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Метрология. Учебное пособие-1

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14. РАСЧЕТ МЕТРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМ
)"3  %$ 1  )  4 1; ) "*!2 $ 4  1", -) 3 +!2 $ 4  4  -%  4 % 1", -+"+"*+, 1 $ 4%" )"3 /"#"*+,  $ 4%" )"
#$"%&! +"+$! '4+)%39 + ( 2 + ) ,0' +&  ($, "#$"%&!5 '"(  ), "#$"%&!5 ' (# ­)%2). "7"'"%&!$ %"*"$ "#$"%&!5 +"+$  "#$"%&!5 0+ 2+) 3)%3+3  , *  , $' ! '4­+)%39 + ( 2 4%&! #, *! "#4%"3, )!'0:! ' +$ + 3%&!$ 5"*+,"$ 0+% )"3$ " #+!  ,  !, " 14 #*"%&!, ++ 3"3.  = $0 7,0 48 +" "#$"%&!5 +"+$ $ 8 ' )+" 4)0$3 +' ­+ ($": ' + + 3"9 4%&!5 , $'  ) +"+$! " ' ( (: $0 ' ,#%9.
" 7, 48 +" +"+$! ' + + 3"9 4%&!5 , $'  )  (5 4"$ 0*"!)&, * )  + +) ) ( %&6"­+) +%0*) )5 43 # "'! =%$!, (# ,# +& ,  ­!5 ) ) 2 +'" )%"3  (# ,# +& +"+$! ) 7% $.  $  1 , $ 10 (!& "+' %&# )! #%"*! +5$! + 4"­"3. : )+1 '"$3+3 )  2 +' + (, , ,,, ) ­')!5,   (0 0* +% 8!5 , %37" !5 )#"$ ­+)3#2 $840 , $' $" +"+$!; ) -) !5, ' #) %3 #*"%& ' : ' + "& $$"*+,09 $ 4%&; )-&­"5,  (0 "+5 4!5 4!5 ' "#$"9 '$ ) ­4%&!5 =%$ ), '4%39:"5 =;;,") +& ;0,7" "­ )"3 +"+$.
 ,*+) ( (:9:1 ' ,#%3 48 +" +"+$! '""$+3 ) 3 +& )!' %"3 9 ' +)%!5 #4* ) 0+ )%! + ," '" + (%94"" ')"% =,+'%07"":
P(t) = Kг P(τп) P(τпр), (73)
91
T
, ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )
P t t P t t P t
τ λ τ λ τ
(
)
,ikP t
τ
( )
k
l
λ
14 Kг =
Kг(tз)f(tз)dtз ,
∫
0
#4+& Kг(tз) – ' ,#%& 5"*+, 2 1  ) +" +"+$!; f(t
) – '%  +& +'4%"3 )$" ' +0'%"3
з
#3),"  '"$";
P(τп) – ' ,#%& 48 +" ) '" 4 ' 41  ),"; P(
τ
) – ' ,#%& 48 +" "#$"%&!5 +"+$ )
пр
'" 4 '"$"3.
 '"7"' )+ +0:+)09:" $ 4! %"# " +* ' ,#%2 48 +" +"+$! $ 8 #4%"&  4) ( %&­6" 10''!: %""*+," " =,+'"$%&!.
  +* 48 +" + 3­+3  + ) $$"*+, 2 $ 4%", ) ,   2 *: )+1 "+­' % +3 дифференциальные уравнения А.П. Колмогорова:
m n
( ) ( )
k r
∑ ∑
= ≠
1
l r k
, (74)
14
′
= +
( )
ik l ik k ir
′
– 0+% )3 ) 3 +& '(!)"3 +"+$! ) $ -
$ t ) + + 3"" Hk '" 0+% )"", * ) '46­+)09:"2 $ $ τ  5 4"%+& ) + + 3""
Н
;
i
– "+") +& '5 4 "# + + 3"3 Нk ) + -
+ 3" Нl;
m – (: *"+% ) #$ 8!5 '5 4 ) "# + + 3-
"3 Нk ) + +4 + + 3";
n –
(: *"+% % 1"*!5 '5 4 ) Нr → Нk.
" + +)%"" 4";;7"%&!5 0)"2 '"$39 $"70 + + 3"2, 1; + + 3"2 "%" % 1"*+,09 $"70.  #)"+"$ +"  = 1 %""*+," $ 4! +* ' ,#­%2 48 +" "#$"%&!5 +"+$ 4%3  $"*! $ 4!, $ 4! 1; ) " % 1", -) 3 +! $ 4!.
