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Метрология. Учебное пособие-1

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,0%3 "$ 4+3& 4%"2 ' 0,9 $$.  14 0%)3 $, 6,%!  "0+ ,8+3 $840 $,$" + ) 2 6,%! 617",0%3, = (04 #*&, * , 7% $0 *"+%0 $"%­%"$ ) +%40 '"()"& ,    *"+% Х 4+3!5 4 %2 $"%%"$. %3 '4%"3 *"+% Х 5 43 $,0 6,%!  "0+, + )'49:09 + ,, 2-%"( $, 2 6,%!.
  8 $ 4 %8" ) + ) $ 4 ) "#$"2, ) ,  ­!5 '"$39+3 3)%"3 (""2 " ";7"2,  ,8 + ( +, '"*+,"2 =;;,. '"$, '" "#$"" '38­"2 ) , +0,7"" + ' $ :&9 +0!5 4*", ) "+' % ­+3 3)%"3 (""2. $'%"04! 4)05 *+ !5 , %("2 (  +0! "  =% ) '" + )'4"" +,%4!)9+3, #$ " '+9 + )'4& ' ;#,  *# ,    )$3 ,#!)­9+3 ) ' ") ;#. +%" $'%"04! )!, "5 +0$$ + ­)"+3 ) 2 0%9. # , 2 8 ' $80 , )$" + )'­49 " +,%4!)9+3 "7%&! $'%"04! " .4. , (­#09+3 "#, *+ ! , %("3, #!)$! биениями. $ $&6 # +& +)")$!5 *+ , $ $&6 *+  (""3. #$33 40 "# *+ , + ' $ :&9 %;  "%" +­7"%% +, ' (%949 *+ 0 (""2 " '") 43  , 0%9 "%", '4%33 *+ 0 (""2, 5 43 # +& $840 "#)+­!$" " "#)+!$" *+ $".
31
7. СРЕДСТВА ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ

#$"%&!2 '"( 
#$"%&!2 ' (# )%&
Средство измерений – 5"*+,  +4+) ("%" "5 , $­'%,+), '4#*  4%3 "#$"2, "$9:  $" )­! $ % 1"*+," 5,"+",", ) +' "#) 43:" "("%") 53:" 4""70 "%" 6,%0 ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"!.
+ )!$" )"4$" +4+) "#$"2 3)%39+3:
– $!;
–
"#$"%&! '"( !;
– "#$"%&! ' (# )%".
5 *+ (<4"39 ) ( % "%" $ +% 8! , $'%,+!:
"#$"%&! 0+ ),";
–
– "#$"%&! +"+$!.
Мера – % "%" 0+ 2+) , +%08: 4%3 ) +' "#)4­"3 4 1 "%" +, %&,"5 #*"2 ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"! #­4 1 #$.
'7"9 ) +' "#)4"3 )%"*"! #4 1 #$ $ 8 ; $%& '4+)"& ,, ' (# )" , 4 N ) #­409 ;0,7"9 Xм, + )   4""7 4 2 ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"! [Q]. )" ' (# )"3 ("+. 5):
X
= N[Q]. (9)
м
!5 4 $ $! 3)%3+3 ,) )3 % 1 )3 )%"*" Xм #4 1 #$,  )5 4 $ +%40 +*"& *"+% )  #*­" )%"*"! N ("+. 6).
'& + )6+) $! '4%3+3 ' + 3+) $ #$ ,84 2 +0'" ,) )"3 [Q].
#%"*9 $!:
– 4 #*!, ) +' "#) 43:" ;"#"*+,09 )%"*"0
4 1 #$ (1"3, , 4+  ' + 3 2 $, +");
32
– $ 1 #*!, ) +' "#) 43:" 34 4 "$!5 )-
%"*" #%"* 1 #$ (%"2, + 4%"3$", , ­4+  '$ 2 $, +"); ( ! $, + ) ,0' +& $, '"$3$!5 ,, -
–
4%& , , " ) #%"*!5 + *"35 + 7%&9 ) +' "#­)4"3 34 #*"2 ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"! ) '4­%!5 '4%5 ((  1"&, '% +, '%%%&!5 , ­7)!5 $ 4%"!, (  "#$"%&!5 , 4+  )).
"+. 5. ( #*" $!
) +0,0!5 +5$5
"+. 6. /0,7"3 ' (# )"3
$ 1 #* 2 $!
