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Метрология. Учебное пособие-1

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%&!5 '"(  ) (! + ++"2+,"2 0* -"++%4 )%&­+,"2 "+"0 $ % 1"*+, 2 +%08(!), ) 1955 1. – ++ 9#­!2 (! + ++"2+,"2) 0* -"++%4 )%&+,"2 "+"0 ;"#", -5"*+,"5 " 4" 5"*+,"5 "#$"2, +)6"2 ,0'!$ " ) "!$ $ % 1"*+,"$ 7 $ ) (%+" 4" =%, ",", 1"4 ,0+",", $ 4"$",", " "#"­09:"5 "#%0*"2. 0* -"++%4 )%&+," $ % 1"*­+," 0*84"3 (!%" + #4! )  ) +"("+,, &, ), )4% )+, (! 1. ,"(01), #", ,0+,, ("%"­+", ), &) ).  +% +'4  ,  ! "# 0,#­!5 $ % 1"*+,"5 7 ) ' 4 %89 ;0,7" " )& ) ) )& (# )!5 1 +04+)5.
(%+& 0," " 5",", , ,   2  +"+3 $ % 1"3, ),%9* ) +(3 ,, ;04$%&! #, ! '" 4!, , " ')"%, 0+)%")$! ' + 1%6"9 " #,'%3$! 9"­4"*+,"$" ,$" "  $") -5"*+,"$" 4 ,0$$".  % 1"3 +)3#!) ) 4"  "9 " ',",0. , % ( 2"+& (# $$"," )  "*+,"5 +*5, , % ( 2"+& (# $ % 1"" '" %"#7"" ="5 +* ).
11
2. ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОНЯТИЯ И ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ
#$"
/"#"*+," )%"*"!
#$ +& " #$
+ )! 4""7! ;"#"*+,"5 )%"*"
! " 4 %&! 4""7!
Метрология ,, 0, 5)!) ,01 ' (%$, +)3#- !5 + "#$"3$".  4 +% ) $ ') 4 + 4)1*+, 1 «metron» – $, «logos» – *&, +% ) , 0*" "%" 0,. ,"$ (# $, $ % 1"3 – 0*" $5.   16263-70 $­ % 1"3 – = 0, ( "#$"35, $ 45 " +4+)5 (+'­*"3 "5 4"+) " +' + (5 4 +"8"3 (0$ 2  * +".
Измерение – = 5 84" #*"3 ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"­! '!!$ '0$ + ' $ :&9 5"*+,"5 +4+).
 = $ '4%"" 8! +%409:" 1%)! '"#­," ' 3"3 «"#$"»:
−
"#$3& $ 8 +) 2+) %& +0:+)09:"5 (<,­ ) ' #"3, .. ;"#"*+," )%"*"!;
− "#$" (0 ' )4"3 '! ), ..  "*+,"
++084"3 "%" +*!  $ 10 #$"& "#$"3;
− 4%3 ' )4"3 '! ) (09+3 + (! 5"*+,"
+4+) – +4+) "#$"3 ();
−
#0%& $ "#$"3 3)%3+3 #*" ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"!.
 4 физической величиной ' "$+3 +) 2+) , (: ) ,*+) $  6"" 4%3 $ 1"5 ;"#"*+,"5 (<, ) (;"­#"*+,"5 +"+$, "5 + + 3"2 " ' "+5 43:"5 ) "5 ' 7+­+ )),  ) , %"*+) $  6"" "4")"40%&  4%3 ,8­4 1 (<,.
840 ;"#"*+,"$" )%"*"$" +0:+)09 +)3#" " #)"­+"$ +", )!8! ; $0%$".  ' 4 (!5 #)"+"$ +35 4" )%"*"! )!89+3 *# 401".  )%"*"!, *# ,  ! )!89, #!)9+3 основными,  +%&! – про-
изводными.
