Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Теоретическая фонетика английского языка = English Theoretical Phonetics. Учебное пособие
.pdf
О. А. Мазец
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ФОНЕТИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
ENGLISH THEORETICAL PHONETICS
Допущено Министерством образования Республики Беларусь
в качестве учебного пособия для учащихся учреждений
образования, реализующих образовательные программы
среднего специального образования по специальности
«Обучение иностранному языку (английский)»
(с электронным ресурсом)
Минск
РИПО
2024
УДК 811.111:8᾽1342(075.32)
ББК 81.2Англ-1я723
М12
А в т о р:
преподаватель Волковысского колледжа УО «Гродненский
государственный университет имени Янки Купалы» О. А. Мазец
Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
цикловая комиссия Полоцкого колледжа УО «Витебский
государственный университет имени П. М. Машерова» (М. С. Корсак);
старший преподаватель кафедры английского языкознания
Белорусского государственного университета В. Ю. Захаревич
Все права на данное издание защищены. Воспроизведение всей книги или любой ее ча-
сти не может быть осуществлено без разрешения издательства.
Выпуск издания осуществлен при финансовой поддержке Министерства образования
Республики Беларусь.
Мазец, О. А.
М12
Теоретическая фонетика английского языка = English Theoretical
Phonetics : учеб. пособие / О. А. Мазец. – Минск : РИПО, 2024. – 101 с.
ISBN 978-985-895-232-7.
В учебном пособии представлены основные сведения о системе гласных и согласных современного английского языка. Рассматриваются функции ударения в
слове, а так же ритм, темп и паузы как основные характеристики интонации. Каждая глава включает блок практических заданий, направленных на выработку у мений и приобретение навыков анализа фонетических закономерностей. Учебное пособие содержит словарь фонетических терминов.
Предназначено для учащихся учреждений образования, реализующих программы среднего специального образования по специальности «Обу чение иностранному языку (английский)».
УДК 811.111:8᾽1342(075. 32)
ББК 81.2Англ-1я723
ISBN 978-985-895-232-7 © Мазец О. А., 2024
© Оформление. Республиканский институт
профессионального образования, 2024
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
В учебном пособии кратко и в доступной форме изложены основы
теоретической фонетики современного английского языка, изучаемого
в учреждениях образования Республики Беларусь, реализующих образовательные программы среднего специального образования по специальности «Обучение иностранному языку (английский)». Целью учебного
пособия является усвоение учащимися знаний об основных положениях теоретической и прикладной, общей и частной фонетики, фонологии
изу чаемого языка, подготовка к осознанному восприятию фонетической
стороны современного английского языка как части целостной языковой
системы, а также обобщение и углубление знаний, полученных в курсе
практической фонетики.
Единый подход к подаче учебного материала, предложенный в учебном пособии, состоит в последовательном изложении теоретических положений курса и выполнении практических заданий, направленных на
закрепление полученных знаний, что позволяет учащимся успешно осваивать материал курса.
Содержание и объем теоретического материала определены учебной
программой по специальности «Обучение иностранному языку (английский)». Вопросы в конце каждого раздела нацелены на контроль понимания учебного материала и способствуют концентрации внимания
учащихся на наиболее важных аспектах изучаемой темы. Целью практических заданий является выработка умений и приобретение навыков
работы с понятийным аппаратом теоретической фонетики, анализа фонетических процессов и закономерностей, выявления сходства и различия
в фонетических системах родного и изучаемого языков.
Для контроля знаний и умений учащихся в учебном пособии представлен образец заключительной контрольной работы, содержащей задания
для проверки знаний по всем разделам и темам.
3
UNIT 1.
PHONETICS AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS
Phonetics is concerned with the human noises by which the thought
is actualized or given audible shape. As a branch of linguistics it studies
sounds in the broad sense, comprising segmental sounds and prosodic
phenomena (pitch, stress, tempo, rhythm and pauses).
Phonetics occupies itself with the study of the ways in which
the sounds are organized in the system of units and variations of these
units in all styles of spoken language.
It also studies the acoustic properties of sound production and
the sound phenomena that reveal the individual peculiarities of
the speaker.
Phonetics is subdivided into practical and theoretical.
Practical (normative) phonetics studies the substance, the material
form of phonetic phenomena in relation to meaning. Theoretical
phonetics is mainly concerned with the functioning of phonetic units
in the language. It regards phonetic phenomena synchronically without
any special attention paid to the historical development of English and
studies only such sound sequences, which are produced by a human vocal
apparatus, which are carriers of organized information of language and
which are meaningful.
1.1. Branches and Divisions of Theoretical Phonetics
Within phonetics, two aspects of study are usually recognized:
segmental and supra-segmental. Segmental phonetics an a ly s e s i nd i v id u al
speech sounds (segments), such as phonemes. Supra-segmental (nonsegmental) phonetics deals with those features which extend over more
than one segment: syllables, words, phrases and texts.
4
1.1. Branches and Divisions of Theoretical Phonetic s
Phonic shaping of oral form of language is called pronunciation.
