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ɫɱɺɬɱɢɤ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɤɷɲ-ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ. Ʉɪɟɩɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ: ɬɚɤɬɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ – ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ (ɨɬ ɆȽɰ ɞɨ ȽȽɰ) ɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɛɢɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɚɤɬ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɛɚɣɬɚɦ);
ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ, ɪɚɡɪɹɞ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ
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ɰɢɮɪɵ;
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪ: ɹɱɟɣɤɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
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ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ:
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɚɹ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ) ɩɥɚɬɚ: ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɈɁɍ, ɉɁɍ, ɤɷɲ-ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɵɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɲɢɧ, ɝɧɺɡɞɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ (ɫɥɨɬɨɜ), ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɜɜɨɞɚ/ɜɵɜɨɞɚ);
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ɲɢɧɚ (ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɲɢɧɚ): ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɲɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
(ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ 8, 16, 32, 64 ɛɢɬɚ), ɲɢɧɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜ (ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ 16, 20, 24, 32,
36 ɛɢɬɨɜ) ɢ ɲɢɧɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɺɬɫɹ 1 ɛɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ,
ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɈɁɍ, – ɚɞɪɟɫɧɚɹ ɲɢɧɚ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ
ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜ –
ɲɢɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ (ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɩɢɫɶ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) – ɲɢɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
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ɩɨɪɬɵ: ɪɚɡɴɟɦɵ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ;
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ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɵ (COM1, COM2): ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɦɵɲɶ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɨɞɟɦ;
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ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɬ (LTP): ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
8 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪ;
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USB-ɩɨɪɬɵ (Universal Serial BUS – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɲɢɧɚ): ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ:
ɫɤɚɧɟɪɨɜ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ, USB-ɮɥɷɲ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ;
PS/2-ɩɨɪɬ: ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɚ.
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ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɜɨɞɚ
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ,
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ:
ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɚ: ɞɥɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
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ɫɤɚɧɟɪɵ: ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
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ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ;
ɞɢɝɢɬɚɣɡɟɪɵ (ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɲɟɬɵ): ɞɥɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪ-
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ɦɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɟɺ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ (ɨɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɥɚɧɲɟɬɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɦ ɩɟɪɨɦ);
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ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɦɵɲɶ;
ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪ: ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɨɧɨ ɡɚɦɟ-
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ɧɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɦɵɲɶ. ɗɤɪɚɧ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɤ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɧɵɯ, ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ, ɫɦɚɪɬɮɨɧɚɯ;
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ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɞɠɨɣɫɬɢɤ: ɧɚɤɥɨɧɵ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ
ɦɵɲɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ;
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ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɬɪɟɤɛɨɥ: ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɲɚɪɢɤ, ɩɪɨɤɪɭɬɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɵɲɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɦɵɲɤɚɯ ɢ ɧɨɭɬɛɭɤɚɯ;
ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɬɨɪ Pen Mouse: ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɪɭɱɤɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨ-
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ɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɡɟɥ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ;
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ;
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ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɧ.
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ:
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ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ: ɬɢɩ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɞɢɚ-
ɝɨɧɚɥɢ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɞɸɣɦɚɯ), ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɨɜ – ɭɝɨɥ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ;
ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ: ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
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ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ: ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
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ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ;
ɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ;
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ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪɵ: ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ, ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɟ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ, 3D-ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪɵ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚ-
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ɩɥɨɬɬɟɪɵ (ɝɪɚɮɨɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢ): ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ
(ɱɟɪɬɟɠɢ, ɩɥɚɤɚɬɵ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.);
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ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ;
ɧɚɭɲɧɢɤɢ.
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ɌȿɆȺ 3. ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆɇɕȿ ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼȺ ɊȿȺɅɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɈȼ
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ (hardware) ɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ, ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
(software).
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɗȼɆ (ɉɈ) – ɷɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ software. ɉɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɉɈ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ, ɢɧ-
ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɟ.