12
 ,*+) + )!5 )!("9 )%"*"!, ,  ! $ 10 (!& ) +' "#)4! " "#$! + "( % )!+ , 2  * ­+&9. !(  "5 ) "#)+ $ +$!+% 3)%3+3 ' "#) %&!$,  "( % 7" %& ) ,*+) + )!5 ;"#"*+,"5 )%"*" )!(& ,", ,  ! 5,"#09 ;04$%&! +) 2­+) $"%& 1 $".  ,*+) , )!5 )!(! +%409­:" ;"#"*+," )%"*"!: 4%" (l), $++ (m), )$3 (t), ­$ 4"$"*+,3 $'0 (θ), , %"*+) ):+) (q), +"% +) (j), +"%  , (i) " 4) 4 ' %"%&! – '% +,"2 " %+­!2 01 %.  ' $ :&9 ="5 + )!5 )%"*" (#0+3 )+ $ 1 (#" ' "#) 4!5 )%"*" " (+'*")+3 '"+" %9(!5 +) 2+) ;"#"*+,"5 (<, ) " 3)%"2.
/ $%"# )!$ 8"$ ,*+) 1 #%"*"3 ;"­#"*+,"5 )%"*" 3)%3+3 "5 #$ +&. #$ +& ( #*­+3 +"$) % $ dim (dimension). #$ +& + )!5 ;"#"*+,"5 )%"*" ( #*+3 + )+)09:"$" #1%)!$" (0,)$":
dim l = L, dim m = M, dim t = T.
Размерность )%"*"! '4+)%3 + ( 2 ' "#)4" ( #*"2 + )!5 )%"*", ) #)4!5 ) + )+)09­:" +'", 3)%39:"+3  ,*+) 2 5,"+", 2:
dim Q = L
Mβ Tγ I
ε
η
θ
Jλ, (1)
α
14 L, M, T… – #$ +& + )+)09:"5 + )!5 ;"-
#"*+,"5 )%"*";
α, β, γ
… – ' ,#%" #$ +" ($ 10 (!& ' % 8"-
%&!$", "7%&!$", 4 (!$" "%" 0%$);
Q –
;"#"*+,3 )%"*", 4%3 ,   2 '4%3­+3 #$ +&.
#$ +& )%"*" '4%3+3  + ) + )+­)09:"5 0)"2 ;"#",". '"$, #$ +& +,  +"
V = l / t
dim V = dim l / dim t = LT
–1
. (2)
 3" #$ +" '" +" ( %&609 ' %� '" ' )­, +% 8!5 )!) 4 ).  %0*")  "%" "  0)", )!89-
13
: #)"+"$ +& $840 ;"#"*+,"$" )%"*"$", ) ')09 *­4& '4%39 #$ +" %) 2 " ') 2 *+" 0)"3. 5 #$ +" 4 %8! (!& 4", )!$". +%" =  ,, #­*", * ) ' 7++ )!) 4 (!% 4 '0: 6"(, "%" ) 0)­" )5 4" 0*!2 #$!2 , =;;"7".
 %"*+) 2 5,"+", 2 ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"! 3)­%3+3  размер. /"#"*+,09 )%"*"0, ,   2 ' '4%- "9 '"+)  *"+% )  #*", )  4""7, #!)9 4""72 ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"!. "+% )! #*"3 "#$3$!5 )%"*" #)"+3   1 , ,," "+' %  4""7!.  = $0  %& ' +%4"5 *& )%",. +%" 4 '0+"& ' "#) % ) )!(  4""7,  #0%&! "#$"2 ,80+3 + ' +)"$! $8­40 + ( 2, .. 06+3 4"+) "#$"2.  (! = 1  ' "# 6% , 4""7! "#$"3 0+)%")9+3 ' '4%­!$ ')"%$ " #,'%39+3 #,  4%&!$ '0$, * " ­%"* $ % 1"9  401"5 ++)!5 0, – $$",", ;"#"," " 4. + =" $! ')%!  ( &(0 + ' "#) % $ ) )!(  ,"5 6"2, ,  !  4",09+3 (<,")!$" #­,  $ +3$",  '""$9+3 ' + 1%6"9.