 ( %&6"+) +%0*) '" + +)%"" 0)"3  %$ ­1  ) (!* "+' %�+3 метод графов, ,  !2 ' #) %3
92
, +0" )& $$"*+," $ 4%", "$""09:" ' )4-
0
P
′
1
P
′
2
P
′
3
P
′
4
P
′
" +"+$! ) )$", 0*"!)9:" 4 )$ ' +­'! " )#'! ,#!.  = $ +%0* + +)%3+3 1; '5 4 ) +"+$! "# 4 1 + + 3"3 ) 401 .
 ,*+) '"$ + +)%"3 0)"2  %$ 1  ) ++$ "$ "#$"%&09 +"+$0 + ' %!$ (+%08")"­$, ,  ! 6" , "+' % +3 '" "++%4 )"" + "­%&!5 + 08"2. ," +"+$! + + 3 "# (+%08")$!5 "  (+%08")$!5 , $'  ) +"+$.
)"*! '"( ! " %""" +)3#"  "5, ,, ')"% , #­,%4!)9+3 ) 5 4 + "%&+) (<, "#$"2 () ;04­$ + 08"3, ' 0 $ + " .4.) " ) 4%&26$ 4 +0'­! 4%3 (+%08")"3. 1"+"09:" '"( !, ' "), 3)­%39+3 ' )3$!$" " ) ++)%")$!$".  $' ! +"+­$! %"*9+3 401  401   %&, 8"$$" (+%08")­"3 " =,+'%07"",  " ' +%4+)"3$" ,#. +%" ,# ­1"+"09:1 '"(  $ 8 (!& 0+ "%" 0*,  ­,#  (+%08")$!5 , $'  ) '") 4" %"( , ' % $0 ',:"9 ;0,7" " )"3 +"+$!, %"( , 0* 2 ' 16 +" "#$"3. ,"$ (# $, '4 ' )4"$ *4 1 "#$"3 "#$"%&3 +"+$ $ 8 5 4"&+3 ) + + 3"35, "# (8!5  "+. 18.
$"*+,  '"+" , 2 $ 4%" '4+)"$ + ' ­$ :&9 0)"2  %$ 1  ):
(t) = – (λ1 + λ2 + λ3)Р0(t) + µР1(t); (t) = – (µ + λ1 + λ3)Р1(t) + λ
(t) = – (µ + λ1)Р2(t) + λ
(t) = – (λ1 + λ3)Р3(t) + λ
3Р3
2Р0
(t);
3Р0
(t) + λ
(t); (75)
2Р1
(t) + µР2(t);
(t) = 1 – [Р0(t) + Р1(t) + Р3(t)].
6" +"+$! 0)"2 ' #) %3 '4%"& ) 3­ +" 5 84"3 +"+$! ) + + 3"35 / Р0(t); /1 Р3(t); /2 Р1(t); /3 Р2(t);Р4(t).
93
λ
λ
λ
λ
λ
λ
µ
µ
1
λ
3
2
1
2
λ
1
1
3
"+. 18. ; '5 4 ) ) #$ 8!5 + + 3"2
"#$"%& 2 c"+$!:
/ – ;0,7" " )" (  +' + ( 2 +"+$!
) = $ + + 3"" ' 16 +" , $'  ) +"+$! 5 43+3
(
) #4!5 '4%5); /1 – ;0,7" " )"
(  +' + ( 2 +"+$! "#-# +,!!5 ,# )
' )3$!5 , $'  );
/2 – ;0,7" " )" (  +' + ( 2 +"+$!
"#-# +,!!5 ,# ) ' )3$!5 , $'  );
/3 – ;0,7" " )" (  +' + ( 2 +"+$!
