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2.1.2. ǶȒȇȉȑȇ ȘșȇȒȏ ȉ ȤȒȌȑșȗȕȋȚȊȕȉȢȜ ȖȌȞȇȜ
Ș ȑȏȘȒȕȐ țȚșȌȗȕȉȑȕȐ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɢ, ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɭ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɩɟɱɟɣ
ɜ 2,5–3,0 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ) ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨ
ɞɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɪɨɦɨɦ, ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɦ, ɜɚɧɚɞɢɟɦ. ɒɢɯɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 50ௗ% ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ
ɜ ɲɢɯɬɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɲɢɯɬɭ ɧɚ 70…75ௗ% ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɢ 25…30ௗ% ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɲɢɯɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼ
ɞɨ 10…12ௗ% ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ȼ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ
ɪɭɞɵ
, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ 0,1…0,2ௗ% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ.
ɉɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ,
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ (ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤɚ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ 0,18…2,20ௗ%.
ɉɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ,
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɧɟ
ɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ.
ɲɢɯɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ ɞɨɩɭ-
-
11
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ (ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɩɨ-
2.2. ǹȌȜȔȕȒȕȊȏȞȌȘȑȏȌ ȕȘȔȕȉȢ ȖȒȇȉȑȏ ȘșȇȒȏ
ȉ ȏȔȋȚȑȝȏȕȔȔȢȜ șȏȊȌȒȣȔȢȜ ȖȌȞȇȜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ.
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɩɥɚɜɤɚ
ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɦ, ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɟɦ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɜɲ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,1…0,2ௗ% ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ.
ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ
ɉɥɚɜɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ.
ȼ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɧɢɡɤɨ- ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɚ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɨɦ, ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɲɢɯɬɨɜɵɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɟɮɨɫɮɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɫɭɥɶɮɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɵ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɲɥɚɤɚ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɝɚɪ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɱɢ.
ɒɢɯɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɥɟɣ, ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɤ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 100ௗ%. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɤɫ. ɍɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 90, 70ௗ%.
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ-
ɧɟɡɧɚ-
12
3. ǵǸǵǨǬǴǴǵǸǹǯ ǹǬǼǴǵDzǵǪǯǯ ǶDzǧǩDZǯ
DzǬǪǯǷǵǩǧǴǴȂǼ ǸǹǧDzǬǰ
3.1. ǵȘȕȈȌȔȔȕȘșȏ ȖȒȇȉȑȏ ȉ ȤȒȌȑșȗȕȋȚȊȕȉȢȜ ȖȌȞȇ
Ȝ
ȉȢȘȕȑȕȜȗȕȓȏȘșȢȜ ȔȏȎȑȕȚȊȒȌȗȕȋȏȘșȢȜ ȘșȇȒȌȐ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɪɨɦɢɫɬɵɟ, ɯɪɨɦɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɟ, ɯɪɨɦɨɧɢɤɟɥɶɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɵɟ, ɯɪɨɦɨɧɢɤɟɥɶɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɟ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɢ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɧɨɝɨ, ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨ-ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɢ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɪɤɚɯ 26ௗ%. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɦɟɧɟɟ
0,12ௗ%) ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɯɪɨɦɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ 12ɏ18ɇ9ɌɅ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɢ ɠɚɪɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɨ 0,12ௗ% ɋ,
0,2…1,0ௗ% Si, 1…2ௗ% Mn, 17…20ௗ% Cr, 8…11ௗ% Ni, ɞɨ 0,8ௗ% Ti, ɞɨ
0,03ௗ% S ɢ 0,035ௗ% Ɋ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ. ȼ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɟ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ; ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɲɢɯɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ. ȼ ɡɚɜɚɥɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɭɞɭ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ. ɉɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɬ
ɫɜɟɠɢɣ. ȼ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɭɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɢɩ ɞɨ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɞɨ 0,03…0,04ௗ% ɋ). Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 30 ɦɢɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɲɥɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɦ (0,1ௗ%), ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢ-
ɜ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɭɤ-
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ-
13
ɰɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɨɯɪɨɦɨɦ (ɞɨ 0,2ௗ% Si), ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɲɥɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɞɨɤɪɚɫɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦ (ɜ 2–4 ɩɪɢɟɦɚ). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦɚ ɲɥɚɤ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ 75%-ɝɨ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɹ (ɞɨ 5 ɤɝ/ɬ), ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ (ɞɨ
2 ɤɝ/ɬ) ɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɨɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ (ɞɨ 3 ɤɝ/ɬ). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɥɨɦ
ɲɥɚɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɜɲ. ȼ ɫɬɚɥɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɬɢɬɚɧ, ɡɚ 5 ɦɢɧ. ɞɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɟɪɪɨɬɢɬɚɧ (ɭɝɚɪ ɞɨ 50ௗ%).
ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɪɢɤɟɬɵ ɝɭɛɤɢ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ, ɢɯ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɫɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɜɲ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɞɨ 1,5 ɱ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɟ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɚɪɨɤ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
Ɉɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɯɪɨɦɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɭ. ɑɟɦ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɞɭɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ 1800…1900ௗ°ɋ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10…12ௗ
%, ɨɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɞɨ
0,06…0,08ௗ% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɯɪɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
3…5ௗ%. Ɍɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɢɫ-
ɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ 1ௗ% ɯɪɨɦɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 100ௗ°ɋ.
ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ
ɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ.
Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡ-
ɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɲɥɚɤɚ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɢ. ȼɜɨɞ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɛɨɬɚɠ ɜɚɧɧɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ (ɞɨ
30ௗ%).
14
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɪɨɜɨ-
3.2. ǵȘȕȈȌȔȔȕȘșȏ ȖȒȇȉȑȏ ȉ ȤȒȌȑșȗȕȋȚȊȕȉȢȜ ȖȌȞȇȜ
ȉȢȘȕȑȕȓȇȗȊȇȔȝȌȉȢȜ ȘșȇȒȌȐ
ɞɹɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɢɤɨɯɪɨɦɨɦ ɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɟɦ, ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɪɢɫɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦ, ɧɢɤɟɥɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɵ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ 75%-ɝɨ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɤɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɯɪɨɦɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɛɟɥɵɦ ɲɥɚɤɨɦ,
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɤ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ (ɊɁɆ) (ɩɨ 0,1…0,15ௗ% ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ).
ɇɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ,
ɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɩɥɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦ
ɦɚɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɥɢɜɤɚ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ. ɉɪɢɫɚɞɤɢ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ.
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɲɥɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ.
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɨɤɢɫɥɹ-
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɚɭɫɬɟɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɤɥɟɩɭ ɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ, ɝɨɪɧɨɣ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ 110Ƚ13Ʌ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ: 0,9…1,4ௗ% ɋ, 11,5…15,0ௗ% Mn, ɞɨ 1ௗ% Si, ɞɨ 1ௗ% Cr,
ɞɨ 0,3ௗ% Cu, ɞɨ 0,05ௗ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ
ɟɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɨ ɲɟɫɬɢ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ (ɞɨ 0,12ௗ%), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɦ,
% S; ɞɨ 0,12ௗ% Ɋ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Ɇn/ɋ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
15
ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɵ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɜɤɚɯ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɫɟɪɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0,02ௗ%.
ɉɥɚɜɤɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɱɚɯ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɤɨɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ 6…12-ɬɨɧɧɵɟ
ɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɢɜɨɤ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɭɸ (ɞɨ 30 ɦɢɧ.) ɪɚɡɥɢɜɤɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɜɲɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɬɪɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ: 1) ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɟ;
2) ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɨɦ; 3) ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɲɢɯɬɭ ɢɡ
ɥɨɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,3ௗ% ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. Ⱦɟɮɨɫɮɨɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɚɥɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɭɞɭ ɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ (ɞɨ 3ௗ% ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ). Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ (ɞɨ 30 ɦɢɧ.)
ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,1ௗ% ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,02ௗ%. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɥɚɤ. ȼ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɜ ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ
ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɹ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɢɫɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ ɲɥɚɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 1ௗ%. ɒɥɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɪɚɫɫɵɩɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɫɚɞɤɨɣ 0,03…0,0 5ௗ% Ⱥ1. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɱ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ. ɒɢɯɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɥɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɵɣ
ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɨɦ. ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ: ɜ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨ 100ௗ%
ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ. ɇɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɚɥɤɭ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɜɚɧɧɵ ɲɥɚɤ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ) ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ, ɩɨ-
ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɭ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ. Ⱦɥɢ-
ɫɥɟ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 30 ɦɢɧ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɠɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɒɢɯɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ
ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ ɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ. ɉɥɚɜɤɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
16
ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ
ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ
ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ.
ɇɚ Ʉɪɢɜɨɪɨɠɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɭɞɨɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ ɝɨɪɧɨɨɛɨɝɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɨɤ (ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 8 ɬ), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ) ɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ (ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶ): ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ/ɱ
2,3/3,2; ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɤȼɬɱ/ɬ 720/620; ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ,
ɤɝ/ɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ 7,5/6; ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ, ɱ. 3,5/2,5.