 ) ,0' +& 4""7 + )!5 " ' "#) 4!5 )%"*" ­#!)+3 +"+$ 2 4""7.  1960 1. XI %& 2 , ;­7"2 ' $$ " )+$ '"3 840 43 +"+$ 4""7 ;"#"*+,"5 )%"*" (SI – Système International).
Основными единицами SI 3)%39+3:
метр (м) – 4""7 4%"!, )3 '0", ' 5 4"$ $0 ) )- ,00$ +) $ # 1/299792458 4 %9 +,04!;
килограмм (кг) – 4""7 $++!, )3 $++ $840-  4 1 '  "';
секунда (с) – 4""7 )$", )3 9192631770 '" ­4$ "#%0*"3, + )+)09:1 '5 40 $840 4)0$3 +)5­ ,"$" 0 )3$" + ) 1 + + 3"3  $ 7#"3 133,  ) #­$0: 1 )6"$" ' %3$";
ампер (А) – 4""7 +"%!  ,, )3 +"% "#$39:­1 +3  ,, ,  !2, ' 5 43 ' 4)0$ '%%%&!$ '3$ %"­2!$ ' ) 4",$ (+, * 2 4%"! " "* 8 $% 2 '% :4" ,01 ) 1 ' '* 1 +*"3, +' % 8!$ ) )-
14
,00$  ++ 3"" 1 $ 4" 401 1 , )!#)% (!  ,84 $
,
Q k M K C
α γ
0*+, ' ) 4", ) 1 $ +"%0 )#"$ 42+)"3, )09 2⋅10
–7
;
кельвин (К) – 4""7 $ 4"$"*+, 2 $'0!, )3 1/273,16 *+" $ 4"$"*+, 2 $'0!  2 2  *," ) 4!;
кандела (кд) – 4""7 +"%! +), )3 +"% +) ) #­4 $ ')%"" "+ *",, "+'0+,9:1 $  5 $"*­+,  "#%0*" *+  2 540⋅10
12
7, =1"*+,3 +"% +)
,   1 ) = $ ')%"" + +)%3 1/683 /+;
моль (моль) – 4""7 , %"*+) ):+), )3 , %"­*+)0 ):+), + 48:1 + %&, 8 +0,0!5 =%$­ ) ( $ ), $ %,0% " 401"5 *+"7), +, %&,  $ ) + 4­8"+3 ) 0,012 ,1 01% 4 12.
40+$ ! две дополнительные единицы:
радиан (рад) – 4""7 '% +, 1 01%, )3 )0$0 01%0 $840 4)0$3 4"0+$" ,08 +", 4%" 401" $840 ,  !$" ) 4"0+0;
стерадиан (ср) – 4""7 %+ 1 01%, )3 %+ $0 01%0 + )6" 2 ) 7 +;!, )!#9:$0  ' )5 +" = 2 +;! '% :4&, )09 '% :4" ,)4 + +   2, ) 2 4"0+0 +;!.
 "#) 4! 4""7! SI (#09+3 "# + )!5 + ' $ ­:&9 +' 1 4 *%:
=
[ ] [ ] [ ]
η
 
β
(3)
14 k – , =;;"7" ' ' 7" %& +"; M, K, С – +"$) %! ;"#"*+,"5 )%"*";
α, β, γ
– ' ,#%" +'", ) ,   2 43 )%"*"
)5 4" ) 0)", '4%39: ' "#) 4­09 )%"*"0.
#$! 4""7 4%3 $ 1"5 +%0*) ',"*+," 04 (!: "%" +%"6, $ )%",", "%" *& $%!.  = $0 ' % +3 кратными и дольными единицами, .. 4""7$", ) ' 45 43­: 7%  *"+% # ( %&6"$" "%" $&6"$" 4""7! SI, , -
15
 ! ' %0*9+3 0$ 8"$ "+5 4!5 4""7  *"+% 10, ) #)4  ) +'&. %3 (# )"3 "$ )"2 4+3"*­!5 ,!5 " 4 %&!5 4""7 "+' %  + )+)09:" '"+)," ("+. 1).
