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Файл:Оптоэлектроника. Optoelectronics. Учебное пособие
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Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
И. М. ЮНУСОВА
ОПТОЭЛЕКТРОНИКА
OPTOELECTRONICS
Утверждено
Редакционно-издательским советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия
НОВОСИБИРСК
2023
1
ББК 81.432.1-923
Ю564
Рецензенты:
Недоступ О. И., канд. филол. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры
межкультурной коммуникации и языковой подготовки СГУГиТ
Никрошкина С. В., канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры ИЯ ТФ НГТУ
Работа подготовлена на кафедре иностранных языков
технических факультетов для студентов технических
специальностей и направлений бакалавриата
Юнусова И. М.
Ю564 Оптоэлектроника. Optoelectronics: учебное пособие /
И. М. Юнусова. – Новосибирск: Изд-во НГТУ, 2023. – 64 с.
ISBN 978-5-7782-5101-4
Данное пособие является учебно-методическое обеспечением системы образования Новосибирского государственного технического
университета, предназначено для бакалавров, обучающихся по профилю 11.03.04 «Промышленная электроника», «Электронные приборы
и устройства». Пособие содержит англоязычные тексты по специальным тематикам, отражающим различные аспекты оптоэлектронной
промышленности и разработанный на их основе комплекс заданий,
ориентированных на взаимосвязанное формирование умений
ного чтения, аудирования, письма и говорения в контексте английского для профессиональных целей. Тематические модули также включают дополнительные задания по развитию навыков перевода и говорения.
иноязыч-
ББК 81.432.1-923
ISBN 978-5-7782-5101-4 © Юнусова И. М., 2023
© Новосибирский государственный
технический университет, 2023
2
MODULE 1. OPTOELECTRONICS
Unit 1
BEFORE YOU READ
1 Can you answer the following questions?
1. Which factors made two fields of physics emerge into an optoelectronics?
2. Which are the industrial areas of optoelectronics?
VOCABULARY
1. semiconductor полупроводник
2. (photo)conductivity (фото)проводимость
3. crystalline кристаллической структуры
ультрафиолетовое и инфракрасное излуче-
4. ultraviolet and infrared light
5. photoelectric effect
6. photovoltaic effect фотовольтаический; фотогальванический
7. dashboard приборная доска автомобиля
8. convert electrical energy to
ние
(спектра электромагнитных волн)
фотоэлектрический; фотоэлектронная
эмиссия
преобразовывать электрическую энергию
в …
3
expose to different types of
9.
light
подвергать воздействию (солнца); экспонировать
absorb energy in the form of
10.
light
11. generate electrical current генерировать электрическую энергию
поглощать энергию в виде светового излучения
READING
2 Read the text.
What is Optoelectronics?
Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that deals with converting electrical energy to light and converting light to electrical energy by way of materials called semiconductors. Semiconductors are solid crystalline materials
with electrical conductivities that are lower than those of metals but greater
than those of insulators. Their physical properties can be modified by exposure to different types of light or to electricity. In addition to visible light,
forms of radiation such as ultraviolet and infrared light that are not visible to
the human eye can affect the properties of these materials.
One of the earliest physics discoveries that led to the development of
modern optoelectronics is known as the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons by a material when it is exposed to
certain types of light. When the material absorbs sufficient energy in the form
of light, electrons can be bumped from the surface of the material, thereby
generating an electrical current and leaving behind electron holes. A related
phenomenon is the photovoltaic effect in which absorbed light causes a material’s electrons to change energy states, thereby creating a voltage that can
generate electrical current.
Solar power generation by solar cells that absorb light from the sun is
a common application that takes advantage of these effects. Electricity
generated in this way can be used directly or stored in batteries for later
use. Practical applications of solar cells include power generation both on
earth, such as for off-grid homes in remote locations, and in space, such
as for satellites.
4
Electroluminescence is another important effect that is made use of in
optoelectronics. When electricity is applied to certain materials, it drives electrons in high-energy states to combine with electron holes and fall into more
stable states of lower energy, thereby releasing energy in the form of light.
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a common example of the use of electroluminescence. LEDs in a variety of colors are used as power-on indicators, in
digital displays for such items as calculators and home appliances, for illuminating signs and traffic lights, as headlights and signals on cars, and more.
Dashboard instrument panels in vehicles also commonly make use of electroluminescence for lighting.
Photoconductivity is the phenomenon of increased conductivity of a material under illumination. This effect varies with greater light intensity generating more electrons and electron holes in certain materials, thereby raising
the electrical conductivities of these materials. Photocopier machines were
made possible through the application of this particular phenomenon of optoelectronics. When a photoconductive surface in a photocopier machine is
exposed to an image, a difference in conductivity is created between the illuminated areas that do not contain the image and the non-illuminated sections
that do. As a result, powder in the machine is distributed in the form of the
image, after which it is fused to a piece of paper to complete the copying
process.
These and other optoelectronic effects are integrated into a vast array
of devices and applications in numerous combinations, with even more in
development. Many industries have been revolutionized by the application
of optoelectronics. Optoelectronic devices play a critical role in applications and products from computers to communications, medical technology to military equipment, photography and other imaging techniques, and
beyond.