+%" (  $ , +0,") (<4" ) 4"  0+ 2­+) , "$9: '"+' + (%" 4%3 "5 + 4""3 ) #%"*!5 + *"35, 1 #!)9 $1#" $ $ ($1#"! "40,")­ +", $1#"! $, +").
, '4#*3 4%3 +)"3 + 2 #$ ), ; ­$! " +' % 8"3 ' )5 +2 4%2 "#4%"2 + 7%&9 '­4%"3 "5 1 4 +", #!)+3 калибром.
# )"4 +3$" $ 3)%39+3 +4! (#7!, +%0­8:" 4%3 ) +' "#)4"3 4""7 )%"*", 5,"#09:"5 +) 2+) "%" + +) ):+) " $"% ).
"( % +' +!$  3)%3+3 измерительный прибор. #$"%&!$ '"(  $ #!)+3 , '4#­*  4%3 )!( ," +"1% "#$"%& 2 "; $7"" ) ; $, 4 +0' 2 4%3 ' +4+) 1 ) +'"3"3 (%94­%$.  %"*"  $!, "#$"%&!2 '"(   ) +' "#­) 4" "#)+  #*" )%"*"!,  "#$3$3 )%"*" 4 %8 ' 4) 4"&+3 , $0 "#), ) #42+) )&  1 $ "%" "!$ +' + ( $. "*$ "#$3$3 )%"*" ;",+"0+3
33
+'7"%&!$ +*!$ 0+ 2+) $.  +' + (0 +* #­*"2 "#$3$!5 )%"*" '"( ! ' 4#4%39+3  ' ,­#!)9:" " 1"+"09:".
#$"%&!2 '"( , 4 '0+,9:"2  %&, +*"!)­" ' ,#"2, #!)+3 показывающим. #$"%&!2 '"( , ) ,   $ '40+$  1"+7"3 ' ,#"2, – ре-
гистрирующим.
 ,#!)9:" '"( ! ' 4#4%39+3  % 1 )! " 7"; )!, 1"+"09:" –  '*9:" " +$ '"60:".
"( %&6 +' +" ' %0*"%" % 1 )! '"( ­!. Аналоговые приборы – = ," '"( !, ' ,#" ,  ­!5 3)%3+3 '!) 2 ;0,7"2 "#$"3 "#$3$ 2 )­%"*"!.  "$  +3+3 +% *! '"( ! + +*!$ 0+­ 2+) $, + + 3:"$ "# 4)05 =%$ ): 6,%! " 0,#%3, +)3# 1 + ' 4)"8 2 *+&9 '"( . ,% '4+)%3 + ( 2 + ) ,0' +& $ , " *"+%, "# (89:"5 34 ' +%­4 )%&!5 #*"2 "#$3$ 2 )%"*"!. + )!$" 5­,"+",$" 6,%! 3)%39+3: 7 4%"3 6,%! – #*­" "#$3$ 2 )%"*"!, ,  3 )!#!) '$:" ' 4­)"8 1 =%$ +* 1 0+ 2+)  4 4%", " 4%" 4%"3 6,%! – ++ 3" $840 +3$" "%" 7$"
4)05 + +4"5 $ , (6"5 ) "%"  *,).
 + 3: )$3 6" , '"$39 7"; )! "#$"­%&! '"( ! (?), "$9:" 34 4 + "+) ' +)­"9 + % 1 )!$". Цифровыми #!)9 '"( !, ) $"­*+," )!(!)9:" 4"+,! +"1%! "#$"%& 2 "; $7"", ' ,#"3 ,  !5 '4+)%39+3 ) 7"; ) 2 ; $.  ,*+) 7"; )!5 +*!5 0+ 2+) "+' %�+3 +) )  (% ($ #"*! " ' ,7" ! +"+$!, $ 1 =%­$! 7"; )! %9$"+7! 1# #34! %$'!).
( (:3 +0,03 +5$ ? ("+. 7) ),%9* ­% 1 )!2 ' (# )%& () )5 4 2 )%"*"!, ,) )%& (), ' (# )%& , 4 ) () " +*  0+ 2+) ().
34
x
вх
Y
"+. 7. % ,-+5$ ?