"+. 1.  8"%" " '"+)," 4%3 ( #*"3 ,!5
" 4 %&!5 4""7 ;"#"*+,"5 )%"*"
( #*" '"+)," '"6+3 +%" + ( #*"$ 4""7!, , ,   2  '"+ 4"3+3. "+)," $ 8 '"­+ 4"3&  %&, , ' +!$ "$ )"3$ 4""7,  + 4­8:"$ '"+) ,. "+ 4"" 4)05 " ( % '"+) , 
16
4 '0+,+3. " )!(  '"+) , +%40 + (%94& 0$­ +&, , ,, '"$" ( %&6 1 *"+% '"+) , $ ­8 )!#)& +% 8"3. '"$,  6%" '"$"3 4,$, 1, $, "  %&, ,"% $ '"$3+3 6" , . "$ )"3 4""7, ,!5 $0 (1"1$, $1$, ­$), ,8  #,'"%"+&  ',",.
 $ ,!5 " 4 %&!5 $ 8"%2, 0,#!5  "+. 1, "+' % +3 +%409:":
1021 – # ();
1024 – 2  ();
–21
10
– #' (#);
–24
10
– 2 , (").
17
3. ШКАЛЫ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ
,% ' 34,
8" )"
,% ")% )
,%  6"2
 %0*" "; $7"" #$ ;"#"*+, 2 )%"*"!
3)%3+3 + 48"$ %9( 1 "#$"3.  +26"2 +' + ( ' %0*"3 , 2 "; $7"", ' #) %39:"2 + +)"& ,  ­  '4+)%" ) #$ "#$3$ 2 )%"*"!, + + " ) +)"" 1 + 401"$" ' '"7"'0 «* ( %&6 ($&6)» "%" «* %0*6 (508)».  % ' 4 ( 2 "; $7""  $,  +, %&, ( %&6 ($&6) "%" ) +, %&, # %0*6 (508), " ­14 48  (0+3.  4 (!$ (# $ 69+3 $ 1" #­4*" )!( : , +"%&? * 1%34? ,, ' :? " .4. " = $ *"+% +)")$!5 $840 + ( 2 #$ ) $ 8 (!& 4 + * ( %&6"$.
+' % 8! ) ' 34, ) #+"3 "%" 0(!)"3 #­$! "#$3$!5 )%"*" (#09 шкалу порядка.  + ") %942 '  +0, $ 8 , ' %+& 6,% 2 ' 34,, +4%& )!­) 4  $, , )!6 , 1 , 4, +,#&,  +, %&, )!6 " ) +, %&, #, %.
++ ), #$ ) ) ' 34, ) #+"3 "%" 0(!)"3 + 7%&9 ' %0*"3 "#$"%& 2 "; $7"" ' 6,% ' ­34, #!)+3 ранжированием.
%3 (%1*"3 "#$"2 ' 6,% ' 34, ,  !  *,"  2 $ 8 #;",+" )& ) ,*+) ' !5 ('­!5). "3, '"$, 7")9 ' ' 2 6,% ' 34,, "$9:2 +%409:"2 )"4: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
 *,$ ' 2 6,%! $ 10 (!& ' +)%! ) + )­+)" 7";!, #!)$! баллами. '"$, "+") +& #$%3+"3 "#$39 ' 12-(%%& 2 $840 4 2 +2+­$"*+, 2 6,% MSK-64 ((%. 1).  '!$  *,$ "#$­39+3: $ +," ) %"3, )4 +&, *0)+)"%& +& ;  ­'%," " $ 1" 401" )%"*"!.
