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Файл:Оптоэлектроника. Optoelectronics. Учебное пособие
.pdf
fibre
core сердцевина (оптического волокна)
cladding оболочка (стекловолоконного кабеля)
jacket внешняя оболочка
silica двуокись кремния (кремнезем, кварц); силикагель
waveguide световод; светопровод
оптическое волокно; волоконно-оптическая линия
связи
25 Match the pictures (1-6) with the corresponding titles (A-F).
A Optoelectronics Devices B Photodiode C Light Emitting Diodes
D Laser Diodes E Solar Cells F Optical Fiber
1 2 3 4 5 6
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5
6
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
26 Listen to Some Types of Optoelectronics Devices.
Complete the sentences with the missing words and word collocations.
Some Types of Optoelectronics Devices
This academic field covers a wide range of devices including LEDs and
elements, image pick up devices, information displays, ………………
……….(1), optical storages and remote sensing systems, etc. Examples of
optoelectronic devices include telecommunication laser, blue laser, optical fiber, LED traffic lights, photo diodes and solar cells. Majority of the optoelectronic devices are LEDs, laser diodes, photo diodes and solar cells.
Optoelectronics are classified into different types such as:
Photodiode
……………………….(2)
Laser Diodes
Solar Cells
Optical Fiber
A photo diode is a semiconductor light sensor that generates a voltage or
………………………. (3) when light falls on the junction. It consists of
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an ………………………. (4) p-n junction, which is operated in reverse bias.
When a photon with plenty of energy strikes the semiconductor, an electron
or hole pair is created. The electrons ………………………. (5) to the junction to form an electric field.
An optical fiber or optic fibre is a plastic and transparent fiber made of
………………………. (6) or glass. It is somewhat thicker than a human hair.
It can function as a light pipe or waveguide to ……………………… (7) light
between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers usually include three concentric layers: a core, a cladding and a jacket. The ………………………. (8),
a light transmitting region of the fiber, is the central section of the fiber, which
is made of silica. Cladding, the ………………………. (9) layer around the
core, is made of silica. That creates an optical waveguide that limits the light
in the core by total reflection at the interface of the core-cladding. Jacket, the
non-optical layer around the cladding, typically consists of one or more layers
of a ………………………. (10) that protect the silica from the physical or
environmental damage.
27 Render the main ideas of the text in 27.
28 Check the meaning of the words and word collocations.
bonding positive charge the replacement atom interatomic bonds
outer electrons electrically neutral doping dopants periodic table
29 Listen to Conduction in Semiconductors. Complete the sentences with
the words and word collocations from 28.
Conduction in Semiconductors
In semiconductors such as silicon (which is used as the example here),
each constituent atom has four ………………………. (1), each of which
pairs with an electron from one of four neighbouring atoms to form the interatomic bonds. Completely pure silicon thus has essentially no electrons available at room temperature for electronic conduction, making it a very poor
conductor. However, if an atom from column V of the ………………… (2),
23
such as phosphorus, is substituted for an atom of silicon, four of its five outer
electrons will be used for …………………………(3), while the fifth will be
free to move within the crystal. If …………………………. (4) comes from
column III of the periodic table—say, boron—it will have only three outer
electrons, one too few to complete the four ………………………….. (5).
The fact that the crystal would be …………………………(6) were this bond
complete means that, if an electron is missing, the vacancy will have a positive charge. A neighbouring electron can move into the vacancy, leaving
another vacancy in the electron’s former place. This vacancy, with its
………… …………….. (7), is thus mobile and is called a “hole.” Holes
in semiconductors move about as readily as electrons do, but, because they
are positively charged, they move in directions opposite to the motion
of electrons.
Semiconductors whose principal charge carriers are electrons are called
n-type (n standing for negative). If the charge carriers are mainly holes, the
material is p-type (p for positive). The process of substituting elements for
the silicon (in this example) is called ……………………… (8), while the
elements are referred to as ……………………. (9).
30 Describe either picture of three bond types.
24
31 Read The Future of the Optoelectronics Industry from ‘Optoelectronics:
Emerging Technology Focused on Light-detecting Devices’ by W.G. Brooks,
Field Applications Engineer.
Can you substantiate the theses presented? Which sources / references / /
links are of help here?
The Future
of the Optoelectronics Industry
According to Market Insight Reports, the optoelectronics market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.25% over the forecast period of 2019 to
2024. Optoelectronic devices make up a significant part of the global semiconductor market, and growth is being witnessed across a few areas, specifically... High demands for LEDs have become an industry standard for display
technology in electronic devices. This standard is due to increased demand
for better. There is a growth in demand in the automotive industry thanks to
the adoption of electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles, which is expected
to boost the usage of optoelectronics devices, thus propelling the market.