3.1. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɗȼɆ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɉɈ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ:
– ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (Ɉɋ): ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɜɫɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ (ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ Ɉɋ:
•
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɯ ɜɵ-
ɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ;
ɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ;
ɧɢɟ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
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ɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɩɨ-
•
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ;
ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ;
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ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ;
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ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ;
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ: ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ, ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚ-
•
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ Ɉɋ: MS DOS – ɨɞɧɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ Ɉɋ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ; UNIX – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ
ɫɟɬɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ; Windows XP/8/10 – ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-
ɚ
ɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ Ɉɋ; Android – ɩɨɪɬ
ɫ
ɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɟ Linux, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɯ, ɩɥɚɧ-
ɨ
ɬɢɜɧɚɹ (ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ) ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ,
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ɲɟɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɚɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɱ
ɚɫɚ
ɯ, ɧɟɬɛɭɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɦɚɪɬɛɭɤɚɯ, Linux – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ ɫɟɬɢ ɂɧɬɟɪ-
;
ɧɟɬ
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ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ: ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ,
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ɉɋ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (Norton Commander ɞɥɹ MS DOS,
Far Manager ɢ Norton Navigator ɞɥɹ Windows) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɫ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ, ɚ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɚɦɢ. ȼ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɡɚɤɚɡɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
ɦɵɲɶɸ, ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ);
•
ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɵ: ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɋ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɧɚ ɧɢɯ (ɳɟɥɱɤɢ
ɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ
ɠɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ – ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Ɉɋ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɟɦɭ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪ;
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ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ (ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ): ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸ-
ɬɢɩ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (Scandisk, Check Disk), ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, «ɤɷɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ»
ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ, ɢ ɬ. ɩ.;
•
ɚɪɯɢɜɚɬɨɪɵ: ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɜ ɫɠɢɦɚɸɳɟɦ
ɢɯ ɤɨɞɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɩɢɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
ɚɧɬɢɜɢɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ: ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ
•
ɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɜɪɟɞɢɬɶ Ɉɋ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
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3.2. Ɏɚɣɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɏɚɣɥ – ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɺɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɦɚɹ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɣɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ: FAT (File
Allocation Table) – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɞɥɹ 16- ɢ 32-ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, NTFS (New Technology File System) – ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ Ɉɋ Windows NT ɞɥɹ 32- ɢ 64-ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɩɨɤ;
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ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɢ
ɩɚɩɨɤ;
•
ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɚɣɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ;
ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ;
•
•
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɹɪɥɵɤɨɜ;
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ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɮɚɣɥɭ: ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɚɞɪɟɫ ɮɚɣɥɚ.
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ
ɮɚɣɥ, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ « \ » (ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɟɲ) ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɩɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɭɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ « \ » ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɩɨɤ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ
ɨɬ ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɚɩɤɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɦɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɚɩɤɢ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɩɚɩɤɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ «..» (ɞɜɟ
ɬɨɱɤɢ).
Ɏɚɣɥ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ. ɂɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ «ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ», ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ «ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ» ɜ ɦɟɧɸ «Ɏɚɣɥ» ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɨɦ ɦɟɧɸ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ:
– ɢɦɹ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ 256 ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɢɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɚɣɥɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɭɤɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ, ɰɢɮɪ, ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ, ɞɟɮɢɫɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ
ɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ – ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɨ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɢɩ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4 ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ;
– ɞɥɢɧɚ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɜ ɛɚɣɬɚɯ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɟ);
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨ-
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– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɞɚɬɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɣɥɚ (ɞɥɹ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɮɚɣɥɚ).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɮɚɣɥɭ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
– ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ (ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ, ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɮɚɣɥɚ);
– ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ (ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ), ɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɜɜɟɞɹ ɢɦɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ;
– ɚɪɯɢɜɧɵɣ (ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɜ ɚɪɯɢ-
ɜɚɯ);
– ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ.
3.3. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɗȼɆ
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɉɈ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ:
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɞɚɯ;
•
•
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ;
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
•
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɗȼɆ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɭ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɢ ɤɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɞɚɦɢ, ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ.
ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɗȼɆ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɞɨɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɯ
ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ.
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɟɟ, ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹ-
ɬɨɪɨɦ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɞɵ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɹɬɢ) ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
(ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɟ
26
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɟ ɦɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪ, ɦɚɤɪɨɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪ.
Ⱥɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪ – ɷɬɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɪɨɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ
ɲɚɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪɚ, ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɉɈ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɭɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ɉɧɢ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɪɨɛɢɬɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ
ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ ɗȼɆ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪ ɫ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦɢ.
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3.4. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɗȼɆ
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɟ ɉɈ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ). ɉɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɟ ɉɈ: ɢɝɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ.
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
• ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ;
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ;
•
•
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɣ;
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ;
•
•
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ;
•
•
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
•
•
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ;
•
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ-ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ;
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ;
•
•
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɵɟ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟ-
ɞɢɢ;
•
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɨ- ɢ ɜɢɞɟɨɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ (ɉɉɉ).
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ, ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɨɪ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɋɍȻȾ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ – ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɱɟɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ (ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ
ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ) ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ).
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ: MS Office, OpenOffice,
LibreOffice, Corel Word Perfect Office, Star Office ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
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ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ʉ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
• ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɵ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.;
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪ-
•
ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɨɞɭɥɢ) ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɵ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ.;
•
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (Ʉɂɋ), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ.
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɡɚɩɚɫɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚɦɢ, ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɜɨɞɚ, ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɷɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ
ɮɚɤɬ.
ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɨɬɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.
Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɬɶ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ,
ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɚ ɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ – ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
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ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ: ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ (ɩɨ ɛɟɡɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
• ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ;
• ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɷɤɪɚɧɟ.
ɉɪɢɟɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬ ɨɛɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɗɬɨ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ) ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ:
(3D-ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ).
• ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ,
• ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ,
• ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ
Ɋɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɪ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɰɜɟɬɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɜɚɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɗɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢɯ ɪɟɬɭɲɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ (ɤɨɥɥɚɠɟɣ).
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (ɫɤɚɧɟɪɨɜ)
ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɱɤɚ, ɚ ɥɢɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɧɨ-ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɰɜɟɬɟ
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