"#-# +,!!5 ,# ) ' )3$!5 " ' )3$!5
, $'  );  – (  +' + (  + + 3" +"+$!,
'" ,   $ ',:+3  ;0,7" " )";
λ
– "+") +& 3)!5 ,# ); λ2 – "+") +& +,!!5
1
,# ) ' )3$!5 , $'  ); λ3 – "+") +&
+,!!5 ,# ) ' )3$!5 , $'  ); µ – "+") +&
) ++ )%"3 ' )3$!5 , $'  )
0: +& матричного метода #,%9*+3 ) + +)%"" $"7! )+5 ) #$ 8!5 + + 3"2 +"+$!, (#09:2 ' %­09 10''0 + )$+!5 + (!"2. 84 $0 =%$0 + ," $"7! '"'"+!)9+3 1"' #!: ( +0+)"" ,# ) =%­$ ) Н0, ( ,# 1-1 =%$ H1, ( ,# 4)05 =%$ )
94
Н
,uH
α
∑
" .4., )'% & 4 ,# )+5 n =%$ ) +"+$! Н
1,2
1,2,…,n
+%" "#)+ u – $ 8+) )+5 + + 3"2, '" ,  !5 +"+­$ (  +' + (,  ) 3 +& + + 3"2 (  +' + (-
 +" +"+$! #'"6+3 ,, Р(α ∈ u) =
α
∈
Р(α ∈ u) = ∑(α ∈ u)Hα . (76)
"*!2 $ 4 ' #) %3 ++*"!)& ) 3 +& (#­ ,# 2 ( ! +"+$! '" + ) $ " #) $ + 4"­"" =%$ ) (# 0* " + 0* $ ) ++ )%"3. 4, 3)­! ; $0%! 4%3 +* ) 3 +" " +41 )$" (#­ ,# 2 ( ! "# +"+$! 0)"2 04+3 ' %0*"&  %&, 4%3 =,+' 7"%& 1 #,  +'4%"3.  ' ") $ +%0* "#(8 '"$" *"+%!5 $ 4 ) 6"3 + ' $ :&9 )!*"+%"%& 2 5",".
Логико-вероятностный метод "+' %� $$"*- +,"2 '' %1(! % 1",".  +% ; $%"#7"" 0+% )"2 ­(  +' + ( +" +"+$! + ' $ :&9 ;0,7"2 %1(! % 1"," )!' %3+3 '5 4 , ) 3 + 2 ;0,7"" "'
Р(t) = Вер{y(x1, …, xk, …, xn) = 1} (77)
"%"
Вер{y(x1, …, xk, …, xn) = 1}, (78)
Q(t) =
14 Р(t) – ) 3 +& (# ,# 2 ( ! +"+$!;
) 3 +& ,# +"+$!;
Q(t) –
, …, xn) – ;0,7"3 (  +' + ( +" +"+$!;
y(x
1
x
– k-2 , $'  +"+$!.
k
 (:$ +%0* '5 4  ;0,7"" %1(! % 1"," ' "#­) %& 1 )"4 , + )+)09:2 ) 3 + 2 ;0,7"" 3)%3­+3 4 + * +% 8!$. #)+! *! $ 4 '5 4: + ' $ :&9 %1 "$ ##"3, %1 "$  1 %"#7"", (%"* 1 " +5$ -% 1"*+, 1 $ 4 +*.
  %"# 48 +" "%" $ 4! $ 4%" )"3 $ 10 (!& #4%!  $ 4!
95
.
)!*"+%"%& 1 " ;"#"*+, 1 $ 4%" )"3. " = $ )!­*"+%"%&  $ 4%" )" 3)%3+3 *"+%!$ $ 4 $ ­%"# % 1", -$$"*+, 2 $ 4%" '0$ %"#7""  ) )"4 '4$ -$$"*+, 2 $ 4%" + ' $ :&9 )!*"+%"%& 2 5",".  #)"+"$ +"  +' + ( '4+)%"3 %& 1 ' 7++ ;0,7" " )"3 +"+$! #%"*9 4$""+­+," "%" ) 3 +! )!*"+%"%&! $ 4%". "$" )!*"+%"%& 2 5"," 4%3 ) 3 + 1 $ 4%" )"3 ' #) %3 ' + "& )+&$ (%"#," $ 4%" , %&!$ ' 7+­+$ ;0,7" " )"3 +"+$!.  + 3: )$3 "( % #)"!$" $ 4%3$" 3)%39+3 +"+"*+," $ 4%" ($ 4 +"+"*+,"5 "+'!"2) " % 1", -+"+"*+," $ 4%"
$ 4 ;0,7"2 %1(! % 1",").
(
Метод статистических испытаний (метод Монте­Карло) 3)%3+3 =;;,")!$ $ 4 $ *"+% 1 $ 4%" -
)"3.  ' #) %3 6& )+&$ +% 8! #4*" " (%4 +0:+)!$ '"$0:+) $ '4 %""*+,"$" $ 4­$".  1 ' $ :&9 $ 8 , ) -')!5, ' % 0*+& + ( ­+" ;0,7" " )"3 +"+$, + ( +% 8!5; ) -) !5, "+' %&# )& %9(! #, ! +'4%"3 +%0*2!5 )%"*"; )-&"5, "$& ' +09 )!*"+%"%&09 +5$0 " 1%3409 ) 3 +09 , ),0.