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
3 Find the words from the box within the text.
insulator solid exposure visible infrared emission
affect absorb application electroluminescence
5
For each word read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.
a) Is the word positive, negative, or neutral?
b) Is it a noun, adjective, or verb?
c) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning and one with an opposite meaning?
READING COMPREHENSION
4 Answer the questions.
1. Will you define what optoelectronics is?
2. Which is an essential component in converting electrical energy to light
and vice versa?
3. How do semiconductors (SC) compare to conductors and insulators?
4. Which factors are likely to affect the properties of semiconductors?
5. Which engineering material is of crucial significance for OE?
6. How does the photovoltaic effect differentiate from photoelectric
effect?
7. Which household application gains most benefit from both (PE and
PV) phenomena?
8. Which optoelectronic effect is in use with LEDs?
9. Is there any relationship between illumination and conductivity of a
material?
10. Will you describe the process of copying within the photocopier?
5 Which statement below best presents the essential information in the
text?
A The information presented defines the field and the basic notions of OE.
B The information presented introduces the recent OE applications in var-
ious industrial areas.
C The information presented can be considered as historical background
of the academic discipline.
ANALYZE
6
6 Match the words with their Russian equivalents.
1. effect a) свойство
2 affect b) эмиссия электронов
3 high energy states c) освещать
4 digital display d) эффект
5 illumination e) твердое (вещество)
6 photocopier f) плавиться; соединять
7 solid g) подвергать воздействию
8 property h) высокоэнергетические состояния
9 emission of electrons i)цифровой дисплей
10 fuse j) фотокопир
7 Give the English equivalents to:
1. влиять на свойства материалов
2. являться твердым веществом
3. высокоэнергетические состояния
4. цифровые дисплеи для калькуляторов и бытовых приборов
5. использовать преимущество этих эффектов
6. электропроводимость как принципиальное свойство металлов
7. эмиссия электронов при воздействии света
8. увеличение проводимости материала при освещении
9. фотопроводящая поверхность фотокопировального устройства
10. при
условии освещения впечатываться в лист бумаги
8 Put the words into the appropriate order.
1. Light-emitting / of / holes / in / the / recombination / electrons /
is / a / p-n / diode / yields / and / a photon / holes / diode / semiconductor /
which
2. is / spectrum / biased / When / the diode / in / the / direction, / incoherent / narrow / it / light / electrically / forward / emits
7
3. When / applied / voltage / the / a / is / leads / of / LED / to / the / with /
the / the / holes / applied / and / energy / the / electrons / recombine / within /
the / device / in / form / release / photons / of
4. electroluminescence / is / This / as / effect / called
9 Match the words with their definitions.
1 insulator a to throw or give off or out
2 radiate b a flow of electric charge
3 electron c to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude
4 convert d electric potential or potential difference expressed in
volts
5 emit e a material that is a poor conductor (as of electricity
or heat)
6 current f to proceed in a direct line from or toward a center;
to send out rays
7 release g to put into operation or effect
8 voltage h to alter the physical or chemical nature or properties
of especially in manufacturing
9 apply i the quality or power of conducting or transmitting
10 conductivity j an elementary particle consisting of a charge of nega-
tive electricity equal to about 1.602 × 10
and having a mass when at rest of about 9.109 × 10
kilogram or about ¹/₁₈₃₆ that of a proton
−19
coulomb
−31
10 Match the words from the text with their synonyms.
The word physical in the context is similar to the meaning of
(a) animal
(b) bodily
(c) material
(d) somatic
8
The word critical in the context is similar to the meaning of
(a) crucial
(b) vital
(c) faultfinding
(d) rejective
The word expose in the context is similar to the meaning of
(a) undress
(b) show up
(c) display
(d) exhibit
The word absorb in the context is similar to the meaning of
(a) acquire
(b) consume
(c) take up
(d) sponge
The word fuse in the context is similar to the meaning of
(a) connect
(b) combine
(c) unite
(d) unify
The word generate in the context is similar to the meaning of
(a) produce
(b) result (in)
(c) spawn
(d) yield
The word illuminate in the context is similar to the meaning of
(a) irradiate
(b) elucidate
(c) highlight
(d) light
9
11 Complete the verbs with the prepositions, translate these into Russian.
make use ___________________
deal ___________________
expose ___________________
fall ___________________
apply ___________________
convert sth ___________________
leave ___________________
combine ___________________
be fused ___________________
lead ___________________
12 Complete the word collocations.
1 be used as a is created between the illuminated areas and
the non-illuminated sections
2 a material b can be modified by exposure to different types of
light or to electricity
3 make possible c through the application of
4 a difference
in conductivity
5 physical proper-
ties
6 drive electrons f power-on indicators
7 ultraviolet and
infrared light
8 convert light h can affect the properties of materials
9 absorb energy i into electrical energy
10 deal with j in high-energy states to combine with electron holes
d converting electrical energy to light
e under illumination
g in the form of light
10
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