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Файл:Оптоэлектроника. Optoelectronics. Учебное пособие
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13. Fill in the blanks with words and word collocations from 11&12.
1. Electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that
……………………………. the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons
and with electronic devices.
2. Most laser applications……………………………. one of a few broad
categories: (1) transmission and processing of information, (2) precise delivery of energy, and (3) alignment, measurement, and imaging.
3. After ……………………………. thin layer of paint ………………
……………. the surface and letting it dry, apply another coat.
4. The limelight is a very bright gas lamp, invented in 1825 and …………
…………………. until about 1900.
5. A new interpretation of the emission of light by heated objects and new
experimental methods that opened the atomic world for study ……………
………………. a radical departure from the classical theories of Newton and
Maxwell‒quantum mechanics was born.
6. Photoconductivity is the increase in the electrical conductivity of certain materials when they ………………………. light of sufficient energy.
7. Particles ……………………………. to form a new compound.
8. A rainbow is formed when sunlight is refracted by spherical water
droplets in the atmosphere; two refractions and one reflection, ………………
……………. the chromatic dispersion of water, produce the primary arcs of
colour.
9. Solar cell, also called photovoltaic cell, directly …………………
…………. the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic
effect.
10. For glass, the index of refraction for red light (the longest visible wavelength) is about one percent less than that for …………………………….
(the shortest visible wavelength).
14 Complete the word collocations.
1 interact with a into light
2 the visible, the infrared
or ultraviolet
b materials
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3 indirect band gap c electronic image sensors
4 electro-optic d for exploiting absorption processes
5 photonic e spectral region
6 transmit f communications
7 convert electrical energy g light
8 be sufficient h analog or digital signals
9 imaging detectors based on i integrated circuits
10 optical fiber j modulators
TRANSLATE
15 Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Make use of the
word collocations from 14.
1. Оптоэлектроника (также называемая оптроникой) ‒ это техноло-
гия электронных устройств, взаимодействующих со светом, который
может находиться в видимой, инфракрасной или ультрафиолетовой области спектра.
2. Примерами оптоэлектронных устройств являются:
лазерные диоды, суперлюминесцентные диоды и светоизлучаю-
щие диоды (СИД), преобразующие электрическую энергию в свет;
фотодетекторы (например, фотодиоды и
фототранзисторы), пре-
образующие оптические сигналы в электрические токи;
детекторы изображения на основе электронных датчиков изобра-
жения;
электрооптические модуляторы, используемые для управления
мощностью, фазой или поляризацией света с помощью электрического
управляющего сигнала;
модуляторы электроабсорбции;
оптоизоляторы для передачи аналоговых или цифровых сигналов
с сохранением электрической изоляции;
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фотонные интегральные схемы, содержащие электрические и оп-
тические компоненты на каком-либо чипе;
фотоэмиссионные детекторы, такие как фотоэлементы и фотоум-
ножители, а также усилители изображения.
3. Оптоэлектронные устройства используются в самых разных областях применения, таких как волоконно-оптическая связь, лазерная техника и все виды оптической метрологии.
4. Оптоэлектроника
в значительной степени основана на полупро-
водниковых материалах.
5. Они демонстрируют подходящие значения ширины запрещенной
зоны для поглощения, например, ближний инфракрасный и видимый
свет и электропроводность.
6. Материалов с непрямой запрещенной зоной, таких как кремний и
германий, часто достаточно для использования процессов поглощения,
например, в фотодетекторах, но, как правило, они менее
подходят для
излучения света.
7. Это существенная проблема для кремниевой фотоники, где, однако, были найдены различные решения.
8.Тем не менее, излучающие устройства, такие как лазерные диоды,
в значительной степени основаны на прямозонных материалах, особенно типа III–V, например, арсенид галлия и фосфид индия.
16 Translate from English into Russian.
1. The laser is an outgrowth of a suggestion made by Albert Einstein in
1916 that under the proper circumstances atoms could release excess energy
as light‒either spontaneously or when stimulated by light.
2. German physicist Rudolf Walther Ladenburg first observed stimulated
emission in 1928, although at the time it seemed to have no practical use.
3. In 1951 Charles H. Townes, then at Columbia University in New York
City, thought of a way to generate stimulated emission at microwave frequencies.
4. Laser emission is shaped by the rules of quantum mechanics, which
limit atoms and molecules to having discrete amounts of stored energy that
depend on the nature of the atom or molecule.
5. The lowest energy level for an individual atom occurs when its electrons are all in the nearest possible orbits to its nucleus.
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6. This condition is called the ground state.
7. When one or more of an atom’s electrons have absorbed energy, they
can move to outer orbits, and the atom is then referred to as being “excited.”
8. Lasers deliver coherent, monochromatic, well-controlled, and precisely directed light beams.
9. Although lasers make poor choices for general-purpose illumination, they are ideal for concentrating light in space, time, or particular
wavelengths.
10. For example, many people were first introduced to lasers by concerts in the early 1970s that incorporated laser light shows, in which moving laser beams of different colours projected changing patterns on planetarium domes, concert-hall ceilings, or outdoor clouds.