Wide interpretation of this concept implies the process of materializing
of features relating to the system of sounds / phonemes, the syllabic
structure and prosody while speech / oral verbal message is constructed
on four levels.
Table 1. Prosody Levels
Level
Place of formation
Speaker’s brain Linguistic Psychological (c oding)
Speaker’s vocal tract Articulatory Physiological
Transmission of
sounds through air
Listener’s ear Auditory Physiological
Listener’s brain Linguistic Psychological (de coding)
of message
constructions
Physical Acoustic
Stage of pronunciation
the message formed within the brain
is transmitted along the nervous system to the speech organs
the articulating organs produce
a particular pattern of speech sounds
the movements of the speech apparatus disturb the air stream thus producing sound waves
the reception of the sound waves by
the listener's hearing physiological
apparatus
the transmission of the spoken
message through the nervous system
to the brain and the linguistic
interpretation of the information
conveyed
According to these aspects three traditional branches of phonetics are
recognized:
y articulatory phonetics studies the way speech sounds are made
by the vocal organs, i. e. it studies the way in which the air is set in
motion, the movements of the speech organs and the coordination
of these movements in the production of single sounds and trains of
sounds;
5
Unit 1. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics
y acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sound
as transmitted between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear;
y auditory phonetics studies the perceptual response to speech
sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain, i. e. its interests
lie more in the sensation of hearing, which is brain activity, than in
the physiological working of the ear or the nervous activity between
the ear and the brain. The means by which we discriminate sounds –
quality, sensations of pitch, loudness, length, are relevant here.
Phoneticians are also interested in the way in which sound
phenomena function in a particular language. In other words, they study
the abstract side of the sounds of language. The branch of phonetics
concerned with the study of the functional (linguistic) aspect of speech
sounds is called phonology. To dierentiate two notions it should be
mentioned that phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds.
Phonology is the study of those segmental and prosodic features which
have a dierential value in the language: the way in which speakers
systematically use phonemes or intonemes in order to express meaning.
Besides the four branches of phonetics described above, there are
other divisions of the science. General phonetics studies all the soundproducing possibilities of the human speech apparatus and the ways they
are used for purpose of communication. The phonetics of a particular
language studies the contemporary phonetic system of the particular
language, i. e. the system of its pronunciation, and gives a description of
all the phonetic units of the language.
Linguists distinguish also historical phonetics whose aim is to trace
and establish the successive changes in the phonetic system of a given
language (or a language family) at dierent stages of its development.
Historical phonetics is a part of the history of language. The aims of
comparative phonetics are to study the correlation between the phonetic
systems of two or more languages and nd out the correspondences
between the speech sounds of kindred languages. Experimental
phonetics is a section that studies various phonetic phenomena in
the laboratory conditions by means of all sorts of devices and using direct
observation, experimental method, instrumental methods, methods of
phonological analysis.
Direct observation is the method of observing the facts of a language
in their natural surrounding. In phonetics it comprises three important
6
1.2. Phonetics and Other Disciplines
modes: observation by ear, by sight and by muscular sensation.
The method of obtaining data and facts of a language through constructing
and modelling special articial conditions is called experimental
method. Instrumental methods are sometimes called experimental,
which is not quite correct because, on the one hand, an experiment can
be implemented without any tool or apparatus and, on the other hand,
the usage of a technical device does not obligatory imply an experiment.
Methods of phonological analysis (functional methods of phonetics)
include the distributional method, the statistical method and the method
of minimal pairs.
1.2. Phonetics and Other Disciplines
All the branches of phonetics are closely connected not only with one
another but also with other branches of linguistics. This connection is
determined by the fact that language is a system whose components are
inseparably connected with one another, and therefore the sciences that
study these component parts must be interconnected, too.
Through the system of rules of reading phonetics is connected with
grammar. It helps to pronounce singular and plural forms of nouns,
the past tense forms and past participles of English regular verbs
correctly, e. g.: to beg – begged [begd], to wish – wished [wɪʃt].
Sound interchange (sound alternation) is observed in the category of
number. The interchange of [f – v], [s – z], [θ – ð] helps to dierentiate
singular and plural forms, e. g.: calf [ka:f] – calves [ka:vz], leaf [li:f] –
leaves [li:vz]. Vowel interchange is connected with the tense forms of
irregular verbs, e. g.: sing [sɪŋ] – sang [sæŋ] – sung [sʌŋ].
Phonetics is also connected with lexicology. Due to the position of
word stress, we can distinguish certain nouns from verbs, e. g.: ˋobject
(предмет) – to obˋ ject (возражать); or homonymous words from word
groups, e. g.: ˋblackbird (дрозд) – ˋblackˋbird (черная птица).
Through intonation and its components, which serve to express
emotions, to distinguish between dierent attitudes on the part of
the author and speaker phonetics is connected with styl istics. Repetition
of words, phrases and sounds serves the basis of rhythm, rhyme and
alliteration. Onomatopoeia, a combination of sounds which imitate
sounds produced in nature, is one more stylistic device which can serve
7
Unit 1. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics
as an example of the connection between phonetics and stylistics. For
example, the sounds associated with the objects colliding with each other
can clink, clatter, clang, or bang. The machines may beep, buzz, chug,
click, ding, honk, hum, or zap.
