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Ǩ. dz. ǸȕȈȕȒȌȉ
ǷǧǸǾǬǹȂ
ǩ ǹǬǼǴǵDzǵǪǯǾǬǸDZǯǼ ǶǷǵǽǬǸǸǧǼ ǶDzǧǩDZǯ
DzǯǹǬǰǴȂǼ ǸǹǧDzǬǰ
dzȕȘȑȉȇ ǩȕȒȕȊȋȇ
«ǯȔțȗȇ-ǯȔȍȌȔȌȗȏȦ»
2021
ǺȞȌȈȔȕȌ ȖȕȘȕȈȏȌ
ɍȾɄ 536.2:621
ȻȻɄ 34.303-1ɹ7
ɋ54
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮ., ɡɚɜ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɏɚɛɚɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ɋɢ ɏɨɫɟɧ;
ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰ., ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ȾȼɈ ɊȺɇ ȼ. ȼ. ɑɟɪɧɨɦɚɫ
ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜ, Ȼ. Ɇ.
ɋ54 Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ
ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ :
ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ȼ. Ɇ. ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ,
2021. – 140 ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-0695-6
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɲɢɯɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ. ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ
ɱɟɬɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɟɱɚɯ
ɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɗȼɆ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɫɢɦɩɥɟɤɫ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɗȼɆ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
ɍȾɄ 536.2:621
ȻȻɄ 34.303-1ɹ7
ISBN 978-5-9729-0695-6 © ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜ Ȼ. Ɇ., 2021
© ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2021
© Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2021
ɦɟɬɨ-
ǵǪDzǧǩDzǬǴǯǬ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ................................................................................................................... 5
1. ɒɂɏɌɈȼɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ ȾɅə ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɋɌȺɅɂ ......................................... 6
2. ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɅɂɌȿɃɇɕɏ ɋɌȺɅȿɃ
ȼ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉȿɑȺɏ .................................................................................... 8
2.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ
ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ................................... 8
2.1.1. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ
ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ......................................................................................... 8
2.1.2. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ............... 11
2.2. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ
ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɝɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ......................................................................... 12
3. ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɅȿȽɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɏ ɋɌȺɅȿɃ ... 13
3.1. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɪɨɦɢɫɬɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ..................................................... 13
3.2. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ .................................................................................... 15
4. ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɒɂɏɌɕ ȾɅə ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɅɂɌȿɃɇɕɏ ɋɌȺɅȿɃ ............................... 19
4.1. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ .................................................. 19
4.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ ................................................................................... 21
4.3. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɯɬɵ
5. ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌȺ ɒɂɏɌɕ ȾɅə ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɋɌȺɅɂ ................................. 30
5.1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ 110Ƚ13Ʌ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɨɦ,
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ....................................................................................... 30
5.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ 40ɏɇɅ
ɧɚ ɗȼɆ ɫɢɦɩɥɟɤɫ-ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ .................................................................................... 35
6. ɁȺȾȺɇɂȿ ɇȺ ɊȺɁɊȺȻɈɌɄɍ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɋɌȺɅɂ .................. 41
7. ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɂɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂɃ
ɇȺ ȼɕɉɅȺȼɄɍ ɋɌȺɅȿɃ ........................................................................................ 43
7.1. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ
ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ............................................................................................... 43
7.1.1. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ .................................................................................... 43
7.1.2. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɟɱɢ ɤ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ......................................................................... 43
7.1.3. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ .................................................................................... 44
7.1.4. Ɂɚɜɚɥɤɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ ........................................................................................... 45
7.1.5. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ ............................................. 46
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ .................................... 26
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ Ⱦɋ-5ɆɌ
3
7.1.6. ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ................................................................................................... 47
7.1.7. Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ............................................................................. 47
7.1.8. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ...................................................................... 49
7.1.9. ȼɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ........................................................................................... 50
7.1.10. Ɋɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ .................................................................................................... 51
7.1.11. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ .................................................................... 52
7.2. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɠɚɪɨɭɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ
ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ............................................................................................... 53
7.2.1. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ......................................................................... 53
7.2.2. Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ............................................................................................ 53
7.2.3. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɟɱɢ ɤ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ......................................................................... 53
7.2.4. ɒɢɯɬɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ............................................................................... 53
7.2.5. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ .................................................................................... 54
7.2.6. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɲɢɯɬɵ ............................................................................................. 54
7.2.7. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɟɱɢ
7.2.8. ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ................................................................................................... 55
7.2.9. Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ............................................................................. 55
7.2.10. Ɋɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ .................. 55
7.2.11. Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ............................................................................. 55
