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Файл:Технологические измерения на предприятиях химической промышленности. Учебное пособие
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Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɋɨɬɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɨɣ
ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɤɨɫɵɟ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɨɤ ɦɨɝ
ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɩɥɚɜɨɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ, ɟɝɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɨɬɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɨɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ 600 ɤɉɚ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɪɨɬɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɨɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɨɬɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɵ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɟɦ.
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ɗɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ, ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɗȾɋ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ
ɩɨɥɟ. Ɍɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɗȾɋ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɬɪɭɛɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɮɬɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ, ɷɛɨɧɢɬ,
ɪɟɡɢɧɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȼ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ (ɡɚɩɨɞɥɢɰɨ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɬɪɭɛɵ).
Ʉ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ, ɲɤɚɥɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɯ, ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɧɟ ɟɝɨ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ
ɩɨɥɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɨɦɟɯɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɯɢ: ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ; ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ, ɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬ, ɢ
ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ («ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ») ɨɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɦɟɯɢ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɷɤɪɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ,
ɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡɵɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫ
ɬɢɰ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɨɬ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ (ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ, ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ).
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɚɫɬ ɫ
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ɚɛ-
-
ɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɗȾɋ
ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɲɤɚɥɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 1–2500 ɦ
3
/ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨ-
ɞɚɯ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɨɬ 3 ɦɦ ɞɨ 1 ɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ 0,6 ɞɨ 10 ɦ/ɫ.
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ,
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɚ –
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɧɢɠɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ,
ɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɟ
ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɡɚ 1 ɱ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ 0,1 Ɇɉɚ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɢ
ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ.
Ʉɚɥɢɛɪɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɚ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɚɯ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ (ɛɟɧɡɢɧɚ, ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ – ɦɚɥɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɝɞɟ v
– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦ/ɫ;
ɫɪ
S – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɦ
QvS , (65)
ɫɪ
2
.
43
Ɉ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ, ɫɭɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ncv .
ɫɪ
ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (65)
Q
nc
, (66)
S
ɝɞɟ n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ;
ɫ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɢɞ-
ɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɭɬɟɱɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɡɨɪɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ ɢ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɫɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɚ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɟɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶ; ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɞɨ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ.
ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫ
ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɵɟ. ȼɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɭ, ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɵɟ – ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɟɦɭ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ.
44
Ɋɢɫ. 5. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ
ȼ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ 1, ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɮɥɚɧɰɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɚ 2 ɫ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ȼɟɪɬɭɲɤɭ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 30 °C ɢ ɢɡ ɥɚɬɭɧɢ
ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ» ȼɟɪɬɭɲɤɭ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ
ɜɟɫɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɚɩɮɵ. ɇɚ ɨɫɢ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɦ 4, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɜɢɧɟ 5, ɧɚɫɚɠɟɧ ɱɟɪɜɹɤ 3, ɫɰɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɣ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɧɟɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ 8. Ɉɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ 7,
ɫɱɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ 6, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɟ. ɋɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɨɬ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɨɪɚ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɫɬɪɭɟɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶ 9, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ.
Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɫɬɪɭɟɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɶ 11, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɵɱɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ 12. ȼ ɫɬɪɭɟɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤ 10
ɨɫɢ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɟ
ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
45
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚ. ȼɟɫ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɬɶ Ⱥɪɯɢɦɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɰɚɩɮɵ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ
ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6 ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 6, ɚ) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 6, ɛ) ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ
. Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɯ ɫɱɟɬɱɢ-
ɤɚɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɹɦ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 6. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɦ (ɚ) ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɦ (ɛ) ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɯ
Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ
ɋɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɫ ɝɪɚɞɭɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɦ.
ɋɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɭɲɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ
3
1,0 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɞɨ 600 ɦ
/ɱ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ –
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ ±2 ɞɨ ±3 % ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ
Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɝɚɡɚ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 7.
46
ȼ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɠɭɯɟ 1, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɤɚɦɟɪ, I–V. Ʉɚɦɟɪɵ II–V ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɠɭɯɚ 1
ɳɟɥɹɦɢ ɚ, b, c, d ɢ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ V ɱɟɪɟɡ ɳɟɥɢ ɚ ɢ b.
ȼ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ V ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɨɫɶ
ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɝɚɡ ɬɪɭɛɚ 3, ɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɠɭɯɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ 4. Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɳɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɝɚɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
I–IV. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɚɯ 3 ɢ 4 ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ
ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɟ. ȼɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɳɟɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ
ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɬɨɤ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɵ 3 ɜ ɬɪɭɛɭ 4 ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ
ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
ɜ ɤɨɠɭɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ 2 ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɱɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ
, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɤɨɠɭɯɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɚɡ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ,
ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɤɚɦɟɪ, ɨɬɫɟɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɂɚɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɞɚ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ. Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɝɚɡɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ,
ɤɨɤɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ-
ɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ.
Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɠɭɯɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ, ɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3 ɦ
ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ.
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ±0,2 %. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ-
3
/ɱ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɢɯ
Ɋɢɫ. 8. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ
47
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ
ɋɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɊȽ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɋɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ, ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɤɫɨɜɨɝɨ, ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɜɟɬɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɝɨ, ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɧ-ɛɭɬɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜ.
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɊȽ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ: ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɫɱɟɬ
ɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɚ. ȼ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɤɢ; ɨɧɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɲɟɣɤɚɯ
ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ. ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɨɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ
ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 8. Ɂɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ
ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɝɚɡɚ.
ȼɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɪɵɲɤɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ. ɋɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɝɚɡɚ
ɜ ɤɭɛɨɦɟɬɪɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪ, ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɟ.
3
Ɋɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɊȽ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɞɨ 1000 ɦ
/ɱ, ɩɨ-
ɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ±2,5 %.
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪɵ
Ɍɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦɟɪ-ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ (ɦɟɬɚɧɚ) ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɝɚɡɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ (ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ) ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɨɬɦɟɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ
ɤɪɵɥɶɱɚɬɤɟ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ.
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ-
ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
48
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ɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ –
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪɵ).
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɜ.
ȼɟɫɵ ɢ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɉɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ: ɜɟɫɵ ɢ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɜɟɫɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ, ɜɟɫɵ ɦɨɧɨɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɟ, ɜɟɫɵ ɢ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɟɫɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.
ȼɟɫɵ ɢ ɞɨɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ
ɭɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɚɫɨɜɤɢ ɫɵɩɭɱɢɯ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9. Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɵ
49
Ɋɢɫ. 10. Ɋɵɱɚɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɟɱɚɦɢ
M
Ʉ ɰɢɮɟɪɛɥɚɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɚ ɰɢɮɟɪɛɥɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 11. Ɋɵɱɚɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɟɱ ɪɵɱɚɝɚ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9. ȼ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ P ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ Q. Ƚɪɭɡ P ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɱɚɲɟ ɜɟɫɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɟ, ɨɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɣ ɲɤɢɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ 2. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇ
ɨɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟ-
1
ɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ
PrM . (67)
1
ɍɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɪɭɡ Q ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɵɱɚɝɚ (ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɚ) ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ɇ
2
sinMQR
, (68)
2
ɝɞɟ ij – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɵɱɚɝɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ.
50
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