Phonetics is also closely connected with a number of non-linguistic
disciplines which study dierent aspects of speech production and speech
perception.
Acoustic phonetics is connected with physics and mathematics.
Articulatory phonetics is connected with physiology, anatomy, and
anthropology. Historical phonetics is connected with general history
of the people whose language is studied; it is also connected with
archaeology. Phonology is connected with communication (information)
theory, mathematics, and statistics.
1.3. The Importance of Phonetics as a Theoretical Discipline
Phonetics is indispensable to the teaching of the pronunciation of
foreign languages. The teachers have to know the sound system of
the students’ mother tongue and the sound system of the foreign language
so that they can help them to master foreign language pronunciation, to
point out the dierences between these two languages and to provide
adequate training exercises. For those who work in speech therapy
phonetics forms an essential part of the professional training syllabus.
Phonetics also enters into the training of teachers of the deaf and dumb
people and can be of relevance to a number of medical and dental problems.
Phonetics is useful in such spheres as investigations in the historical
aspects of languages, in the eld of dialectology; designing or improving
systems of writing or spelling, in questions involving the spelling or
pronunciation of personal or place names borrowed from other languages.
Phonetics contributes important information to the research in
criminology aimed at identifying individuals by voices. It is also widely
used in teaching correct pronunciation and stage speech to actors, singers,
radio-announcers and other public speakers.
Nowadays phonetics is important in a number of technological elds
connected with communication. The results of phonetic investigations
are used in communication engineering. For example, phonetic data are
needed for creating machines converting the printed symbols or letters
into synthetic speech.
8
1.3. The Importance of Phonetics as a Theoretical Discipline
Theoretical signicance of phonetics is connected with
the development of the problem of the study and description of the
phonetic system of a national language, the comparative analysis and
description of dierent languages, the study of the correspondences
between them, the diachronic description of successive changes in the
phonetic system of a language or dierent languages.
Questions
1. What is the subject matter of phonetics? What does it mainly study?
2. What are the four major components of the English phonetic system
(or English pronunciation)?
3. In what way does the listener perceive the acoustic properties of
speech sounds? What does perception of pitch and loudness depend on?
4. How would you explain the dierence between the physiological
and psychological aspects of our hearing mechanism? Which of them
is responsible for “hearing the message”? Which is responsible for
“understanding the message”?
5. Why is it important to train one’s hearing abilities in foreign
language learning?
6. What are the methods and devices of phonetic investigation?
7. What do you know about the division of phonetics into segmental and
suprasegmental phonetics? What are the units of these two components?
8. What branches of phonetics do you know? What do they deal with?
9. What linguistic disciplines is phonetics connected with? In what way?
10. What is the practical application of phonetics? What is its
theoretical signicance?
Pract i c al Tasks
1. Give the denitions of the phonetic terms.
Acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics, comparative phonetics,
descriptive phonetics, general phonetics, historical phonetics, phonetics,
phonology, segmental phonetics, supra-segmental phonetics.
2. Write the plural forms of the words and transcribe them. Prove
that phonetics is connected with grammar.
Witch, judge, thesis, half, loaf, wife, glass, crush, knife, self, wolf,
fox, calf, leaf, sheaf, actress, waitress, thief, hostess, life, analysis.
9
Unit 1. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics
3. Write the second forms of the verbs and transcribe them. Prove
that phonetics is connected with grammar.
Beg, compel, stop, work, nod, invent, live, recognize, wrap, permit,
rest, open, arrive, help, ship, wait, load, travel, rain, ask, pack, expect,
depend, cancel, inform, discuss, look.
4. Transcribe the words. Underline the interchanging vowels and
consonants in the corresponding parts of speech.
nation – national an excuse – to excuse
advice – to advise supreme – supremacy
use – to use device – to devise
provoke – provocative occur – occurrence
a house – to house loose – to lose
zeal – zealous close – to close
5. Read the words and word combinations. Give Russian
equivalents to them. Prove that phonetics is connected with lexicology
through stress.
ˈCross ˋword – ˋcrossword ˈGreen ˋback – ˋgreenback
ˈHome ˋoce – ˋHome ˌOce ˈHot ˋplate – ˋhot ˌplate
ˈGood ˋwife – ˋgood ˌwife ˈYellow ˋstone – ˋYellow ˌStone
ˈBlack ˋberry – ˋblackberry ˈRunning ˋtrack – ˋrunning ˌtrack
ˈBlue ˋjacket – ˋbluejacket ˋWaterˌmark – ˋwatermark
6. Read the compounds. Single out the sounds that interchange.
Give Russian equivalents to the compounds.
Knick-knack, shilly-shally, ping-pong, mingle-mangle, tick-tack,
sing-song, mish-mash, wiggle-waggle, slip-slop, prittle-prattle, wig-wag,
tip-top, rickety-rackety, zig-zag, wishy-washy, rip-rap.
10
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]