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ: 30ௗ% ɧɢɡɤɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɥɨɦɚ, 30ௗ% ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ, 30ௗ% ɥɨɦɚ ɬɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ 8…10ௗ% ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ 2ௗ
% ɦɚɥɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ). Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ 2,5 ɱ.; ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
620 ɤȼɬɱ/ɬ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɡɚɦɟɧ ɪɭɞɵ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɧɚ 10 ɦɢɧ., ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ 5ௗ%
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɟɣ.
ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢ-
ɟɦ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
(MnO) + [C] o [Mn] + {O}.
ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ 7ௗ% Ɇn, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ 1600ௗ°ɋ ɢ
1700ௗ°ɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨ 1,1ௗ% ɢ 0,85ௗ%. ȼ ɩɟɱɶ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɬɪɭɛɤɚɦ (18 ɦɦ), ɮɭɬɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɨɝɧɟɭɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɨɫɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɫɜɵɲɟ 1600ௗ°ɋ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10…15 ɦɢɧ. ɩɪɨɞɭɜɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ, ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ
3…6 ɦɢɧ. ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨ 1700…1750ௗ°ɋ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɟɦ
17
ɜɚɧɧɵ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ 10…15 ɦɢɧ. ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɜɚɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɤɢɩɟɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɫɢɥɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɤɫɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
3
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 12 ɦ
/ɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɞɨ 1,5 ɦ/ɬ
ɫɬɚɥɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɜɚɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɫɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɢ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɣ
ɥɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɨɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ. ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 1500…1520ௗ°ɋ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ
ɜɵ-
ɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ.
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4. ǷǧǸǾǬǹ ǿǯǼǹȂ ǫDzȆ ǶDzǧǩDZǯ DzǯǹǬǰǴȂǼ ǸǹǧDzǬǰ
4.1. ǸȕȘșȇȉȒȌȔȏȌ ȚȗȇȉȔȌȔȏȐ ȋȒȦ ȗȇȘȞȌșȇ ȟȏȜșȢ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɗ
ɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ:
, ɗ
ɝɞɟ ɗ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɗ
iɧɠ
– ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
iɜɠ
ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ.
i
ɗɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ:
ɗ
= ɗ
iɧɠ
d ɗ
iɧɫɩɥ
d ɗ
ɗ
iɧɠ
+ 'ɗi; ɗ
iɧɫɩɥ
iɫɩɥ
iɠ
d ɗ
ɪɚɫɱ
, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɩɥɚ-
iɜɫɩɥ
d ɗ
,
iɜɠ
iɜɠ
= ɗ
iɜɫɩɥ
í 'ɗi,
ɝɞɟ 'ɗ
– ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɗi ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ-
i
ɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɟ,ௗ%.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ 'ɗ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ [6].
i
1. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ. ɗɬɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ:
n
ɧɜ
ɗɗɯɗ
¦
iijjji
ɠɠɠ
ɧ
1
(4.1)
,
dd
ɥɢɛɨ ɜɢɞ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ:
n
ɗɯ ɗ
¦
ij
ɠɠ ɠ
j
1
19
ɫɪ
(4.2)
,
j
i
ɝɞɟ ɗ
ɯ
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɗi, ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɦɟ-
ijɠ
ɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɢɡ j-ɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ,ௗ%;
ɯ
– ɞɨɥɹ j-ɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ.
jɠ
ɯ
= ɯjɲ Ʉj, (4.3)
ijɧ
ɝɞɟ ɯjɲ – ɞɨɥɹ j-ɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɟ; Ʉj – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ j-ɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ.
0 d Ʉj d 1.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɭɝɚɪɚ:
Ʉ
ɝɞɟ y
– ɭɝɚɪ j-ɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚ-
j
= (100 í yj) / 100, (4.4)
j
ɜɚ,ௗ%.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ y
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ
j
ɢ ɭɝɚɪɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ:
m
ɝɞɟ ɗ
y ɗ y
¦
ɲɷ
ij ij
j
1
j
– ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɗi ɜ j-ɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ,ௗ%;
ijɲ
(4.5)
/ 100,
m – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɲɢɯɬɟ.
2. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɰɟɯɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛ-
ɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɜɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɯɬɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ
q d ɯ
d Ɋ, ɝɞɟ 0 d Ɋd 1, 0 d q d 1 (4.6)
jɲ
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ
ɯ
= h, 0 d h d 1, (4.7)
jɲ
ɝɞɟ q, p, h – ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ (ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ, ɱɭɝɭɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚ, ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɣ
ɥɨɦ).
3. Ȼɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
(4.3) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
n
ɯɄ
¦
jj
ɲ
j
1
1
ɢɥɢ
n
1/
¦
j
ɲɲ
j
1
, (4.8)
Ʉ
ɝɞɟ Ʉɲ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɣ ɲɢɯɬɵ 0 d Ʉɲ d 1.
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