 7%&9 0' :"3  +5$  ' ,#! (% ," +"5 "­#7"", 0')%"3, '$3" " 401" (% ," " 0+ 2+),  (5 ­4"$! 4%3 (+'*"3 #4 1 ,*+) ( ! ?. $­"$ %"6&, * ,) )%& +0:+)%3 ,) )" )5 4 1 % 1 ) 1 +"1% ' 0 )9 ("%" ' )$").  (:$ +%0­* ? ' "#) 4" 4 "#$3$ 2 )%"*" 2 " '7"" – ,) )" ' 0 )9, 4"+,"#7"9 )$" " , 4" )". 0: +& ,) )"3 ' 0 )9 #,%9*+3 )  $, * (+, ­* $0 $ 8+)0  *, +"1% xвх ) ++$")$ $ 4"'­#   хн ("8) 4 хв ()5 #*") +)"+3 ) + )+­)" , *  " +*  $ 8+) )!5 4!5 , 4 ) (,) )).
"+,"#7"3 ' )$" #,%9*+3 )  $, * "#$­" ' "#) 4"+3 '" 4"*+," (4"+, ) ) $ $! )$­", #4)$!, '"$, 1  $ 7",%. )% )$­"  $ $ ' 4*" +"1% 4 $ $ ' %0*"3 , 4 ) ­#!)+3 временем цикла.
"7"' 42+)"3 ? '4%3+3 '"7"' $ 42+)"3 1 ,) )%3: )$3-"$'0%&+!2 ? "$ ,) )%& ")% )$"; *+  -"$'0%&+!2 ? "$ ,) )­%& *+ !; , 4 -"$'0%&+!2 ? + 48" ,) )%& ' ­+ 3 1  , "%" '38"3. +*9+3 " , $("7"" ,) )%2.
 (:$ +%0* ' ,#"3 +* 1 0+ 2+) ?
Y = qU, (10)
14 q – 61 (,), +0'&) ,) )"3 ) 4""75 "#$3-
$ 2 )%"*"!;
'38".
U –
35
 + q – )8263 $ % 1"*+,3 5,"+", ?, 0+)%")9:3 +)3#& $840 "#$3$ 2 )%"*" 2 х " )!­5 4!$ , 4 $ " '4%39:3 *0)+)"%& +& ? (S = 1/q).
%"*"0 q #!)9 4""72 "$&61 ($%461 ) #34 , 4. (!*
q = k⋅10
m
, (11)
14 k = 1, 2 "%" 5;
m – %9(  7%  *"+% (' % 8"%&  "%" "7%& )
"%" 0%&.
" k = 1 #$  $"%& 2 +0'" ,) )"3 q = µ, 14 µ – 7 4""7! "$&61 #34 )!5 4 1 , 4 N0. " k = 2 ) $%46$ 4+3"* $ #34 *"+%, )!89:" #0%& "#$"3, "4"7"09+3  %&, *! 7";! " 0%&. +%" k = 5 – "4"7"09+3  %&, 0 " 5. " k = 5 ,) ) 5 # ( %&6 #*"3 4""7! $%461 #34 (q = 5µ).
 %9( $ 7"; ) $  '40+$  '4%  , %"­*+) 4+3"*!5 #34 ), ,84!2 "# ,  !5 %"#0 ) #­$ 8  + + 3" )5 4 1 +"1%, + )+)09: 7";$  0 4 9.  14 $,+"$%&  *"+% N
, ,    $ 8 "4"-
max
7" )&+3  , '" 5 #345 + +)%3 999, '" *!­5 – 9999 " .4.  % 1"" + +% *!$  *"+% N
max
-
#!)9 длиной цифровой шкалы.
 ' +%4 )$3 ' %0*"%" '"$" % 1 -4"+,­! "#$"%&! '"( !.  ="5 '"( 5 "+' %  ,)­#"% 1 )! +*! 0+ 2+), ) ,  !5  %& 0,#%3 )!' %3 +)3:3+3 ' % + "%" +)3:3+3  *,, 4"+, $39:3 +) 9 4%"0 (' % +) "%" ' % 8" ( *,)  +"­%& 6,%!. ," '"( ! + *9 ) +( 4 + "+) ­% 1 )!5 " 7"; )!5 '"(  ).
 #)"+"$ +"  +' + ( #'"+" "#$3$ 2 )%"*"! )!4%39: 1"+"09:" '"( !, +$ '"60:", '40­+$")9:" #'"+& ' ,#"2 ) )"4 4"1$$ "%" 1;", ), " '"( ! '*9:", ' ,#"3 ,  !5 )!49+3 ) *"+% ­) 2 ; $  (0$8 2 %.