 84" $ 4 +)3# + (  2 ;  2$ " % ) , 7 1940-5 1 4 ), , 14 " ))%" $" «$ 4  ­% » " '"$"%" =  $ 4 , 6"9 ,  !5 #4* =,­" )"3 34!5 "#%0*"2.  + ) + ')3 ;04­$%&3 (  ' ',"*+, $0 '"$"9 $ 4 +­"+"*+,"5 "+'!"2 (!% '0(%", ) ) 1961 1. %&2­6 "+' %&# )" $ 4 +"+"*+,"5 "+'!"2 4%3 6­"3 #4* 48 +" (!% #)" ) 34 (  + )+,"5 0*­!5. #0%&! ="5 " 401"5 (  49 ) #$ 8 +& '"$­3& =  =;;,")!2 $$"*+,"2 '' 4%3 "8­!5 +* ) 48 +" +"+$.
96
"$"%& , "#$"%&!$ +"+$$ $ 8 "+' %&­# )& 4" "# $ 1 *"+%!5 )" ) $ 4  -% – )"  44" " 2. 0: +& 1 + + " )  $, * ' ­( $ %"#7"2, ' %0*!5 '" "+'!"35 "%" ) ' 7++ =,+'%07"", 0+)%")9 #,  +'4%"3 "#$"3 '$ ) =%$ ) +"+$!. $, ) + )+)"" + ' %0­*!$ #,  $ +'4%"3, +%0*2!$ (# $ ; $"0­9 $ 8+) Х = {xi} )+5 ) #$ 8!5 #*"2 $ % 1"*­+,"5 5,"+", =%$ ) +"+$!. ; $" )  $ ­8+) +)")9 + $ 8+) $ D = {di} 4 '0+"$!5 #*­"2.  3 +& 5 84"3 $ % 1"*+,"5 5,"+", ) #4 $ '4% Р{xi A di}.
Метод логико-статистического моделирования ' #) %3­ 0*+& +0,00 +"+$! " + ( +"  ;0,7" " )­"3 +4+)$" %1(! % 1",",  , %"*+)09 7,0 ­48 +" ' ) 4"& +"+"*+," + ' $ :&9 )!*"+%"%& 2 5",". %)!$ 4 + "+) $ = 1 $ 4 3)%3+3 $6"­3 4"1 +", + + 3"2 +"+$!, * "#()%3   (5 ­4"$ +" "#0*"3 1;"*+,"5 $ 4%2 )+5 5,!5 +"­07"2 +"+$! "  ' +4+) 1 %"# ' +%4+)"2 ,84 1 ,# =%$ ) +"+$!. , ' ,#%" #0%&! ',"*+, 1 '"$"3 = 1 $ 4,  "( % =;;,"­) '" "#0*"" ' (%$ +0,0 2 48 +" +% 8!5 ) ++)%")$!5 +"+$.
Физическое моделирование 3)%3+3 $ 4 $ "++%4 )­"3 ,*+) ;0,7" " )"3 '0$ '4%"3 (%+" 4 ­'0+"$!5 "#$"2 '$ ) =%$ ) +"+$!, (+'*"­)9:2 + 5" )!5 4!5 '$ ) +"+$! ) #4!5 '4%5.   )"4 $ 4%" )"3 04 ( ' ) 4"&  =%,­"*+,"5 $ 4%35,  ,  !5 '"  +"%& $%!5 #-
97
5 $ 10 6&+3 0' :! #4*", '4+)%39:" + ( 2 '4)"%&  "++%4 )" "%" ' $80 *09 +0'& , ( %  * $0 6"9 401"$" +4+)$".
/"#"*+,  $ 4%" )"  ' #) %3 '4%"& 48­ +& *"+% $. 4, 1 ' )4" – #*+09  (5 4"$  0+% )" 4%3 ' + "3 , ,!5 $$"*+,"5 $ 4%2.
"( % =;;,")!$ $ 4 $ %"# " +"# 48­ +" "#$"%&!5 +"+$ 3)%3+3 #0$  + *" ­%""*+,"5 $ 4 ) + =,+'"$%&!$".
98
15. ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЕДИНСТВА ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ
4"+) "#$"2
 +04+)3 +"+$ (+'*"3 4"+) "#$"2
 ), C. %"( ), 
 ) *3 +5$
 % 1"*+,  (+'*"  4 5 #32+) 2 ' ­40,7"" (#"0+3  + ) #,  4%&!5  $, ,  ! *"9+3 + ("(%2+,"5 )$.  +' 4&  1  " 4% *,  0,#"  "+9: «…4 (040 0 )+ )+! )!, 1"" )!, ;1 )3 " 1"2 )!2» (). 19:36).   ' *$0 ) +4), ) 2 ) ' "  0+" (%94"3 # ')"%& +&9 $ " "5 5" (!* ) #%1% +&  7, )&.