18
(%"7 1
МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКАЯ ШКАЛА MSK-64
Балл
1 #$  $*+3  %&, +2+$"*+,"$" '"-
2 *& +%(  :0:+3 4%&!$" %94&$", 5 -
3 %(  :0:+3 %"6& ( %&6 2
4 $  +' #+3 ' $%, $0 4(#8"9
5  ) %& +"%&  (: + 3+" #4"2, , %(" $-
6 "%&  :0:+3 )+$". ,%!)9+3 ,0+,"
7 *& +"%&  :"! ) +5 ,$!5 4 $ ). -
8 #06"%&  :"!  ,0!5 +,% 5 "  +! 2
9 '0+ 6"%&  "%&  ' )84" " #06"
10 "* 89: 0'! :"! ) ' *). ' %#"
11 + ; $! 4 $ + )6
12 "%&3
Наименование землетрясения
,+ ;
Краткая характеристика
( $"
43:"$"+3 ) + + 3"" ' % 1 ' , 3
*+&9 +%"3
" , %("9 '4$ ) ' +04! " , ­!5 +, %, +,"'0 4)2 " +
(%", :"! , !5 +, % " 60,­0,", ' (084" +'3:"5
60,0,", %1,  ' )84" #4"2
"+2+$"*+,",  ,8 4)3! ' ­+ 2," +9+3 )4"$!
' *).  $ +"%& ' )849+3
,$!5 4 $ )
" ()%!. +,")%" 8%# 4  8­!5 %&+ )
#069+3 ,% " *"3 ,". " 4 + ­ 08"  )!48")
4 +, $ '!5 6,% 3)%3+3  '4% +& ")% ) $840 '!$"  *,$".  = $0 (%%! % +,%4!)&, )!*"&, 4%"& " .'.  % + )6!$" ) = $
19
 6"" 3)%39+3 6,%!, + +)%! "# + 1 '4­%!5 ")% ).
(:'"3!$, '"$, 3)%3+3 "#$" )$" ' 6,%, #(" 2  ")%!, )! '" 40 (:"3 $­%" ) ,01  %7 (% "+*"+%"). " ")%! (1 4!) 4­%3+3 ) +) 9 *4&  ( % $%," (+0,"), )! '" 40 (:"3 $%" ) ,01 +) 2 +". ,3 6,% #!)+3
шкалой интервалов.
 6,% ")% ) $ 8 08 +04"&   %&,  $, * 4" #$ ( %&6 401 1 ,  "  $,  +, %&, ( %&6, ..  6,% ")% ) '4%! ," $$"*+," 42­+)"3, ,, +% 8" " )!*"". 4, '4%"& ' 2, ) +, %&, pa# 4" #$ ( %&6 "%" $&6 401 1 , %.
" %9( $ % "+*"+%"" ,  2 '% $ ) 5 4  ­ 2 $" ) 2 ) 2! ' "# 6% ' 4 %"14 $ +'0+3 700 % ' +% #1 $ %,+4 $ )+,"$ !72 ") ­+, 1 4  %&40 04+, 1 #.  +%" ' +)"& ) ' +  $, ) +, %&, pa# ' #8 +0'"% = + (!",  ,8+3, * ' 1"1 "+, $0 +"%9 ) 1942/1212 = 1,56 pa#a, ' 9%"­+, $0 ,%49, +*"!)9:$0 )$3   ) "3 $"­, ) 7748/6748 = l,l #, ' "042+, $0 (  + ) "3 4$) ) 5683/4938 = 1,14 #,  ' $1 $+, $0, * $0 + 4! (1+) 1 $ "# ,," ) +)3:!2 1  4 4"0, ) 1320/620 = 2,13 #. %4 )%& , +,#& ' 6,% ")­% ), ) +, %&, # 4" #$ ( %&6 401 1 , %.  (<3+3+3 $, *  6,% ")% ) "#)+  %&, $+­6(,  *% +* $ 8 (!& )!( ' "#) %& .  ­= $0 '4%"& ' 6,% ")% ), *$0 )   "%" " 2 #$, ) #$ 8 .
,%0 ")% ) " 14 ' %0*9 '0$ ' ' 7" %&­ 1 4%"3 ")% $840 4)0$3 '!$"  *,$". ,, ) $'0 2 6,% ?%&+"3 4" 140+ 3)%3+3 +  2 *­+&9 ")% $840 $'0 2 3"3 %&4, '""$$ 2 # *% +*, " $'0 2 ,"'"3 ) 4!.  $'0 2 6,%  $9 =  8 ")% #("  80 140+ ),  ) $'-
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