36
%,  )+14 ) #$ 8 ' + "& "#$"%&!2 '"­(  ,, * (! "#$3$3 )%"*" ' +4+) ) #42+­) )%  1 "#$"%&09 *+& "%"  "#$"%&!2 $5­"#$.  ,"5 +%0*35 "#$3$3 )%"*" ' 4)1+3 '4­)"%& $0 ' (# )"9, ,    +0:+)%3+3 + ' ­$ :&9 "#$"%&!5 ' (# )%2.
Измерительный преобразователь – +4+) "#$"3, '4#*  4%3 )!( ," +"1% "#$"%& 2 "; ­$7"" ) ; $, 04 ( 2 4%3 '4*", 4%&261 ' (# ­)"3, (( ," "("%") 5"3,   ' 449:2+3 ' ­+4+) $0 ) +'"3"9 (%94%$. #$"%&!2 '­ (# )%&, , ,   $0 ' 4) 4"+3 "#$3$3 )%"*", ­#!)9 ')"*!$ "#$"%&!$ ' (# )%$. #$"­%&!2 ' (# )%&, '4#*!2 4%3 "#$"3 #­$ )%"*"! " #4  *"+% #, #!)9 масштабным
измерительным преобразователем.
 (#0$3 )%"*" #!)+3 входной,  #0%& ' (# )"3 – выходной величиной; +  6" $840 "$" #4+3 номинальной статической функцией преобра- зования (140" ) * 2 5,"+", 2). ,, $ ' 3)­%3+3 ')"*!$ "#$"%&!$ ' (# )%$, ' (­#09:"$ $'00 ) $ ,  140" ) * 2 5,­"+", 2 3)%3+3 #)"+"$ +&   $'0!.
 3 "#$"%&! ' (# )%" 3)%39+3 , +0,­") ( + (%!$" =%$$", +$ + 3%& 1 #*"3 4%3 ' )4"3 "#$"2, ) ' ") )+ $$ " "#$"%&­!$ '"( $, "  "$9. : " 3)%39+3 %"6& + +)­!$" *+3$" ( % "%" $ +% 8!5 "#$"%&!5 , $­'%,+ ) " +"+$. )"*! "#$"%&! ' (# )%", #$:$! ' +4+)  (<, "++%4 )"3 " 04­%!  $+ (( ,",  (8"3 " 1"+7"" "#$"­%& 2 "; $7"", #!)9 " 14 4*",$" (4*", 4)­%"3, 4*", $'0! " .'.).
 )"40 )5 4!5 " )!5 4!5 )%"*" "#$"%&! '­ (# )%" ' 4#4%39:
 % 1 )!, ' (#09:" 40 % 1 )09 )%"-
–
*"0 ) 40109;
37
– % 1 -7"; )! ' (# )%" (?), ' (-
#09:" % 1 )09 )%"*"0 ) 7"; ) 2 , 4;
– 7"; -% 1 )! ' (# )%" (?), ' (-
#09:" 7"; ) 2 , 4 ) % 1 )09 )%"*"0.
 ,*+) )5 4!5 (4%3 ?) " )!5 4!5 (4%3 ?) "+­' % +3 '%%%&! 4) "*! , 4!. 5 4 4%3 ? " )!­5 4 4%3 ? – '38" U.
)" ' (# )"3 "4%& 1 4 ' %3 1 ?:
U = [Um/(2R –1)] ⋅ N10 =
= [U
/(2R – 1)] ⋅ (a
m
R–1
⋅ 2
R–1
+ a
R–2
R–2
⋅ 2
+ … + a1 ⋅ 21 + a0 ⋅ 20), (12)
14 R – #34 +& ?; Um – $,+"$%&  )!5 4  '38" ?; N
– #*" )5 4 2 )%"*"! ) 4+3"* 2 +"+$
10
+*"+%"3;
a
– , =;;"7"!, ,  ! $ 10 '""$& #*"3,
i
)! 0%9 "%" 4""7.
Измерительные системы '4+)%39 + ( 2 + ) ,0'-  +& ;0,7" %& (<4"!5 +4+) "#$"2, +4+) )!*"+%"%& 2 5"," " )+' $ 1%&!5 0+ 2+), + 4"!5 $840 + ( 2 ,%$" +)3#", '4#*!5 4%3 )!( ," +"1% ) "#$"%& 2 "; $7"" ;"#"*­+,"5 )%"*"5, +) 2+)!5 4 $0 (<,0 "#$"3
,  %3).