 + 3: )$3  ++"2+,3 +"+$ "#$"2 10%"­0+3 #,  $  ++"2+, 2 /47"" «( (+'*"" 4"­+) "#$"2».  4 единством измерений ' "$+3 + ­+ 3" "#$"2, '" ,   $ "5 #0%&! )!8! ) 0#­, !5 4""75 " ' 16 +" "#$"2 "#)+! + #­4 2 ) 3 +&9. 4*", +)3#! + $ % 1"*+,"$ (+'*"$  4 1 5 #32+), 69 + ' $ :&9 Госу-
дарственной системы обеспечения единства измерений
), ,  3 + + " "# 5 + +)!5 *+2: #,  4%&-
(  2, "+' %"%& 2 " 4#  2.
Законодательная часть – = ;04$%&3 $ % ­1"3, +)3#3 + 5"$, ) +' "#)4"$ " '4*2 #­$ ) )%"*"  + )  )!5 ;"#"*+,"5 3)%"2, ' 7++ ), '"$"3  $!5 , +, ')%3  #( ,0 #­,  ),  $")!5 , ), 10%"09:"5 $ % 1"*+,09 43%& +&.
Исполнительная часть – = $ % 1"*+,3 +%08(, , ­ 3 + + " "# 1 +04+) 2 $ % 1"*+, 2 +%08(! " $ % 1"*+,"5 +%08( 1 ) 1 +04+) 1 0')%"3 " 9"4"*+,"5 %"7.
1
; – $ 8"4, +2, )3 29,376 %".
2
" – $ +!'0*"5 %, )3 3,57 %".
99
Надзорная часть – = $ % 1"*+,"2 ,  %& " 4#  # + + 3"$ " '"$"$  + 7%&9 + (%94"3 $ % ­1"*+,"5 ')"% "  $.
 ),%9* " ' 4+"+$!: ') )09, 5"*+,09 " 1"#7" 09.
Правовая подсистема + + " "# , $'%,+ )  $") ­5"*+,"5 4 ,0$ ), 1%$"09:"5: 4""7! ;"#"*­+,"5 )%"*"; ) +' "#)4" 4""7 ;"#"*+,"5 )%"*" + ' $ :&9 =%  ); '4*0 #$ ) 4""7 ;"#"*+,"5 )­%"*" ( *"$  +  (5 4"$ 2  * +&9 '" "$&6"5 #5; 0+ )%"  $  $ % 1"*+," 5,"+"­," ; ' )4" 1 +04+)!5 "+'!"2 , "5 ' ),", )"#"" " =,+'"#!; ' )4" +4"#7"" " +7"" $ 4", )!' %"3 "#$"2, ; $%" " '4+)%" #0%& ) "+'!"2. + )!$  $") -5"*+,"$ 4 ,0$ $  3)%39+3 1 +04+)! +4!.  +­ ) ="5 (# )!5 +4 ) #(!)9+3  $") ­5"*+," 4 ,0$!, , ,"#"09:" (:" ( )"3 (# )!5 +4 ) , 4%&!$ +%3$  4 1 5 #32+), (%+3$ "#$"2 " $ 4",$ )!' %"3 "#$"2.
Техническая подсистема ),%9*: + ) ,0' +& 1 +04­+)!5 =%  ); + ) ,0' +& ) !5 =%  ) – #) 1 +04+)!5 =%  ); + ) ,0' +& +4!5 (#7 ) + +) " +) 2+) $"% );  " +4+) "+'!"2,  (­5 4"$! 4%3 +0:+)%"3 $ % 1"*+, 1 ,  %3 " 4­# ; + ) ,0' +& +'7"%&!5 #4"2 " + 08"2 4%3 ' ­)4"3 )!+ ,  *!5 "#$"2 ) $ % 1"*+,"5 7%35; + ­) ,0' +& 0* -"++%4 )%&+,"5, =% !5, "+'!%&­!5, ' ) *!5, ,%"( ) *!5 " "#$"%&!5 %(  "2 " "5 ( 04 )".
Организационная подсистема – 1 +04+)3 $ % ­1"*+,3 +%08( (); 1 +04+)3 +%08( )$" " *+­ ! " '4%"3 '$ ) ):"3 $%" (); 1 +0­4+)3 +%08( +4!5 (#7 ) + +) " +) 2+) ):+) " $"% ) (); 1 +04+)3 +%08( +-
100
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