11. Most laser applications fall into one of a few broad categories: (1)
transmission and processing of information, (2) precise delivery of energy,
and (3) alignment, measurement, and imaging.
12. The ability to focus laser beams onto very small spots and to switch
them on and off billions of times per second makes lasers important tools in
telecommunications and information processing.
WORD BUILDING
17 Write down the basic form(s) of the derivatives.
Example:
related – to relate
absorbed .............................................................
applied ............ …………………………………
emission ............................................................
converting .........................................................
stored ..................................................................
increased ............................................................
visible ................................................................
exposure .............................................................
calculator ............................................................
non-illuminated ..................................................
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Unit 2
GRAMMAR
18 Identify Present Participle /-ing Participial Clause in the sentences.
Translate the sentences into the Russian language.
1. Measuring 1‒100 nm across, QDs are semiconductor structures in
which the electron wavefunction is confined in all three dimensions by the
potential energy barriers that form the QD's boundaries.
2. The properties arising from these "designer atoms" are only just begin-
ning to be investigated.
3. This simplifying approach was pioneered nearly 50 years ago by
Richard Feynman, Frank Vernon, and Robert Helwarth.
4. The new and exciting opportunities opened up by these breakthroughs
form the subject of this article.
5. Thanks to the long-lived quantum coherence of QD excitons, researchers
can control the state of excitation using optical pulses.
6. The lowest-energy trion has two substates arising from the two possible
hole states (the two electrons form a spin singlet).
7. This process is rather slow, but the nuclear spin has such a long rela-
xation time that the pumping process can be very effective.
8. A single quantum dot can be selectively excited, detected, or both using
high spatial and spectral resolution.
9. In this differential transmission experiment, a single pump pulse excites the quantum dot with increasing intensity, while a second, probe pulse
measures the change in transmission.
10. If the phase coherence time of the QD is long enough, a strong coherent laser field can rotate the Bloch vector of this artificial two-level atom,
driving the QD completely up to the exciton state and back again (a Rabi
oscillation).
19 Identify Past Participle /-ed Participial Clause in the sentences.
Translate the sentences into the Russian language.
1. Because of the exclusion principle, the third exciton must go into the
next excited orbital state.
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2. Moreover, charged QDs can be injected with multiple excitons.
3. Two of the four substates can be optically excited, whereas the other
two (termed dark states) are normally forbidden by quantum selection rules.
4. Grown as part of a larger crystalline structure, epitaxial QDs form
spontaneously in molecular beam epitaxy.
5. A QD may also emit single pairs of correlated photons or even pairs of
entangled photons.
6.I n a classic paper, they demonstrated that any two-level optical system can be mapped directly into a spin-1/2 system described by a Bloch
vector.
7. The Rabi oscillations in QDs are much simpler than the Rabi-like oscillations executed by extended-state excitons in higher dimensional structures.
8. Beautiful examples of multi-exciton states have been observed in selfassembled indium arsenide/gallium arsenide QDs.
9. Not only must one be able to fabricate individual QDs with the desired
number of electrons, energy structure, optical response, and so on, but one
must also be able to position the QDs and even couple them to other QDs or
structures.
10. Coupled QDs require an interaction between the constituent electrons
or excitons.
20 Read the sentence. Choose either Present or Past Participle
to complete the sentence.
1. A voltage (applying / applied) across a thin layer of zinc sulfide powder
causes just such an electroluminescent effect.
2. In semiconductors such as silicon each constituent atom has four outer
electrons, each of which pairs with an electron from one of four (neighboured / neighbouring) atoms to form the interatomic bonds.
3. However, triexcitons and higher multiexcitons also contain at least one
exciton (deriving / derived) from the p state.
4. A (charging / charged) exciton in a QD with a single electron has a
spin-1/2 ground state that has two spin substates.
5. Costs, initially high, have dropped to the point where most new installations of telephone circuits between (switching / switched) centres and over
longer distances consist of optical fibres.
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6. Quantum wells consist of an extremely thin semiconductor with a small
band gap, (rested / resting) between material with a larger band gap.
7. Modern (material-processing / material-processed) techniques allow
these compositional changes to be controlled accurately on an atomic scale.
8. Two of these exciton substates normally have angular momentum values of ±1 and have optically (allowed /allowing) transitions σ± to the QD's
ground state (denoting / denoted) by 0.
9. Moreover, if the QDs are incorporated into a 3D optical cavity, the
dipole interaction between excitons can be increased in strength and range,
(as proposed / as proposing) by Atac Imamoglu of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and his collaborators.
10. The space between the films is filled with a fluid with unusual electrical and optical properties, so that, if an electrical field is established between the two thin films, the molecules of the fluid line up in such a way that
the (light-reflected / light-reflecting) or (light-transmitting / light-transmitted)
properties of the assembly are radically changed.
21 Complete the sentences with either Present or Past Participle form
of the verb given in brackets.
1. The ground state of a QD (charge) with a single electron has spin-1/2
and is doubly degenerate.
2. Figure 5 shows the (observe) oscillation of a single exciton transition
as a function of the pulse area.