7.3. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ 110Ƚ13Ʌ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ .................................................................. 56
7.3.1. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ 110Ƚ13Ʌ .............................................. 57
7.3.2. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɲɢɯɬɵ ..................................................................... 57
7.3.3. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɟɱɢ
7.3.4. Ɋɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɢɯɬɵ ................................................................................. 59
7.3.5. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɤɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ............................................... 61
7.3.6. ȼɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ........................................................................................... 63
7.3.7. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ...................................................................... 64
7.3.8. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ............................................................................ 64
8. ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɖɇɕɃ ȻȺɅȺɇɋ ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɅɂɌȿɃɇɕɏ ɋɌȺɅȿɃ ..................... 66
8.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ............................................................................................ 66
8.2. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɚɯ (ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ) ............................. 68
8.3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ
(ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ) ................................................................................................. 77
8.4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ........................................ 83
8.5. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ................................................................................ 97
9. ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɕȿ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɋɌȺɅɂ
ɇȺ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɍɊȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɁȺȼɈȾȺɏ ȼ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈȾɍȽɈȼɕɏ ɉȿɑȺɏ ..... 104
10. ɁȺȾȺɇɂȿ ɇȺ ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ȻȺɅȺɇɋȺ
ɉɅȺȼɄɂ ɋɌȺɅɂ ..................................................................................................... 114
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ ......................................................................................................... 115
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə ........................................................................................................ 117
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ..................................................................... 137
ɤ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɟ ....................................................... 54
ɤ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɲɢɯɬɨɣ ........................................ 57
ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ
4
ǩǩǬǫǬǴǯǬ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ȼ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ, ɲɥɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɱɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɥɢ
ɜ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 97ௗ%. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫ-
5
1. ǿǯǼǹǵǩȂǬ dzǧǹǬǷǯǧDzȂ ǫDzȆ ǶDzǧǩDZǯ ǸǹǧDzǯ
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɦ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ȽɈɋɌ 2787-75 ɥɨɦ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ (Ⱥ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɢ Ȼ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ), ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɣ) ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ. ȼɢɞ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɨɦɚ
(ɤɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ, ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ,
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ 67 ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɭ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɭɝɭɧ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɉ1 ɢ ɉ2 ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 805-95, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɨɣ,
ɤɨɤɫ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɤɚɯ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ. ɋɬɪɭɠɤɭ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ
ɦɚɪɨɤ, ɨɛɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɢɪɭɸɬ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɲɢɯɬɵ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɞɨ 15ௗ% ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɨɜ.
Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɮɟɪɪɨ-
ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɪɟɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ɂɡ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɣ ɦɚɪɨɤ Ɏɋ75,
Ɏɋ65, Ɏɋ45 ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 1415-93. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ
ɛɟɥɵɦɢ ɲɥɚɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ 65ɢ 75%-ɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɥɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ.
Ɏɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 4755-91 ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨ-
ɞɢɫɬɵɣ (0,5ௗ% ɋ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ (1…2ௗ% ɋ) ɢ
ɫɬɵɣ. ɇɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 85ௗ% ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɎɆɧ 2,0, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ 75ௗ% ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ). ȼ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɦ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɜ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ (ɎɆɧ 1,5ௗ% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ). ȼ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨ-
. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ
ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ). Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɥɨɦ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢ-
6
ɞɢɫɬɨɦ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟ ɜ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 75ௗ% ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ). ȼ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ Ⱥ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ (ɦɟɧɟɟ
0,05ௗ%), ɛɭɤɜɚ Ʉ – ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ (ɞɨ 1ௗ%), ɋ – ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɎɆɧ 75Ⱥɋ6 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 6ௗ%
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɝɥɟ-
ɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ. ɇɢɡɤɨ- ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ
ɫɢɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ – ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ. Ʌɭɱɲɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɋɄ25, ɋɄ30 ɩɨ ȽɈɋɌ 4762-71.
ɏɪɨɦ – ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. Ɏɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ: ɧɚ
ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ
(Ɏɏ010…Ɏɏ050), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 0,01…0,50ௗ% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ (Ɏɏ 100…Ɏɏ400), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 1…4ௗ% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ; ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ
(Ɏɏ650 ɢ Ɏɏ800), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 6,5…8,0ௗ% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɚɪɤɚɯ
ɮɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 60…68ௗ%. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɟɪɪɨɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦ, ɮɟɪɪɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ, ɮɟɪɪɨɜɚɧɚɞɢɣ, ɮɟɪɪɨɬɢɬɚɧ, ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɤɨɯɪɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɇɢɤɟɥɶ
ɢ ɦɟɞɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2ௗ%. ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɲɢɯɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ [13].