(
 + 3: )$3 ( %&6"+) "#$"%&!5 +"+$ 3)­%3+3 ) $"#" )!$" "%" ) $"*+,"$". +$ 3  #%"*" "$ )"2 ( – ) $"#" )3 "#$"­%&3 +"+$,  – "; $7"  -"#$"%&3 +"+­$,  – "#$"%& -)!*"+%"%&!2 , $'%,+), )+ ", ' +0:+)0, (+'*")9 ) $"*+,"2 ' 7++ "#$"2, (( ," "  (8"3 #0%& ) "#$"2, )  $ *"+% )) 4 "#$"%& 2 "; $7"" ) ) $"#" )! +"+­$! 0')%"3.
38
8. ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛИ
ДЛЯ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ НЕЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЛИЧИН
4" $ 8+) )%"*", ,  !  (5 4"$ "#$3&, #*"%&  "5 *"+% 3)%39+3 =%,"*+,"$". "*"! 6" , 1 '"$"3 =%, "#$"%&!5 '"(  ) 4%3 "#­$"3 =%,"*+,"5 )%"*" #,%9*9+3 ) +%409:$:
1) '"( ! ' #) %39 +0:+)%3& 4"+7" ! "#$-
"3, .. "#$"3, , 14 #0%& "#$"3 $ 8 (!& ' %0*  #*"%& $ ++ 3""  (<, "++%4 )"3;
2)
) '"( 5 ) #$ 8! ) $"*+," ' (# )"3 ,, "; $")!5 '$ ) +"1% ), , " #0%&­ ) "#$"2 + 7%&9, '"$, ))4"3 ' ') ,;
3)
=" '"( ! ( % 04 (!, *$ =%,"*+,", 4%3 6"3 #4* ) $"*+, 1 0')%"3; '"( ! 49 ) #$ 8 +& 1"+" )& ,, *&
4)
$4% $39:"+3 )%"*"!, , " (!+ $39­:"+3 ('"$, + ' $ :&9 =%,  1 +7"%% 1­;), $ 10 "$& 6" ,"2 4"'#  "#$"2.
 #)"+"$ +"  )"4 )!5 4 1 +"1% )+ "#$"%&­! ' (# )%" 4%3  1 ! (,")!) " '­$"*+," ('++")!).
8.1. Генераторные измерительные преобразователи
&# =%,"*+,"
40,7" !
$ =%,"*+,"
 1 !5 ' (# )%35 )!5 4 2 )%"*" 2 3)­%3+3  "%" #34, ;0,7" %& +)3#! + "#$3$ 2 =%,"*+, 2 )%"*" 2.
Пьезоэлектрические преобразователи. ," ' (# ­)%" + )!  "+' %&# )"" '3$ 1 '&# =%,"*+, ­1 =;;,, #,%9*9:1 +3 ) ' 3)%"" =%,"*+,"5 #3-
39
4 )  ' )5 +" ,  !5 ,"+%% ) (,)7, 0$%", +1 ) 2 + %" " 4.) ' 4 )%"3"$ $5"*+,"5 '38"2.
# ,"+%% ,)7 )!#+3 '%+",, 1" ,   2 4 %8! (!& ''4",0%3! '"*+, 2 +" Oz, $5"*­+, 2 +" Oy " =%,"*+, 2 +" Ox ,"+%% ("+. 8).
"+. 8. "+%% ,)7 (а) " '%+", (б), )!#3 "# 1
" ) #42+)""  '%+"0 0+"%"3 Fx )4 %& =%,"*­+, 2 +"  135 x ' 3)%39+3 #34! Qx = kFx, 14 k – '&# ­=%,"*+,"2 , =;;"7" ($ 40%&).
" ) #42+)""  '%+"0 0+"%"3 Fy )4 %& $5"*­+, 2 +"  5 8 135 x ) #",9 #34! Qy = kFya/b, 14 a " b – #$! 12 '%+"!.
5"*+,  ) #42+)"  '%+"0 )4 %& '"*+, 2 +"  )!#!) ' 3)%"3 #34 ).
%3 "#$"3 =%,"*+,"5 #34 ), ) #",9:"5  135 ,)7) 2 '%+"!, ' +%4" ' ,!)9 $%%"*­+,"$ +% $, (#03 , 4+ . , ,, #34  , 4+  Q = CU, 
'38"  135 ,"+%%
U
Q C
kF
==
0
. 4+& C0 –
CC
+
ε
$, +& ,)7, Cε – $, +& ' ) 4 ). (!* Cε > C0, * #, +"8 ' %#!2 =;;,.  = $0 C0 "+,0++) 0)­%"*")9 '%%%&!$ + 4""$ +, %&,"5 '%+".
40
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