Advanced manufacturing and fabrication technologies are seeing growing
consumption, which is driving the use of optoelectronic components in the
industrial sector. Furthermore, optoelectronics provides significant opportunities for R&D, and its effect can be seen in areas of performance improvement, cost reduction, and large volume manufacturing.
32 Make use of (either of) these links you might find helpful
to accomplish Task 30.
https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/optoelectronicsglobal-market-report
https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/optoelectronics-market/
https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/optoelectronics-market.html
https://www.meticulousresearch.com/product/optoelectronics-market5153
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33 Discuss with a groupmate of yours the prospects of the Global
Optoelectronics Market up to 2027 / 2030.
Be sure to cover most of the items a typical market research analysis includes.
Market Introduction
Market Overview
Market Segmentation
Optoelectronics Market, by Device
Optoelectronics Market, by Device Material
Optoelectronics Market, by Application
Optoelectronics Market, by End User
Optoelectronics Market, by Geography Regions Covered
Rise in Penetration of Optoelectronic Devices in Consumer Electronics
and IT & Telecommunication Industries
Surge in Adoption of Solar Cells in Renewable Energy Sector
Extensive Usage of Image Sensors
Increase in Demand for Gallium Arsenide
Key Players
Key Developments
34 Make a presentation of your findings on the prospects of the Global
Optoelectronics Market up to 2027 / 2030. Make use of Appendix 2.
26
MODULE 2. QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
Unit 1
BEFORE YOU READ
1 Answer the following questions.
1. Which optoelectronics devices is quantum optoelectronics associated
with? Why so?
2. What do the acronyms maser and laser stand for?
2 Match the titles with the pictures.
Lasers Electron microscopes Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Transistors Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD)
Photovoltaic cells (PVcells)
27
2
1
3
5
6
3 Guess the technologies quantum physics theories contributed to.
Complete the beginnings with the titles from 2.
A B C D E F
An electronic device to be fabricated from semiconductor materials.
A semi-conductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity lies between that of
a true conductor and an insulator. Its behavior is determined by the quantum
mechanical properties of electrons. (A)
The quantum mechanical magnetic properties of an atom's nucleus ensure
the tool to create an image of the interior of an object. A common use is in
28
medical imaging, i.e. creating images of the interior of the human body in
order to help with medical diagnosis. (B)
It uses charges generated via the photoelectric effect to create digital
images. These capture 70% or more of the photons hitting the photoreactive surface (with QE of 70%), while photographic film captures only
about 2 %. (C)
Also known as a solar cell. A device to convert light energy into electrical
energy, by exploiting the quantum mechanical properties of electrons. (D)
A quantum mechanical device that emits light with a well-defined wavelength in a very narrow beam. The operation is based on the quantum
mechanical process of stimulated emission predicted by Einstein when he
studied the photoelectric effect. (E)
The application makes use of a beam of electrons instead of light to
create an image with a magnification factor of up to two million (compared to two thousand for a light microscope). The quantum mechanical
principle on which the device is based is the wave-particle duality for electrons. (F)
VOCABULARY
1. quantum квант (наименьшая единица измерения физи-
ческой величины)
2. (physical) entity физический объект,
физическое явление
3. photon['fәutɔn] фотон (единица энергии световой волны);
квант электромагнитного излучения; гаммаквант
4. discrete дискретный компонент; обособленный элемент системы
5. sub-atomic particles субатомная частица
6. spectral intensity спектральная плотность, интенсивность
29
7. the approximate value of приблизительное значение
8. microwaves дециметровые волны; сверхвысокие частоты;
диапазон частот от 0,1 ГГц до 100 ГГц
(длины волн от 3 м до 0,003 м)
9. duality дуальность, двойственность
10. photosynthesis
['fәutәu'sɪnθɪsɪs]
фотосинтез
READING
4 Read the text.
What is Quantum Optics?
Quantum optics is a field of quantum physics that deals specifically
with the interaction of photons with matter. The study of individual photons is crucial to understanding the behavior of electromagnetic waves as
a whole.
To clarify exactly what this means, the word quantum refers to the smallest amount of any physical entity that can interact with another entity. Quantum physics, therefore, deals with the smallest particles; these are incredibly
tiny sub-atomic particles which behave in unique ways.
The word "optics," in physics, refers to the study of light. Photons are the
smallest particles of light (though it is important to know that photons can
behave as both particles and waves).
The theory that light moved in discrete bundles (i.e. photons) was presented in Max Planck's 1900 paper on the ultraviolet catastrophe in black
body radiation. Black body radiation refers to the spectrum of light emitted
by any heated object, common examples include the heating element of a
toaster and the filament of a light bulb. The BR spectral intensity peaks at a
frequency to proportionally increase with the temperature of the emitter in
accordance with the equation E = hf, with the approximate value of h (proportionality constant) of 6.626 × 10
−34
joule.
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