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɲɥɚɤɨɜɨɣ
ɮɚɡɵ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ,
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3…7ௗ% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɞɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɲɥɚɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɟɠɟɨɛɨɠɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ, ɩɥɚɜɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɲɩɚɬ, ɲɚɦɨɬɧɵɣ ɛɨɣ, ɤɜɚɪɰɟɜɵɣ ɩɟɫɨɤ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɥɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɤɨɤɫɚ, ɦɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɹ ɢ, ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɪɭɞɭ, ɨɤɚɥɢ-
ɧɭ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ.
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2. ǵǸǴǵǩȂ ǹǬǼǴǵDzǵǪǯǯ ǶDzǧǩDZǯ DzǯǹǬǰǴȂǼ ǸǹǧDzǬǰ
ǩ ȄDzǬDZǹǷǯǾǬǸDZǯǼ ǶǬǾǧǼ
2.1. ǹȌȜȔȕȒȕȊȏȞȌȘȑȏȌ ȕȘȔȕȉȢ ȖȒȇȉ
ȑȏ ȚȊȒȌȗȕȋȏȘșȢȜ ȘșȇȒȌȐ
ȉ ȤȒȌȑșȗȕȋȚȊȕȉȢȜ ȖȌȞȇȜ ȖȌȗȌȓȌȔȔȕȊȕ ȏ ȖȕȘșȕȦȔȔȕȊȕ șȕȑȇ
2.1.1. ǶȒȇȉȑȇ ȚȊȒȌȗȕȋȏȘșȕȐ ȘșȇȒȏ ȉ ȤȒȌȑșȗȕȋȚȊȕȉȢȜ ȖȌȞȇȜ
Ș ȕȘȔȕȉȔȕȐ țȚșȌȗȕȉȑȕȐ
ȼ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɰɟɯɚɯ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɤɚ Ⱦɋɉ-3, Ⱦɋ-5ɆɌ, Ⱦɋɉ-6, Ⱦɋɉ-12, Ⱦɋɉ-25. ȼ ɰɟɯɚɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɱɟɣ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɫɚɞɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɟɪɭ ɢ
ɮɨɫɮɨɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ
ɤɚɪɛɢɞɧɵɦ ɲɥɚɤɨɦ. Ʉɢɫɥɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ɉɟɱɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɤɚ
ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɥɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɨ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ). ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ.
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɵ,
ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɛɟɥɵɦ ɢɥɢ
ȼ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 35ௗ%
ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɚɫɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɶɹ; ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 20ௗ% ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɨɜɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, 5ௗ% ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɪɨɦɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɯɪɨɦɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɯ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 10ௗ% ɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ [4].
ɉɥɚɜɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ.
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ
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ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɵ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ,
ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɞɨ
0,02…0,03ௗ%). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɵ) ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɲɢɯɬɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɲɥɚɤɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɨɬɯɨɞɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ, ɦɟɞɶ ɢ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɟ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɝɚɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ.
ȼ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɭ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
20…30ௗ%, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30ௗ%, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ 40…50ௗ%.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɤ [5].
Ɏɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
(ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɮɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɪɨɦɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ). ɉɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɮɟɪ-
ɪɨɯɪɨɦɚ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɦɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ,
ɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 95ௗ%.
ɇɢɤɟɥɶ ɢ ɦɟɞɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɭɝɨɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɤɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɦɟɞɶ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɡɚɜɚɥɤɭ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɶɸ
ɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɟɦ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ.
Ɏɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɢ (ɞɨ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ)
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɵɱ
ɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɵɟ.
Ɇɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɶ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ.
ȼɨɥɶɮɪɚɦ ɢ ɜɚɧɚɞɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɚ ɢ ɜɚɧɚɞɢɹ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ.
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9
Ɍɢɬɚɧ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɜ
ɤɨɜɲɟ.
Ɏɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɡɚ 25…30 ɦɢɧ. ɞɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ. Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɬ
ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɜɲɟ.
ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɨɦ. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ,
ɛɟɡ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɯɨɞɚɯ. ɉɥɚɜɤɭ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫ
ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɒɥɚɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ, ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɥɨɬɵɦ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɤɫɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɲɢɯɬɵ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ 10…20ௗ%.
ɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ 0,1…0,2ௗ%
ɜɚɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ
ɲɥɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɬɵɦ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɤɫɨɦ. Ʌɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɲɥɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɶɸ.
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɪɭɞɵ
). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-
-
10
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