ɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɫɨɥɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚɦɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ [24].
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ
ɜɹɠɭɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ [24] ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɟɬɨɧ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦ. ȼ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ
ɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ – ɝɢɞɪɚɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ
ɛɟɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɬɟɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɞɜɨɣ-
ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: NaCl, Ʉɋl,
NaNO
, KNO2, NaNO3, CH3COONa ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
2
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɧɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ.
40
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