3. (Accord) to the selection rules, an electron in one spin eigenstate can
be resonantly excited to one of the trion states with a (polarize) photon.
4. One of the goals (drive) of complex nanomaterials with (customize)
properties.
5. Such an ambitious goal will take an (extend) research effort, but the first
(promise) steps, both theoretical and experimental, have already been taken.
6. Another advantage of epitaxial QDs is that they lie far beneath the surface of the (surround) material whose (associate) states are potentially meddlesome.
7. Such selection is possible because (unwant) states can be excluded if
they lie outside the bandwidth of the (excite) laser or if they are forbidden by
the selection rules of optical polarization.
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8. Moreover, a real sample often contains other weakly (bind) and (fluctuate) electrons nearby that may also interact with the QD.
9. Two groups in Germany--one (lead) by Bayer, the other by Werner
Wegscheider of the Technical University of Munich--have observed such interactions in the optical spectra of single pairs of (couple) QDs.
10. Although the wavefunction of a QD electron, and its (correspond) hole,
extends over many thousands of lattice atoms, the pair ‒ (term) an exciton‒
behaves in a (quantize) and coherent fashion.
22 Identify-ing form. Define its function in the sentence.
Translate the sentences into the Russian language.
1. To support and capitalise on the UK’s world-leading academic quantum physics research, the government announced a £270m five year National
Quantum Technologies Programme in 2013, which aimed to accelerate commercialisation by creating a coherent community, involving more than
130 companies, 17 universities and various government agencies.
2. But the UK was not alone in this investment, with the international
race for quantum technology underway and attracting enormous research
funding.
3. Four research hubs were created to support collaboration and to provide facilities and training, focused on applications in timekeeping, sensing,
imaging, communications and computing.
4. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that can implement the required
functions can be fabricated at scale by leveraging existing manufacturing infrastructure for electronic ICs.
5. Our research typically considers methods for growing materials with
optimized properties, methods for templating emitter or qubit sites, fabrication of devices to control applied electric and magnetic fields, optical characterization and control of materials, and theory to understand the origins and
fluctuations of state energies.
6. Two examples of modern quantum field theories are quantum electrodynamics, describing the interaction of electrically charged particles and the
electromagnetic force, and quantum chromodynamics, representing the interactions of quarks and the strong force.
18
7. During the late 1950s, research on the purification of silicon succeeded
in producing material suitable for semiconductor devices, and new devices
made of silicon were manufactured from about 1960.
8. Colloidal chemistry provides yet another way of growing QDs.
9. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream
of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected.
10. Optical addressing of spin and defect-based qubits allow hybrid
quantum photonic platforms that route optical control pulses to and from an
array of qubits offer an attractive solution to the “fan-out” challenge and the
opportunity for direct integration with fiber optic networks for long-range
quantum information transmission.
23 Identify the -ing form and Present Participle. Define their functions
in the sentence. Translate the sentences into the Russian language.
1. But the UK was not alone in this investment, with the international race
for quantum technology underway and attracting enormous research funding
including 1B over10 years in Europe, 4B over five years in China, $1.2B over
five years in the USA and hundreds of millions of dollars by several multinational companies including Microsoft, Google, IBM and Intel.
2. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that can implement the required
functions can be fabricated at scale by leveraging existing manufacturing infrastructure for electronic ICs.
3. Team members have expertise in the design, modeling, growth, fabrication, and characterization of semiconductor optoelectronic devices that exploit or control quantum states; active control and high speed modulation in
photonic material and device platforms; PIC design, CMOS-integration; and
novel metamaterials and optomechanics for control over light propagation
and focusing.
4. The ideal quantum emitter material platform would have an ordered
array of deterministically-positioned perfectly-identical sources emitting single photons at the desired wavelength at room temperature.
5. The goal of NQIT was, in collaboration with government, industry and
the wider community, to develop the first truly scalable universal quantum
computing machine with architectures that have the highest performance of
any current qubit system.
19
6. Oxford physicists are pioneering two different technological approaches for the ‘processors’ that could form a quantum computer, with each
looking for the balance between ease/cost of manufacture and fidelity (its resistance to decoherence).
7. One method being developed here uses superconducting circuits for
the quantum computer’s architecture. During the late 1950s, research on
the purification of silicon succeeded in producing material suitable for
semiconductor devices, and new devices made of silicon were manufactured
from about 1960.
8. Recently, 70 % of the nuclear spins were polarized in a single gallium
arsenide QD through optical pumping.
9. By 1993 optical fibres capable of carrying light signals more than
215 km (135 miles) became available.
BEFORE YOU LISTEN
24 Review the words and word collocations.
pick up device датчик-измеритель; чувствительный прибор
information display информационный дисплей (ИД)
optical communication
system
optical storages
remote sensing systems система дистанционных измерений
junction
p-n junction
diffuse распространять; распылять; рассыпать
reverse bias
ОКС
оптические устройства хранения данных; оптическое запоминающее устройство ОЗУ
электрический переход (между разнородными материалами в полупроводнике); дырочно-дырочный переход
плоскостной переход, p-n-переход; электронно-дырочный переход
смещение в обратном направлении; напряжение обратного смещения
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